Auxin Extraction and Purification Based on Recombinant Aux/IAA Proteins

Biological functions and affected signaling pathways by Long Non-Coding RNAs in the immune system

Recently, the various regulative functions of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been well determined. Recently, the vital role of LncRNAs as gene regulators has been identified in the immune system, especially in the inflammatory response. All cells of the immune system are governed by a complex and ever-changing gene expression program that is regulated through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. LncRNAs regulate gene expression within the cell nucleus by influencing transcription or through post-transcriptional processes that affect the splicing, stability, or translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Recent studies in immunology have revealed substantial alterations in the expression of lncRNAs during the activation of the innate immune system as well as the development, differentiation, and activation of T cells. These lncRNAs regulate key aspects of immune function, including the manufacturing of inflammatory molecules, cellular distinction, and cell movement. They do this by modulating protein-protein interactions or through base pairing with RNA and DNA. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanism of action of lncRNAs as novel immune-related regulators and their impact on physiological and pathological processes related to the immune system, including autoimmune diseases. We also highlight the emerging pattern of gene expression control in important research areas at the intersection between immunology and lncRNA biology.

Scavenger receptor B1 facilitates the endocytosis of Escherichia coli via TLR4 signaling in mammary gland infection

SCARB1 belongs to class B of Scavenger receptors (SRs) that are known to be involved in binding and endocytosis of various pathogens. SRs have emerging role in regulating innate immunity and host-pathogen interactions by acting in co-ordination with Toll-like receptors.Query Little is known about the function of SCARB1 in milk-derived mammary epithelial cells (MECs). This study reports the role of SCARB1 in infection and its potential association in TLR4 signaling on bacterial challenge in Goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). The novelty in the establishment of MEC culture lies in the method that aims to enhance the viability of the cells with intact characteristics upto a higher passage number. We represent MEC culture to be used as a potential infection model for deeper understanding of animal physiology especially around the mammary gland. On E.coli challenge the expression of SCARB1 was significant in induced GMECs at 6 h. Endoribonuclease-esiRNA based silencing of SCARB1 affects the expression of TLR4 and its pathways i.e. MyD88 and TRIF pathways on infection. Knockdown also affected the endocytosis of E.coli in GMECs demonstrating that E.coli uses SCARB1 function to gain entry in cells. Furthermore, we predict 3 unique protein structures of uncharacterized SCARB1 (Capra hircus) protein. Overall, we highlight SCARB1 as a main participant in host defence and its function in antibacterial advances to check mammary gland infections. Video Abstract.

Efficiency of three intracellular extraction methods in the determination of metabolites related to tryptophan and tyrosine in winemaking yeast's metabolism by LC-HRMS

Yeast nitrogen metabolism produces metabolites, whose origin in wines has scarcely been studied, with an important biological and organoleptic role. The present work focuses on comparing three intracellular extraction methods in order to elucidate efficiency of extraction while measuring the effect of temperature upon the integrity of the compounds related to the metabolism of tryptophan and tyrosine by yeast. Two UHPLC/HRMS methods to measure 16 metabolites were developed and validated. The validation provided optimum values of LOD (7.4·10^-6 to 0.1 μg L^-1), of LOQ (2·10^-5 to 0.02 μg L^-1) of precision (11-0.5% RSD) and repeatability (12-0.5% RSD). The removal of interfering molecules enabled matrix effects to be kept at low levels. The results pointed out that the low-temperature methods were more effective, providing better precision for 16 metabolites. The high-temperature extraction method may yield false enhanced compounds concentrations since they originate in cell wall macromolecules degradation.

Insights into the cotton anther development through association analysis of transcriptomic and small RNA sequencing

BACKGROUND

Plant anther development is a systematic and complex process precisely controlled by genes. Regulation genes and their regulatory mechanisms for this process remain elusive. In contrast to numerous researches on anther development with respect to mRNAs or miRNAs in many crops, the association analysis combining both omics has not been reported on cotton anther.

RESULTS

In this study, the molecular mechanism of cotton anther development was investigated with the employment of association analysis of transcriptome and small RNA sequencing during the predefined four stages of cotton anther development, sporogenuous cell proliferation (SCP), meiotic phase (MP), microspore release period (MRP) and pollen maturity (PM). Analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes are increasingly recruited along with the developmental progress. Expression of functional genes differed significantly among developmental stages. The genes related with cell cycle, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and meiosis are predominantly expressed at the early stage of anther development (SCP and MP), and the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, axon guidance and phospholipase D signaling pathways is mainly enriched at the late stage of anther development (MRP and PM). Analysis of expression patterns revealed that there was the largest number of differentially expressed genes in the MP and the expression profiles of differentially expressed genes were significantly increased, which implied the importance of MP in the entire anther development cycle. In addition, prediction and analysis of miRNA targeted genes suggested that miRNAs play important roles in anther development. The miRNAs ghr-miR393, Dt_chr12_6065 and At_chr9_3080 participated in cell cycle, carbohydrate metabolism and auxin anabolism through the target genes, respectively, to achieve the regulation of anther development.

CONCLUSIONS

Through the association analysis of mRNA and miRNA, our work gives a better understanding of the preferentially expressed genes and regulation in different developmental stages of cotton anther and the importance of meiotic phase, and also the involvement of miRNAs in precise regulation for this process, which would be valuable for clarifying the mechanism of plant anther development in response to internal and external environments.