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Bae C, Hernández Millares R, Ryu S, Moon H, Kim D, Lee G, Jiang Z, Park MH, Kim KH, Koom WS, Ye SJ, Lee K. Synergistic Effect of Ferroptosis-Inducing Nanoparticles and X-Ray Irradiation Combination Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310873. [PMID: 38279618 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, characterized by the induction of cell death via lipid peroxidation, has been actively studied over the last few years and has shown the potential to improve the efficacy of cancer nanomedicine in an iron-dependent manner. Radiation therapy, a common treatment method, has limitations as a stand-alone treatment due to radiation resistance and safety as it affects even normal tissues. Although ferroptosis-inducing drugs help alleviate radiation resistance, there are no safe ferroptosis-inducing drugs that can be considered for clinical application and are still in the research stage. Here, the effectiveness of combined treatment with radiotherapy with Fe and hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles (FHA-NPs) to directly induce ferroptosis, considering the clinical applications is reported. Through the induction of ferroptosis by FHA-NPs and apoptosis by X-ray irradiation, the therapeutic efficiency of cancer is greatly improved both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to assess the physical interactions of the X-rays with the iron-oxide nanoparticle. The study provides a deeper understanding of the synergistic effect of ferroptosis and X-ray irradiation combination therapy. Furthermore, the study can serve as a valuable reference for elucidating the role and mechanisms of ferroptosis in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Bae
- Program in Nanoscience and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodrigo Hernández Millares
- Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Ryu
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyubok Lee
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhuomin Jiang
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Park
- THEDONEE, 1208, 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16506, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Ye
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, South Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Liu J, Wu J, Chen T, Yang B, Liu X, Xi J, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Li Z. Enhancing X-Ray Sensitization with Multifunctional Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400954. [PMID: 38676336 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In the progression of X-ray-based radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer, the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) has a transformative impact. This study investigates the potential of NPs, particularly those comprised of high atomic number elements, as radiosensitizers. This aims to optimize localized radiation doses within tumors, thereby maximizing therapeutic efficacy while preserving surrounding tissues. The multifaceted applications of NPs in radiotherapy encompass collaborative interactions with chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and targeted pharmaceuticals, along with contributions to photodynamic/photothermal therapy, imaging enhancement, and the integration of artificial intelligence technology. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, the paper acknowledges challenges in the clinical translation of these findings. The conclusion maintains an optimistic stance, emphasizing ongoing trials and technological advancements that bolster personalized treatment approaches. The paper advocates for continuous research and clinical validation, envisioning the integration of NPs as a revolutionary paradigm in cancer therapy, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - JunYong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Taili Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaodong People's Hospital, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, 422800, China
| | - XiangPing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shaodong People's Hospital, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, 422800, China
| | - Jing Xi
- Department of Nephrology, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (The First People's Hospital of Changde City), Changde, Hunan Province, 415000, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - ZhiHong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
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Taheri A, Khandaker MU, Moradi F, Bradley DA. A simulation study on the radiosensitization properties of gold nanorods. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:045029. [PMID: 38286017 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Gold nanorods (GNRs) have emerged as versatile nanoparticles with unique properties, holding promise in various modalities of cancer treatment through drug delivery and photothermal therapy. In the rapidly evolving field of nanoparticle radiosensitization (NPRS) for cancer therapy, this study assessed the potential of gold nanorods as radiosensitizing agents by quantifying the key features of NPRS, such as secondary electron emission and dose enhancement, using Monte Carlo simulations.Approach. Employing the TOPAS track structure code, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the radiosensitization behavior of spherical gold nanoparticles and gold nanorods. We systematically explored the impact of nanorod geometry (in particular size and aspect ratio) and orientation on secondary electron emission and deposited energy ratio, providing validated results against previously published simulations.Main results. Our findings demonstrate that gold nanorods exhibit comparable secondary electron emission to their spherical counterparts. Notably, nanorods with smaller surface-area-to-volume ratios (SA:V) and alignment with the incident photon beam proved to be more efficient radiosensitizing agents, showing superiority in emitted electron fluence. However, in the microscale, the deposited energy ratio (DER) was not markedly influenced by the SA:V of the nanorod. Additionally, our findings revealed that the geometry of gold nanoparticles has a more significant impact on the emission of M-shell Auger electrons (with energies below 3.5 keV) than on higher-energy electrons.Significance. This research investigated the radiosensitization properties of gold nanorods, positioning them as promising alternatives to the more conventionally studied spherical gold nanoparticles in the context of cancer research. With increasing interest in multimodal cancer therapy, our findings have the potential to contribute valuable insights into the perspective of gold nanorods as effective multipurpose agents for synergistic photothermal therapy and radiotherapy. Future directions may involve exploring alternative metallic nanorods as well as further optimizing the geometry and coating materials, opening new possibilities for more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taheri
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Farhad Moradi
- Fibre Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia 63100, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - David Andrew Bradley
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Rumiantcev M, Li WB, Lindner S, Liubchenko G, Resch S, Bartenstein P, Ziegler SI, Böning G, Delker A. Estimation of relative biological effectiveness of 225Ac compared to 177Lu during [ 225Ac]Ac-PSMA and [ 177Lu]Lu-PSMA radiopharmaceutical therapy using TOPAS/TOPAS-nBio/MEDRAS. EJNMMI Phys 2023; 10:53. [PMID: 37695374 PMCID: PMC10495309 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-023-00567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Over recent years, [225Ac]Ac-PSMA and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA radiopharmaceutical therapy have evolved as a promising treatment option for advanced prostate cancer. Especially for alpha particle emitter treatments, there is still a need for improving dosimetry, which requires accurate values of relative biological effectiveness (RBE). To achieve that, consideration of DNA damages in the cell nucleus and knowledge of the energy deposition in the location of the DNA at the nanometer scale are required. Monte Carlo particle track structure simulations provide access to interactions at this level. The aim of this study was to estimate the RBE of 225Ac compared to 177Lu. The initial damage distribution after radionuclide decay and the residual damage after DNA repair were considered. METHODS This study employed the TOol for PArtcile Simulation (TOPAS) based on the Geant4 simulation toolkit. Simulation of the nuclear DNA and damage scoring were performed using the TOPAS-nBio extension of TOPAS. DNA repair was modeled utilizing the Python-based program MEDRAS (Mechanistic DNA Repair and Survival). Five different cell geometries of equal volume and two radionuclide internalization assumptions as well as two cell arrangement scenarios were investigated. The radionuclide activity (number of source points) was adopted based on SPECT images of patients undergoing the above-mentioned therapies. RESULTS Based on the simulated dose-effect curves, the RBE of 225Ac compared to 177Lu was determined in a wide range of absorbed doses to the nucleus. In the case of spherical geometry, 3D cell arrangement and full radionuclide internalization, the RBE based on the initial damage had a constant value of approximately 2.14. Accounting for damage repair resulted in RBE values ranging between 9.38 and 1.46 for 225Ac absorbed doses to the nucleus between 0 and 50 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSION In this work, the consideration of DNA repair of the damage from [225Ac]Ac-PSMA and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA revealed a dose dependency of the RBE. Hence, this work suggested that DNA repair is an important aspect to understand response to different radiation qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Rumiantcev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wei Bo Li
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Medical and Occupational Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Grigory Liubchenko
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Resch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle I Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Böning
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Delker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Rahman AA, Ashour NI, Musa AS, Braim FS, Jameel MS. Monte Carlo simulation of gold nanoparticles for X-ray enhancement application. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130318. [PMID: 36740000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are regarded as potential agents that enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells for theranostic applications. To elucidate the biological mechanisms of radiation dose enhancement effects of Au NPs as well as DNA damage attributable to the inclusion of Au NPs, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been deployed in a number of studies. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review paper concisely collates and reviews the information reported in the simulation research in terms of MC simulation of radiosensitization and dose enhancement effects caused by the inclusion of Au NPs in tumor cells, simulation mechanisms, benefits and limitations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In this review, we first explore the recent advances in MC simulation on Au NPs radiosensitization. The MC methods, physical dose enhancement and enhanced chemical and biological effects is discussed, followed by some results regarding the prediction of dose enhancement. We then review Multi-scale MC simulations of Au NP-induced DNA damages for X-ray irradiation. Moreover, we explain and look at Multi-scale MC simulations of Au NP-induced DNA damages for X-ray irradiation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Using advanced chemical module-implemented MC simulations, there is a need to assess the radiation-induced chemical radicals that contribute to the dose-enhancing and biological effects of multiple Au NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Dheyab
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Azlan Abdul Aziz
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Azhar Abdul Rahman
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed Sadeq Musa
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Farhank Saber Braim
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood S Jameel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia
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Alexandrov DV, Korabel N, Currell F, Fedotov S. Dynamics of intracellular clusters of nanoparticles. Cancer Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-022-00118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nanoparticles play a crucial role in nanodiagnostics, radiation therapy of cancer, and they are now widely used to effectively deliver drugs to specific sites, targeting whole organs and down to single cells, in a controlled manner. Therapeutic efficiency of nanoparticles greatly depends on their clustering distribution inside cells. Our purpose is to find the cluster density using Smoluchowski’s coagulation equation with injections.
Results
We obtain an exact cluster density of nanoparticles as the steady-state solution of Smoluchowski’s equation describing clustering due to the fusion of endosomes. We also analyze the unsteady cluster distribution and compare it with the experimental data for time evolution of gold nanoparticle clusters in living cells.
Conclusions
We show the steady cluster density is in good agreement with experimental data on gold nanoparticle distribution inside endosomes. We find that for clusters containing between 1 and 20 nanoparticles, the exact cluster density provides a better description of the existing experimental data than the well-known approximate asymptotic power-law distribution $$x^{-3/2}$$
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Li WB, Stangl S, Klapproth A, Shevtsov M, Hernandez A, Kimm MA, Schuemann J, Qiu R, Michalke B, Bernal MA, Li J, Hürkamp K, Zhang Y, Multhoff G. Application of High-Z Gold Nanoparticles in Targeted Cancer Radiotherapy-Pharmacokinetic Modeling, Monte Carlo Simulation and Radiobiological Effect Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5370. [PMID: 34771534 PMCID: PMC8582555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Z gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated to a targeting antibody can help to improve tumor control in radiotherapy while simultaneously minimizing radiotoxicity to adjacent healthy tissue. This paper summarizes the main findings of a joint research program which applied AuNP-conjugates in preclinical modeling of radiotherapy at the Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München. A pharmacokinetic model of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was developed in preparation for a model simulating the uptake and distribution of AuNPs in mice. Multi-scale Monte Carlo simulations were performed on a single AuNP and multiple AuNPs in tumor cells at cellular and molecular levels to determine enhancements in the radiation dose and generation of chemical radicals in close proximity to AuNPs. A biologically based mathematical model was developed to predict the biological response of AuNPs in radiation enhancement. Although simulations of a single AuNP demonstrated a clear dose enhancement, simulations relating to the generation of chemical radicals and the induction of DNA strand breaks induced by multiple AuNPs showed only a minor dose enhancement. The differences in the simulated enhancements at molecular and cellular levels indicate that further investigations are necessary to better understand the impact of the physical, chemical, and biological parameters in preclinical experimental settings prior to a translation of these AuNPs models into targeted cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bo Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Klapproth
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alicia Hernandez
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie A. Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Physics Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Rui Qiu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Mario A. Bernal
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil;
| | - Junli Li
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Hürkamp
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Yibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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