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Sankaranarayanan G, Kodiveri Muthukaliannan G. Exploring antimicrobial resistance determinants in the Neanderthal microbiome. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0266223. [PMID: 38916350 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02662-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance determinants (ARDs) in the Neanderthal microbiome through meticulous analysis of metagenomic data derived directly from dental calculus and fecal sediments across diverse Neanderthal sites in Europe. Employing a targeted locus mapping approach followed by a consensus strategy instead of an assembly-first approach, we aimed to identify and characterize ARDs within these ancient microbial communities. A comprehensive and redundant ARD database was constructed by amalgamating data from various antibiotic resistance gene repositories. Our results highlighted the efficacy of the KMA tool in providing a robust alignment of ancient metagenomic reads to the antibiotic resistance gene database. Notably, the KMA tool identified a limited number of ARDs, with only the 23S ribosomal gene from the dental calculus sample of Neanderthal remains at Goyet Troisieme Caverne exhibiting ancient DNA (aDNA) characteristics. Despite not identifying ARDs with typical ancient DNA damage patterns or negative distance proportions, our findings suggest a nuanced identification of putative antimicrobial resistance determinants in the Neanderthal microbiome's genetic repertoire based on the taxonomy-habitat correlation. Nevertheless, our findings are limited by factors such as environmental DNA contamination, DNA fragmentation, and cytosine deamination of aDNA. The study underscores the necessity for refined methodologies to unlock the genomic assets of prehistoric populations, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics shaping the microbial landscape across history. IMPORTANCE The results of our analysis demonstrate the challenges in identifying determinants of antibiotic resistance within the endogenous microbiome of Neanderthals. Despite the comprehensive investigation of multiple studies and the utilization of advanced analytical techniques, the detection of antibiotic resistance determinants in the ancient microbial communities proved to be particularly difficult. However, our analysis did reveal the presence of some authentic ancient conservative genes, indicating the preservation of certain genetic elements over time. These findings raise intriguing questions about the factors influencing the presence or absence of antibiotic resistance in ancient microbial communities. It could be speculated that the spread of current antibiotic resistance, which has reached alarming levels in modern times, is primarily driven by anthropogenic factors such as the widespread use and misuse of antibiotics in medical and agricultural practices.
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Shiryev SA, Agarwala R. Indexing and searching petabase-scale nucleotide resources. Nat Methods 2024; 21:994-1002. [PMID: 38755321 PMCID: PMC11166510 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Searching vast and rapidly growing nucleotide content in resources, such as runs in the Sequence Read Archive and assemblies for whole-genome shotgun sequencing projects in GenBank, is currently impractical for most researchers. Here we present Pebblescout, a tool that navigates such content by providing indexing and search capabilities. Indexing uses dense sampling of the sequences in the resource. Search finds subjects (runs or assemblies) that have short sequence matches to a user query, with well-defined guarantees and ranks them using informativeness of the matches. We illustrate the functionality of Pebblescout by creating eight databases that index over 3.7 petabases. The web service of Pebblescout can be reached at https://pebblescout.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . We show that for a wide range of query lengths, Pebblescout provides a data-driven way for finding relevant subsets of large nucleotide resources, reducing the effort for downstream analysis substantially. We also show that Pebblescout results compare favorably to MetaGraph and Sourmash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Shiryev
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richa Agarwala
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Eckstrand CD, Torrevillas BK, Wolking RM, Francis M, Goodman LB, Ceric O, Alexander TL, Snekvik KR, Burbick CR. Genomic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in 61 aquatic bacterial isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:393-399. [PMID: 38566327 PMCID: PMC11110781 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241241042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogens important to aquatic animal health is of increasing concern but vastly understudied. Antimicrobial therapy is used to both treat and prevent bacterial disease in fish and is critical for a viable aquaculture industry and for maintenance of wild fish populations. Unfortunately, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing is technically difficult for bacteria recovered from aquatic animal hosts resulting in challenges in resistance monitoring using traditional methods. Whole-genome sequencing provides an appealing methodology for investigation of putative resistance. As part of the ongoing efforts of the FDA CVM Vet-LIRN to monitor AMR, source laboratories cultured and preliminarily identified pathogenic bacteria isolated from various fish species collected in 2019 from across the United States. Sixty-one bacterial isolates were evaluated using whole-genome sequencing. We present here the assembled draft genomes, AMR genes, predicted resistance phenotypes, and virulence factors of the 61 isolates and discuss concurrence of the identifications made by source laboratories using matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Brandi K. Torrevillas
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Marla Francis
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Laura B. Goodman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Olgica Ceric
- Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN), Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Trevor L. Alexander
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kevin R. Snekvik
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Claire R. Burbick
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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4
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Kocurek B, Behling S, Martin G, Ramachandran P, Reed E, Grim C, Mammel M, Zheng J, Franklin A, Garland J, Tadesse DA, Sharma M, Tyson GH, Kabera C, Tate H, McDermott PF, Strain E, Ottesen A. Metagenomic survey of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Maryland surface waters differentiated by high and low human impact. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0047723. [PMID: 38032210 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00477-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we examine surface waters as a modality to better understand baseline antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across the environment to supplement existing AMR monitoring in pathogens associated with humans, foods, and animals. Data from metagenomic and quasimetagenomic (shotgun sequenced enrichments) are used to describe AMR in Maryland surface waters from high and low human impact classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kocurek
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn Behling
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gordon Martin
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Grim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Mammel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Franklin
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay Garland
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel A Tadesse
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory H Tyson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudine Kabera
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Tate
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
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5
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Lindsey RL, Prasad A, Feldgarden M, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Kapsak C, Klimke W, Melton-Celsa A, Smith P, Souvorov A, Truong J, Scheutz F. Identification and Characterization of ten Escherichia coli Strains Encoding Novel Shiga Toxin 2 Subtypes, Stx2n as Well as Stx2j, Stx2m, and Stx2o, in the United States. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2561. [PMID: 37894219 PMCID: PMC10608928 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sharing of genome sequences in online data repositories allows for large scale analyses of specific genes or gene families. This can result in the detection of novel gene subtypes as well as the development of improved detection methods. Here, we used publicly available WGS data to detect a novel Stx subtype, Stx2n in two clinical E. coli strains isolated in the USA. During this process, additional Stx2 subtypes were detected; six Stx2j, one Stx2m strain, and one Stx2o, were all analyzed for variability from the originally described subtypes. Complete genome sequences were assembled from short- or long-read sequencing and analyzed for serotype, and ST types. The WGS data from Stx2n- and Stx2o-producing STEC strains were further analyzed for virulence genes pro-phage analysis and phage insertion sites. Nucleotide and amino acid maximum parsimony trees showed expected clustering of the previously described subtypes and a clear separation of the novel Stx2n subtype. WGS data were used to design OMNI PCR primers for the detection of all known stx1 (283 bp amplicon), stx2 (400 bp amplicon), intimin encoded by eae (221 bp amplicon), and stx2f (438 bp amplicon) subtypes. These primers were tested in three different laboratories, using standard reference strains. An analysis of the complete genome sequence showed variability in serogroup, virulence genes, and ST type, and Stx2 pro-phages showed variability in size, gene composition, and phage insertion sites. The strains with Stx2j, Stx2m, Stx2n, and Stx2o showed toxicity to Vero cells. Stx2j carrying strain, 2012C-4221, was induced when grown with sub-inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, and toxicity was detected. Taken together, these data highlight the need to reinforce genomic surveillance to identify the emergence of potential new Stx2 or Stx1 variants. The importance of this surveillance has a paramount impact on public health. Per our description in this study, we suggest that 2017C-4317 be designated as the Stx2n type-strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Lindsey
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Arjun Prasad
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; (A.P.); (M.F.); (W.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Michael Feldgarden
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; (A.P.); (M.F.); (W.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Curtis Kapsak
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.)
| | - William Klimke
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; (A.P.); (M.F.); (W.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Angela Melton-Celsa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20184, USA;
| | - Peyton Smith
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Alexandre Souvorov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; (A.P.); (M.F.); (W.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Jenny Truong
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Flemming Scheutz
- The International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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White RT, Taylor W, Klukowski N, Vaughan-Higgins R, Williams E, Petrovski S, Rose JJA, Sarker S. A discovery down under: decoding the draft genome sequence of Pantoea stewartii from Australia's Critically Endangered western ground parrot/kyloring ( Pezoporus flaviventris). Microb Genom 2023; 9:001101. [PMID: 37665208 PMCID: PMC10569725 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pantoea stewartii, a plant pathogen, is primarily transmitted through contaminated seeds and insect vectors, with the corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria) being the primary carrier. P. stewartii is a bacterium belonging to the order Enterobacterales and can lead to crop diseases that have a significant economic impact worldwide. Due to its high potential for spread, P. stewartii is classified as a quarantine organism in numerous countries. Despite its impact on agriculture, the limited genome sequences of P. stewartii hamper understanding of its pathogenicity and host specificity, and the development of effective control strategies. In this study, a P. stewartii strain (C10109_Jinnung) was discovered in the faecal matter of the Critically Endangered western ground parrot/kyloring (Pezoporus flaviventris) in Australia, which to our knowledge is the first reported P. stewartii genome from a bird source. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenomic analysis of strain C10109_Jinnung, obtained from a captive psittacine, provides new insights into the genetic diversity and potential transmission route for the spread of P. stewartii beyond insects and plants, where P. stewartii is typically studied. Our findings provide new insights into the potential transmission route for spread of P. stewartii and expand the known transmission agents beyond insects and plants. Expanding the catalogue of P. stewartii genomes is fundamental to improving understanding of the pathogenicity, evolution and dissemination, and to develop effective control strategies to reduce the substantial economic losses associated with P. stewartii in various crops and the potential impact of endangered animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys T. White
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - William Taylor
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Klukowski
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ernest Williams
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayson J. A. Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Perovic O, Singh-Moodley A, Lowe M. In Vitro Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Obtained from Blood Cultures from Sentinel Public Hospitals in South Africa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030453. [PMID: 36978322 PMCID: PMC10044232 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for the majority of healthcare-associated infections and pose a serious threat as they complicate and prolong clinical care. A novel cephalosporin-β-lactamase-inhibitor combination, ceftolozane-tazobactam (C/T) was introduced in 2014, which improved the treatment of MDR pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of C/T against Escherichia coli (n = 100), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 100), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 100) blood culture isolates in South Africa (SA). Isolates were sequentially selected (2010 to 2020) from the Group for Enteric, Respiratory, and Meningeal Diseases Surveillance (GERMS) programme in SA. Organism identification was performed using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) instrument (Microflex, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany), and antibiotic susceptibility was performed using the Sensititre instrument (Trek Diagnostic Systems, East Grinstead, UK). C/T resistance was reported in 16 E. coli, 28 K. pneumoniae and 13 P. aeruginosa isolates. Fifty percent of the C/T resistant isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). According to the whole genome multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, the E. coli isolates (n = 8) belonged to sequence type (ST)10, ST131, ST405, and ST410, the K. pneumoniae isolates (n = 14) belonged to ST1, ST37, ST73, ST101, ST231, ST307, ST336 and ST6065 (novel ST), and the P. aeruginosa isolates (n = 7) belonged to ST111, ST233, ST273, and ST815. The WGS data also showed that all the E. coli isolates harboured aminoglycoside (aph (3′′)-Ib, aph (6)-Id), macrolide (mdfA, mphA), and sulphonamide (sul2) antibiotic resistance genes, all the K. pneumoniae isolates harboured β-lactam (blaCTX-M-15), and sulphonamide (sul2) antibiotic resistance genes, and all the P. aeruginosa isolates harboured aminoglycoside (aph (3′)-IIb), β-lactam (PAO), fosfomycin (fosA), phenicol (catB7), quinolone (crpP), and disinfectant (qacE) antibiotic resistance genes. It is evident that E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa can adapt pre-existing resistance mechanisms to resist newer β-lactam molecules and inhibitors, since these isolates were not exposed to ceftolozane-tazobactam previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Perovic
- Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashika Singh-Moodley
- Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Michelle Lowe
- Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Hesse CN, Moreno I, Acevedo Pardo O, Pacheco Fuentes H, Grenier E, Dandurand LM, Zasada IA. Characterization of Globodera ellingtonae Populations from Chile Utilizing Whole Genome Sequencing. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-88. [PMID: 34761229 PMCID: PMC8574948 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globodera ellingtonae was originally described from populations collected in the United States. In the original description, ribosomal DNA loci from Globodera sp. collected in Chile and Argentina were similar to G. ellingtonae, suggesting this nematode originated in this region of South America. In an effort to find additional populations of G. elllingtonae, collection trips were conducted in 2017 and 2020 in the Antofagasta and Arica y Parinacota Regions in Northern Chile, respectively. Globodera sp. were more prevalent in Antofagasta (17 samples collected, 53% positive for Globodera sp.) than in Arica y Parincota (16 samples collected, 13% positive for Globodera sp.). The genomes of single cysts (N ≥ 3) from four fields were sequenced. Additionally, the genomes of the G. ellingtonae population from Oregon and a Globodera sp. population originally collected in Antofagasta Region but maintained in culture in France were also sequenced. Based upon a HSP90 sequenced data mined from WSG data, all of the populations from the Antofagasta Region were G. ellingtonae and grouped in a monophyletic clade. A population collected from the Arica y Parincota Region was identified as G. rostochiensis based upon HSP90 data. Genome-wide SNP patterns of the G. ellingtonae populations showed strong clustering based on geographic location indicating that G. ellingtonae has high genetic diversity within Chile. A phylogenetic tree derived from 168,354 binary SNPs in the nuclear genome showed separate but distinct clustering of the Oregon population and the population from Antofagasta maintained in France. The Oregon G. ellingtonae population subtended the Chilean clades and placed on a long branch representing approximately twice the genetic variation observed among all Chilean G. ellingtonae populations. The possibility remains that G. ellingtonae from Chile may be sufficiently diverged to constitute a new species from G. ellingtonae originally described from a population collected in Oregon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Hesse
- USDA ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - I Moreno
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG). División de Protección Agrícola y Forestal y Red SAG de Laboratorios, Santiago, Chile
| | - O Acevedo Pardo
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG). División de Protección Agrícola y Forestal y Red SAG de Laboratorios, Santiago, Chile
| | - H Pacheco Fuentes
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG). División de Protección Agrícola y Forestal y Red SAG de Laboratorios, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Grenier
- IGEPP, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - L M Dandurand
- 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2329, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2329
| | - I A Zasada
- USDA ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
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