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Ulgekar G, Kaur D, Ganesan V, Sen Sharma S, Ganguli N, Majumdar SS. Anhydride chemistry based Hexanoylation of polyethylenimine increases transfection efficiency and expression of tagged DNA for therapeutic proteins in cultured cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3275-3283. [PMID: 35896515 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transfection of nucleic acid molecules into mammalian cells can be facilitated using viral vectors, electroporation, or biocompatible cationic materials. However, safety issues and the requirement of specialized equipment limits the use of viral vectors and physical methods of transfection like electroporation and microinjection, respectively. Biocompatible cationic lipids and polymers like branched-polyethyleneimine (bPEI) have a wide transfection range and are user friendly in most applications. However, bPEI exhibits low transfection efficiency in most cell types. In the present work, we have crosslinked the hexanoyl group to bPEI using anhydride chemistry to enhance its efficiency as a transfection reagent. The efficient association of hexanoyl group to bPEI was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and other Physico-chemical methods. Hexanoyl modified bPEI (FA6-bPEI) was found to exhibit significantly enhanced transfection efficiency in both cell lines and cultured primary cells, as compared to native bPEI and the commercially available transfection reagent lipofactamine 3000. Furthermore, our in-vitro studies indicated that FA6-bPEI can be used for robust transfection for increased production of therapeutic proteins in a cell culture based system. These results suggested that hexanoyl modified bPEI can serve as an efficient transfection reagent for studies on hard-to-transfect cells and enhanced production of therapeutic proteins in-vitro. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ulgekar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Dilpreet Kaur
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Venkateswaran Ganesan
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Souvik Sen Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Nirmalya Ganguli
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Adjunct Faculty, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Subeer S Majumdar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Adjunct Faculty, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Morales DP, Robinson AJ, Pawlowski AC, Ark C, Kelliher JM, Junier P, Werner JH, Chain PSG. Advances and Challenges in Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Visualizing Fungal Endobacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892227. [PMID: 35722318 PMCID: PMC9199388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacteria have long been known to interact intimately with fungi, but molecular approaches have only recently uncovered how cosmopolitan these interactions are in nature. Currently, bacterial–fungal interactions (BFI) are inferred based on patterns of co-occurrence in amplicon sequencing investigations. However, determining the nature of these interactions, whether the bacteria are internally or externally associated, remains a grand challenge in BFI research. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a robust method that targets unique sequences of interest which can be employed for visualizing intra-hyphal targets, such as mitochondrial organelles or, as in this study, bacteria. We evaluate the challenges and employable strategies to resolve intra-hyphal BFI to address pertinent criteria in BFI research, such as culturing media, spatial distribution of bacteria, and abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA copies for fluorescent labeling. While these experimental factors influence labeling and detection of endobacteria, we demonstrate how to overcome these challenges thorough permeabilization, appropriate media choice, and targeted amplification using hybridization chain reaction FISH. Such microscopy imaging approaches can now be utilized by the broader research community to complement sequence-based investigations and provide more conclusive evidence on the nature of specific bacterial–fungal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demosthenes P. Morales
- Center of Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
- *Correspondence: Demosthenes P. Morales,
| | - Aaron J. Robinson
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Andrew C. Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caitlyn Ark
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia M. Kelliher
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Pilar Junier
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James H. Werner
- Center of Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Patrick S. G. Chain
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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