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Isaychev A, Schepetov D, Zhou Y, Britayev TA, Ivanenko VN. New Myzostomids (Annelida) in Symbiosis with Feather Stars in the Shallow Waters of the South China Sea (Hainan Island). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2265. [PMID: 39123791 PMCID: PMC11310986 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This research delves into the molecular and morphological characteristics of myzostomid worms associated with common shallow-water feather stars (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulidae) in the coastal waters near Sanya, Hainan Island. Through the examination of specimens collected at depths of up to 10 m using scuba diving techniques, we describe three new species (Myzostoma ordinatum sp. nov., M. scopus sp. nov., and M. solare sp. nov.) and report the first record of Myzostoma polycyclus Atkins, 1927 in the South China Sea. The absence of overlap with the seven previously documented Myzostomida species in the shallow waters of Hong Kong and Shenzhen reveals significant gaps in our understanding of marine biodiversity in the South China Sea. These findings, combined with an analysis of available molecular data, underscore the potential existence of unexplored and diverse symbiotic relationships among marine invertebrates within the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Isaychev
- Biological Faculty, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China; (A.I.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Dimitry Schepetov
- Biological Faculty, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China; (A.I.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Biological Faculty, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China; (A.I.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Temir A. Britayev
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 129164, Russia;
| | - Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko
- Biological Faculty, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China; (A.I.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Kise H, Eduarda Alves Santos M, Julie Loïs Fourreau C, Iguchi A, Goto R, Davis Reimer J. Evolutionary patterns of host switching, lifestyle mode, and the diversification history in symbiotic zoantharians. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107732. [PMID: 36781031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses play important roles in forming the structural and distributional patterns of marine diversity. Understanding how interspecies interactions through symbioses contribute to biodiversity is an essential topic. Host switching has been considered as one of the main drivers of diversification in symbiotic systems. However, its process and patterns remain poorly investigated in the marine realm. Hexacoral species of the order Zoantharia (=zoantharians) are often epizoic on other marine invertebrates and generally use specific taxa as hosts. The present study investigates the patterns of host switching and the diversification history of zoantharians based on the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses to date, using sequences from three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers from representatives of 27 of 29 genera. Our results indicate that symbiotic zoantharians, in particular those within suborder Macrocnemina, diversified through repeated host switching. In addition, colonization of new host taxa appears to have driven morphological and ecological specialization in zoantharians. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of symbioses in the morphological and ecological evolution of marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kise
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan.
| | - Maria Eduarda Alves Santos
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Evolution, Cell Biology, and Symbiosis Unit, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Chloé Julie Loïs Fourreau
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Akira Iguchi
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan; Research Laboratory on Environmentally-conscious Developments and Technologies [E-code], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Goto
- Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, 459 Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Beckers P, Gebhardt T, Helm C. Loss of nervous system complexity – Morphological analyses shed light on the neuronal evolution in Myzostomida (Annelida). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Beckers
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Zooecology, University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Tobias Gebhardt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Zooecology, University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Conrad Helm
- Johann‐Friedrich‐Blumenbach Institute for Zoology & Anthropology Animal Evolution and Biodiversity University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH. First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. Zookeys 2020; 921:1-22. [PMID: 32256148 PMCID: PMC7109145 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.921.32802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocky reefs of the northern Colombian Pacific (Chocó) are diverse ecosystems that are poorly studied. Echinoderms are one of the principal groups in these ecosystems with associations to different species, including benthic organisms in which they live and other species that use them as hosts. These relationships include fishes, sponges, seaweeds, cnidarians, polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans, mollusks, and other echinoderms. For this area, 22 associations were registered, including commensalism, epibionts and parasitism. This work constitutes the first report for the associations of Eucidaristhouarsii with Suberitesaff.ficus, E.thouarsii with Ophiothelamirabilis, and Holothuria (Thymiosicia) impatiens with Encheliophisvermicularis. Associations of Pentacerastercumingi with Zenopontoniasoror, and Ophionereisannulata with Malmgreniellacf.variegata are new records for Colombia. This work also expands the range of hosts previously described for Ophiothelamirabilis and expands the distribution of the association between Diademamexicanum and Echineulimacf.robusta.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Juliana Vanegas González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" - INVEMAR. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" Santa Marta Colombia
| | - Giomar Helena Borrero-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" - INVEMAR. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" Santa Marta Colombia
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A newly discovered radiation of endoparasitic gastropods and their coevolution with asteroid hosts in Antarctica. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:180. [PMID: 31533610 PMCID: PMC6749685 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine invertebrates are abundant and diverse on the continental shelf in Antarctica, but little is known about their parasitic counterparts. Endoparasites are especially understudied because they often possess highly modified body plans that pose problems for their identification. Asterophila, a genus of endoparasitic gastropod in the family Eulimidae, forms cysts in the arms and central discs of asteroid sea stars. There are currently four known species in this genus, one of which has been described from the Antarctic Peninsula (A. perknasteri). This study employs molecular and morphological data to investigate the diversity of Asterophila in Antarctica and explore cophylogenetic patterns between host and parasite. RESULTS A maximum-likelihood phylogeny of Asterophila and subsequent species-delimitation analysis uncovered nine well-supported putative species, eight of which are new to science. Most Asterophila species were found on a single host species, but four species were found on multiple hosts from one or two closely related genera, showing phylogenetic conservatism of host use. Both distance-based and event-based cophylogenetic analyses uncovered a strong signal of coevolution in this system, but most associations were explained by non-cospeciation events. DISCUSSION The prevalence of duplication and host-switching events in Asterophila and its asteroid hosts suggests that synchronous evolution may be rare even in obligate endoparasitic systems. The apparent restricted distribution of Asterophila from around the Scotia Arc may be an artefact of concentrated sampling in the area and a low obvious prevalence of infection. Given the richness of parasites on a global scale, their role in promoting host diversification, and the threat of their loss through coextinction, future work should continue to investigate parasite diversity and coevolution in vulnerable ecosystems.
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Taylor KH, Rouse GW, Messing CG. Revising Mariametridae: the genera Dichrometra, Lamprometra, and Liparometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1375044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg W. Rouse
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
| | - Charles G. Messing
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, NSU, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA
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Jimi N, Moritaki T, Kajihara H. Rare endoparasitic Asteriomyzostomum (Annelida: Asteriomyzostomidae) from Japan, including three new species descriptions and their phylogenetic position within Myzostomida. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:841-847. [PMID: 28797594 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The rare myzostomid genus Asteriomyzostomum Jägersten, 1940 consists of two species, both parasitizing sea stars. The phylogenetic position of this genus among Myzostomida has not been previously shown using molecular data. In this study, three species of Asteriomyzostomum were collected from the Kumano Sea, Japan, and are described as A. hercules sp. nov., A. jinshou sp. nov., and A. monroeae sp. nov. Additional specimens of the genus Asteromyzostomum Wagin, 1954 were also collected from the Kumano Sea and briefly reported as Asteromyzostomum sp. A molecular phylogeny based on four gene markers (COI, 16S, 18S, H3) suggests that the three families Asteriomyzostomidae, Asteromyzostomidae, and Protomyzostomidae comprise a clade. The resulting topology of the tree indicates that a host change from Crinozoa (sea lilies and feather stars) to Asterozoa (asteroids and ophiuroids) occurred only once in the evolutionary history of Myzostomida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Jimi
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | | | - Hiroshi Kajihara
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Taylor KH, Rouse GW, Messing CG. Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Summers MM, Rouse GW. Erratum: Phylogeny of Myzostomida (Annelida) and their relationships with echinoderm hosts. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:53. [PMID: 25880526 PMCID: PMC4373103 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Leung TLF. Fossils of parasites: what can the fossil record tell us about the evolution of parasitism? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:410-430. [PMID: 26538112 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Parasites are common in many ecosystems, yet because of their nature, they do not fossilise readily and are very rare in the geological record. This makes it challenging to study the evolutionary transition that led to the evolution of parasitism in different taxa. Most studies on the evolution of parasites are based on phylogenies of extant species that were constructed based on morphological and molecular data, but they give us an incomplete picture and offer little information on many important details of parasite-host interactions. The lack of fossil parasites also means we know very little about the roles that parasites played in ecosystems of the past even though it is known that parasites have significant influences on many ecosystems. The goal of this review is to bring attention to known fossils of parasites and parasitism, and provide a conceptual framework for how research on fossil parasites can develop in the future. Despite their rarity, there are some fossil parasites which have been described from different geological eras. These fossils include the free-living stage of parasites, parasites which became fossilised with their hosts, parasite eggs and propagules in coprolites, and traces of pathology inflicted by parasites on the host's body. Judging from the fossil record, while there were some parasite-host relationships which no longer exist in the present day, many parasite taxa which are known from the fossil record seem to have remained relatively unchanged in their general morphology and their patterns of host association over tens or even hundreds of millions of years. It also appears that major evolutionary and ecological transitions throughout the history of life on Earth coincided with the appearance of certain parasite taxa, as the appearance of new host groups also provided new niches for potential parasites. As such, fossil parasites can provide additional data regarding the ecology of their extinct hosts, since many parasites have specific life cycles and transmission modes which reflect certain aspects of the host's ecology. The study of fossil parasites can be conducted using existing techniques in palaeontology and palaeoecology, and microscopic examination of potential material such as coprolites may uncover more fossil evidence of parasitism. However, I also urge caution when interpreting fossils as examples of parasites or parasitism-induced traces. I point out a number of cases where parasitism has been spuriously attributed to some fossil specimens which, upon re-examination, display traits which are just as (if not more) likely to be found in free-living taxa. The study of parasite fossils can provide a more complete picture of the ecosystems and evolution of life throughout Earth's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy L F Leung
- Department of Zoology Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
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Rouse GW, Lanterbecq D, Summers MM, Eeckhaut I. Four new species of Mesomyzostoma (Myzostomida: Annelida). J NAT HIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1056266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg W. Rouse
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Lanterbecq
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes Marins et Biomimétisme, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Biologie Appliquée, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut-Condorcet, Ath, Belgium
| | | | - Igor Eeckhaut
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes Marins et Biomimétisme, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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De Baets K, Littlewood DTJ. The Importance of Fossils in Understanding the Evolution of Parasites and Their Vectors. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 90:1-51. [PMID: 26597064 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge concerning the diversity of parasitism and its reach across our current understanding of the tree of life has benefitted considerably from novel molecular phylogenetic methods. However, the timing of events and the resolution of the nature of the intimate relationships between parasites and their hosts in deep time remain problematic. Despite its vagaries, the fossil record provides the only direct evidence of parasites and parasitism in the fossil record of extant and extinct lineages. Here, we demonstrate the potential of the fossil record and other lines of geological evidence to calibrate the origin and evolution of parasitism by combining different kinds of dating evidence with novel molecular clock methodologies. Other novel methods promise to provide additional evidence for the presence or the life habit of pathogens and their vectors, including the discovery and analysis of ancient DNA and other biomolecules, as well as computed tomographic methods.
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