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Oto Y, Kuroki M, Iida M, Ito R, Nomura S, Watanabe K. A key evolutionary step determining osmoregulatory ability for freshwater colonisation in early life stages of fish. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246110. [PMID: 37767765 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Colonisation of freshwater habitats by marine animals is a remarkable evolutionary event that has enriched biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems. The acquisition of tolerance to hypotonic stress during early life stages is presumed to be essential for their successful freshwater colonisation, but very little empirical evidence has been obtained to support this idea. This study aimed to comprehend the evolutionary changes in osmoregulatory mechanisms that enhance larval freshwater tolerance in amphidromous fishes, which typically spend their larval period in marine (ancestral) habitats and the rest of their life history stages in freshwater (derived) habitats. We compared the life history patterns and changes in larval survivorship and gene expression depending on salinity among three congeneric marine-originated amphidromous goby species (Gymnogobius), which had been suggested to differ in their larval dependence on freshwater habitats. An otolith microchemical analysis and laboratory-rearing experiment confirmed the presence of freshwater residents only in G. urotaenia and higher larval survivorship of this species in the freshwater condition than in the obligate amphidromous G. petschiliensis and G. opperiens. Larval whole-body transcriptome analysis revealed that G. urotaenia from both amphidromous and freshwater-resident populations exhibited the greatest differences in expression levels of several osmoregulatory genes, including aqp3, which is critical for water discharge from their body during early fish development. The present results consistently support the importance of enhanced freshwater tolerance and osmoregulatory plasticity in larval fish to establish freshwater forms, and further identified key candidate genes for larval freshwater adaptation and colonisation in the goby group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeki Oto
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mari Kuroki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Metropolitan 113-8657, Japan
| | - Midori Iida
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, 87 Tassha, Sado City, Niigata Prefecture 952-2135, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ito
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shota Nomura
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture 606-8502, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture 606-8502, Japan
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2
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Corush JB, Zhang J. One size does not fit all: Variation in anatomical traits associated with emersion behavior in mudskippers (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.967067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Life histories involving transitions between differing habitats (i.e., aquatic to terrestrial or marine to freshwater) require numerous anatomical, physiological, and behavioral changes. Often, the traits associated with these changes are thought to come in suites, but all traits thought to be associated with particular life histories may not be required. While some traits are found in all species with a particular habitat transition, a grab bag approach may apply to other traits in that any trait may be sufficient for successful habitat transitions. We examine patterns of morphological traits associated with prolonged emersion in mudskipper, an amphibious fishes clade, where prolonged emersion appears twice. We test the evolutionary history of multiple characteristics associated with cutaneous respiration. We find most traits thought to be key for prolonged emersion show no phylogenetic signal and no tight correlation with prolonged emersion. Such traits appear in species with prolonged emersion but also non-emerging species. Only capillary density, which, when increased, allows for increased oxygen absorption, shows strong phylogenetic signal and correlation with prolonged emersion. Further experimental, functional genomics, and observational studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms associated with each of these traits. With respect to traits associated with other particular behaviors, a comparative framework can be helpful in identifying evolutionary correlates.
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3
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Alternating regimes of shallow and deep-sea diversification explain a species-richness paradox in marine fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123544119. [PMID: 36252009 PMCID: PMC9618140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123544119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea contains a surprising diversity of life, including iconic fish groups such as anglerfishes and lanternfishes. Still, >65% of marine teleost fish species are restricted to the photic zone <200 m, which comprises less than 10% of the ocean's total volume. From a macroevolutionary perspective, this paradox may be explained by three hypotheses: 1) shallow water lineages have had more time to diversify than deep-sea lineages, 2) shallow water lineages have faster rates of speciation than deep-sea lineages, or 3) shallow-to-deep sea transition rates limit deep-sea richness. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods to test among these three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses. While we found support for all hypotheses, the disparity in species richness is better described as the uneven outcome of alternating phases that favored shallow or deep diversification over the past 200 million y. Shallow marine teleosts became incredibly diverse 100 million y ago during a period of warm temperatures and high sea level, suggesting the importance of reefs and epicontinental settings. Conversely, deep-sea colonization and speciation was favored during brief episodes when cooling temperatures increased the efficiency of the ocean's carbon pump. Finally, time-variable ecological filters limited shallow-to-deep colonization for much of teleost history, which helped maintain higher shallow richness. A pelagic lifestyle and large jaws were associated with early deep-sea colonists, while a demersal lifestyle and a tapered body plan were typical of later colonists. Therefore, we also suggest that some hallmark characteristics of deep-sea fishes evolved prior to colonizing the deep sea.
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de Brito V, Betancur-R R, Burns MD, Buser TJ, Conway KW, Fontenelle JP, Kolmann MA, McCraney WT, Thacker CE, Bloom DD. Patterns of Phenotypic Evolution Associated with Marine/Freshwater Transitions in Fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:406-423. [PMID: 35675320 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions between marine and freshwater ecosystems have occurred repeatedly throughout the phylogenetic history of fishes. The theory of ecological opportunity predicts that lineages that colonize species-poor regions will have greater potential for phenotypic diversification than lineages invading species-rich regions. Thus, transitions between marine and freshwaters may promote phenotypic diversification in trans-marine/freshwater fish clades. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to analyze body size data in nine major fish clades that have crossed the marine/freshwater boundary. We explored how habitat transitions, ecological opportunity, and community interactions influenced patterns of phenotypic diversity. Our analyses indicated that transitions between marine and freshwater habitats did not drive body size evolution, and there are few differences in body size between marine and freshwater lineages. We found that body size disparity in freshwater lineages is not correlated with the number of independent transitions to freshwaters. We found a positive correlation between body size disparity and overall species richness of a given area, and a negative correlation between body size disparity and diversity of closely related species. Our results indicate that the diversity of incumbent freshwater species does not restrict phenotypic diversification, but the diversity of closely related taxa can limit body size diversification. Ecological opportunity arising from colonization of novel habitats does not seem to have a major effect in the trajectory of body size evolution in trans-marine/freshwater clades. Moreover, competition with closely related taxa in freshwaters has a greater effect than competition with distantly related incumbent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor de Brito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA
| | - Ricardo Betancur-R
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael D Burns
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850-1923, USA
| | - Thaddaeus J Buser
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, W100 George R. Brown Hall, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kevin W Conway
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - João Pedro Fontenelle
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Matthew A Kolmann
- Museum of Paleontology, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - W Tyler McCraney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7246, USA
| | - Christine E Thacker
- Research and Collections, Section of Ichthyology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.,Vertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Devin D Bloom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA.,Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5419, USA
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Astorga MP, Valenzuela A, Segovia NI, Poulin E, Vargas-Chacoff L, González-Wevar CA. Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Divergence Between Landlocked and Migratory Populations of Fish Galaxias maculatus, Evaluated Through Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and Nuclear DNA Microsatellites. Front Genet 2022; 13:854362. [PMID: 35664323 PMCID: PMC9161745 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.854362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galaxias species are interesting biogeographic models due to their distribution and different types of life cycles, with migratory and landlocked populations. To obtain a better understanding of the genetic consequences of the Quaternary glacial cycles in Galaxias maculatus, in this work we compared landlocked and migratory populations collected in areas that were differentially affected by ice advances and retreats. We included nine populations of G. maculatus, four collected from lakes (landlocked) and five from their associated estuaries/rivers (migratory) in three estuary-lake systems across southern Chile. Genetic analyses were performed using the mitochondrial control region and nine microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity measured with both markers was significantly higher in migratory than in landlocked populations across the study area. The levels of genetic differentiation showed higher differentiation among lakes than estuaries. Genetic diversity was higher in migratory populations located in areas that were less impacted by ice during Quaternary glacial processes. These results may be the consequence of recent recolonization of small freshwater bodies following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, the greatest differentiation was observed in populations that were exposed to continental ice advances and retreats during the LGM. Thus, in the present work we corroborate a pattern of differentiation between lakes and estuaries, using mtDNA sequences and microsatellite nuclear markers. This pattern may be due to a combination of biological factors, i.e., resident non-migratory behaviour or landlocking and natal homing-in, as well as geological factors, i.e., Expansion-Contraction Quaternary glacial biogeographic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela P. Astorga
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Andrea Valenzuela
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Nicolás I. Segovia
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Sub-Antárticos (BASE), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Sub-Antárticos (BASE), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Sub-Antárticos (BASE), Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio A. González-Wevar
- Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Sub-Antárticos (BASE), Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudio A. González-Wevar,
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6
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Miller EC. Comparing diversification rates in lakes, rivers, and the sea. Evolution 2021; 75:2055-2073. [PMID: 34181244 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of species inhabiting freshwater relative to marine habitats is striking, given that freshwater habitats encompass <1% of Earth's water. The most commonly proposed explanation for this pattern is that freshwater habitats are more fragmented than marine habitats, allowing more opportunities for allopatric speciation and thus increased diversification rates in freshwater. However, speciation may be generally faster in sympatry than in allopatry, as illustrated by lacustrine radiations such as African cichlids. Such differences between rivers and lakes may be important to consider when comparing diversification broadly among freshwater and marine groups. Here I compared diversification rates of teleost fishes in marine, riverine and lacustrine habitats. I found that lakes had faster speciation and net diversification rates than other aquatic habitats. However, most freshwater diversity arose in rivers. Surprisingly, riverine and marine habitats had similar rates of net diversification on average. Biogeographic models suggest that lacustrine habitats are evolutionarily unstable, explaining the dearth of lacustrine species in spite of their rapid diversification. Collectively, these results suggest that strong diversification rate differences are unlikely to explain the freshwater paradox. Instead, this pattern may be attributable to the comparable amount of time spent in riverine and marine habitats over the 200-million-year history of teleosts.
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Clarke JT. Evidence for general size-by-habitat rules in actinopterygian fishes across nine scales of observation. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1569-1581. [PMID: 34110065 PMCID: PMC8362132 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identifying environmental predictors of phenotype is fundamentally important to many ecological questions, from revealing broadscale ecological processes to predicting extinction risk. However, establishing robust environment—phenotype relationships is challenging, as powerful case studies require diverse clades which repeatedly undergo environmental transitions at multiple taxonomic scales. Actinopterygian fishes, with 32,000+ species, fulfil these criteria for the fundamental habitat divisions in water. With four datasets of body size (ranging 10,905–27,226 species), I reveal highly consistent size‐by‐habitat‐use patterns across nine scales of observation. Taxa in marine, marine‐brackish, euryhaline and freshwater‐brackish habitats possess larger mean sizes than freshwater relatives, and the largest mean sizes consistently emerge within marine‐brackish and euryhaline taxa. These findings align with the predictions of seven mechanisms thought to drive larger size by promoting additional trophic levels. However, mismatches between size and trophic‐level patterns highlight a role for additional mechanisms, and support for viable candidates is examined in 3439 comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Clarke
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Miller EC, Mesnick SL, Wiens JJ. Sexual Dichromatism Is Decoupled from Diversification over Deep Time in Fishes. Am Nat 2021; 198:232-252. [PMID: 34260865 DOI: 10.1086/715114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSexually selected traits have long been thought to drive diversification, but support for this hypothesis has been persistently controversial. In fishes, sexually dimorphic coloration is associated with assortative mating and speciation among closely related species, as shown in classic studies. However, it is unclear whether these results can generalize to explain diversity patterns across ray-finned fishes, which contain the majority of vertebrate species and 96% of fishes. Here, we use phylogenetic approaches to test for an association between sexual dichromatism and diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) in ray-finned fishes. We assembled dichromatism data for 10,898 species, a data set of unprecedented size. We found no difference in diversification rates between monochromatic and dichromatic species when including all ray-finned fishes. However, at lower phylogenetic scales (within orders and families), some intermediate-sized clades did show an effect of dichromatism on diversification. Surprisingly, dichromatism could significantly increase or decrease diversification rates. Moreover, we found no effect in many of the clades initially used to link dichromatism to speciation in fishes (e.g., cichlids) or an effect only at shallow scales (within subclades). Overall, we show how the effects of dichromatism on diversification are highly variable in direction and restricted to certain clades and phylogenetic scales.
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Abstract
Diadromy, the predictable movements of individuals between marine and freshwater environments, is biogeographically and phylogenetically widespread across fishes. Thus, despite the high energetic and potential fitness costs involved in moving between distinct environments, diadromy appears to be an effective life history strategy. Yet, the origin and molecular mechanisms that underpin this migratory behavior are not fully understood. In this review, we aim first to summarize what is known about diadromy in fishes; this includes the phylogenetic relationship among diadromous species, a description of the main hypotheses regarding its origin, and a discussion of the presence of non-migratory populations within diadromous species. Second, we discuss how recent research based on -omics approaches (chiefly genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics) is beginning to provide answers to questions on the genetic bases and origin(s) of diadromy. Finally, we suggest future directions for -omics research that can help tackle questions on the evolution of diadromy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lisette Delgado
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Burridge CP, Waters JM. Does migration promote or inhibit diversification? A case study involving the dominant radiation of temperate Southern Hemisphere freshwater fishes. Evolution 2020; 74:1954-1965. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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