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Coll-Costa C, Dahms C, Kemppainen P, Alexandre CM, Ribeiro F, Zanella D, Zanella L, Merilä J, Momigliano P. Parallel evolution despite low genetic diversity in three-spined sticklebacks. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232617. [PMID: 38593844 PMCID: PMC11003780 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
When populations repeatedly adapt to similar environments they can evolve similar phenotypes based on shared genetic mechanisms (parallel evolution). The likelihood of parallel evolution is affected by demographic history, as it depends on the standing genetic variation of the source population. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) repeatedly colonized and adapted to brackish and freshwater. Most parallel evolution studies in G. aculeatus were conducted at high latitudes, where freshwater populations maintain connectivity to the source marine populations. Here, we analysed southern and northern European marine and freshwater populations to test two hypotheses. First, that southern European freshwater populations (which currently lack connection to marine populations) lost genetic diversity due to bottlenecks and inbreeding compared to their northern counterparts. Second, that the degree of genetic parallelism is higher among northern than southern European freshwater populations, as the latter have been subjected to strong drift due to isolation. The results show that southern populations exhibit lower genetic diversity but a higher degree of genetic parallelism than northern populations. Hence, they confirm the hypothesis that southern populations have lost genetic diversity, but this loss probably happened after they had already adapted to freshwater conditions, explaining the high degree of genetic parallelism in the south.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Coll-Costa
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Carolin Dahms
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Petri Kemppainen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Carlos M. Alexandre
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade de Évora, Évora, 7004-516, Portugal
| | - Filipe Ribeiro
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Davor Zanella
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Linda Zanella
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Paolo Momigliano
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Dean LL, Magalhaes IS, D’Agostino D, Hohenlohe P, MacColl ADC. On the Origins of Phenotypic Parallelism in Benthic and Limnetic Stickleback. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad191. [PMID: 37652053 PMCID: PMC10490448 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid evolution of similar phenotypes in similar environments, giving rise to in situ parallel adaptation, is an important hallmark of ecological speciation. However, what appears to be in situ adaptation can also arise by dispersal of divergent lineages from elsewhere. We test whether two contrasting phenotypes repeatedly evolved in parallel, or have a single origin, in an archetypal example of ecological adaptive radiation: benthic-limnetic three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) across species pair and solitary lakes in British Columbia. We identify two genomic clusters across freshwater populations, which differ in benthic-limnetic divergent phenotypic traits and separate benthic from limnetic individuals in species pair lakes. Phylogenetic reconstruction and niche evolution modeling both suggest a single evolutionary origin for each of these clusters. We detected strong phylogenetic signal in benthic-limnetic divergent traits, suggesting that they are ancestrally retained. Accounting for ancestral state retention, we identify local adaptation of body armor due to the presence of an intraguild predator, the sculpin (Cottus asper), and environmental effects of lake depth and pH on body size. Taken together, our results imply a predominant role for retention of ancestral characteristics in driving trait distribution, with further selection imposed on some traits by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Dean
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Isabel Santos Magalhaes
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Daniele D’Agostino
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
- Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paul Hohenlohe
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Andrew D C MacColl
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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