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Rodrigues DC, Mufteev M, Ellis J. Regulation, diversity and function of MECP2 exon and 3'UTR isoforms. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:R89-R99. [PMID: 32681172 PMCID: PMC7530521 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) is a critical global regulator of gene expression. Mutations in MECP2 cause neurodevelopmental disorders including Rett syndrome (RTT). MECP2 exon 2 is spliced into two alternative messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isoforms encoding MECP2-E1 or MECP2-E2 protein isoforms that differ in their N-termini. MECP2-E2, isolated first, was used to define the general roles of MECP2 in methyl-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding, targeting of transcriptional regulatory complexes, and its disease-causing impact in RTT. It was later found that MECP2-E1 is the most abundant isoform in the brain and its exon 1 is also mutated in RTT. MECP2 transcripts undergo alternative polyadenylation generating mRNAs with four possible 3'untranslated region (UTR) lengths ranging from 130 to 8600 nt. Together, the exon and 3'UTR isoforms display remarkable abundance disparity across cell types and tissues during development. These findings indicate discrete means of regulation and suggest that protein isoforms perform non-overlapping roles. Multiple regulatory programs have been explored to explain these disparities. DNA methylation patterns of the MECP2 promoter and first intron impact MECP2-E1 and E2 isoform levels. Networks of microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins also post-transcriptionally regulate the stability and translation efficiency of MECP2 3'UTR isoforms. Finally, distinctions in biophysical properties in the N-termini between MECP2-E1 and E2 lead to variable protein stabilities and DNA binding dynamics. This review describes the steps taken from the discovery of MECP2, the description of its key functions, and its association with RTT, to the emergence of evidence revealing how MECP2 isoforms are differentially regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid Carvalho Rodrigues
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marat Mufteev
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Rozensztrauch A, Sebzda A, Śmigiel R. Clinical presentation of Rett syndrome in relation to quality of life and family functioning. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211007714. [PMID: 33906527 PMCID: PMC8111277 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211007714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rett syndrome (RTT) is a chronic condition that manifest in young children, with concomitant comorbidities such as respiratory problems, scoliosis, epilepsy, and malnutrition, which may affect children’s quality of life (QoL) and family functioning. The objective of this cross-sectional descriptive correlation study was to understand the clinical presentation of RTT in relation to QoL and family functioning. Methods We included 23 parents of children with RTT. In this study, we used the PedsQL™ Family Impact Module, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 generic core scales (PedsQL™ 4.0), and an author-designed questionnaire to assess QoL and family functioning. Results A significant relationship was observed between PedsQL™ 4.0 score and child’s age in the physical functioning dimension. Children aged 8 to 12 years demonstrated significantly higher scores than those in the other age groups. Malnutrition in the child significantly affected functioning of the family in the family relationships dimension. Children receiving 5 hours of rehabilitation treatment a week had significantly higher QoL in the school functioning dimension. Conclusions QOL in children with RTT, as perceived by their parents, is reduced. RTT has a significant negative correlation with family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rozensztrauch
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Anna Rozensztrauch, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 5 Bartla Street, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Sebzda
- Department of Paediatrics, Department of Propaedeutic of Paediatrics and Rare Disorders, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert Śmigiel
- Department of Paediatrics, Department of Propaedeutic of Paediatrics and Rare Disorders, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lima MGM, Silva-Júnior JDSE, Černý D, Buckner JC, Aleixo A, Chang J, Zheng J, Alfaro ME, Martins A, Di Fiore A, Boubli JP, Lynch Alfaro JW. A phylogenomic perspective on the robust capuchin monkey (Sapajus) radiation: First evidence for extensive population admixture across South America. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 124:137-150. [PMID: 29545109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships amongst the robust capuchin monkeys (genus Sapajus) are poorly understood. Morphology-based taxonomies have recognized anywhere from one to twelve different species. The current IUCN (2017) classification lists eight robust capuchins: S. xanthosternos, S. nigritus, S. robustus, S. flavius, S. libidinosus, S. cay, S. apella and S. macrocephalus. Here, we assembled the first phylogenomic data set for Sapajus using ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) to reconstruct a capuchin phylogeny. All phylogenomic analyses strongly supported a deep divergence of Sapajus and Cebus clades within the capuchin monkeys, and provided support for Sapajus nigritus, S. robustus and S. xanthosternos as distinct species. However, the UCE phylogeny lumped the putative species S. cay, S. libidinosus, S. apella, S. macrocephalus, and S. flavius together as a single widespread lineage. A SNP phylogeny constructed from the UCE data was better resolved and recovered S. flavius and S. libidinosus as sister species; however, S. apella, S. macrocephalus, and S. cay individuals were recovered in two geographic clades, from northeastern and southwestern Amazon, rather than clustering by currently defined morphospecies. STRUCTURE analysis of population clustering revealed widespread admixture among Sapajus populations within the Amazon and even into the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Difficulty in assigning species by morphology may be a result of widespread population admixture facilitated through frequent movement across major rivers and even ecosystems by robust capuchin monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela G M Lima
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - José de Sousa E Silva-Júnior
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - David Černý
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Janet C Buckner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jimmy Zheng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael E Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amely Martins
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros, ICMBio, MMA, Brazil
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jean P Boubli
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, UK
| | - Jessica W Lynch Alfaro
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Parisi L, Di Filippo T, Roccella M. The Quality of Life in Girls with Rett Syndrome. Ment Illn 2016; 8:6302. [PMID: 27403274 PMCID: PMC4926033 DOI: 10.4081/mi.2016.6302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, quality of life is receiving an increasing attention in all scientific areas. Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurological development, affecting mainly females. The congenital disease affects the central nervous system, and is one of the most common causes of severe intellectual disability. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of RTT on the quality of life of people who are affected. Both parents of 18 subjects, all female, diagnosed with RTT, took part in the research. Quality of life was assessed using the Italian version of the Impact of Childhood Illness Scale. This scale consists of 30 questions that investigate the effect of illness on children, parents and families. For each question, the parent was asked to rate two variables: frequency and importance. Another questionnaire was administered to obtain medical history, diagnostic and therapeutic data of the persons with RTT. Our data show that RTT has a considerable impact on both the child’s development and the entire family. Parents’ answers demonstrated that their child’s illness had consequences for the child and how the family coped with it. For this reason, attention should be directed at psychological and social aspects, as well as attitudes, manners, reactions and effects such disturbances can have on the entire family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Parisi
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo , Italy
| | - Teresa Di Filippo
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo , Italy
| | - Michele Roccella
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo , Italy
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