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Muñoz-Vargas MA, Taboada J, González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Characterization of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in sweet pepper fruits during ripening and its inhibition by nitration and reducing events. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:92. [PMID: 38466441 PMCID: PMC10927865 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Pepper fruits contain two leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) genes which are differentially modulated during ripening and by nitric oxide. The LAP activity increases during ripening but is negatively modulated by nitration. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an essential metalloenzyme that cleaves N-terminal leucine residues from proteins but also metabolizes dipeptides and tripeptides. LAPs play a fundamental role in cell protein turnover and participate in physiological processes such as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses, but little is known about their involvement in fruit physiology. This study aims to identify and characterize genes encoding LAP and evaluate their role during the ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits and under a nitric oxide (NO)-enriched environment. Using a data-mining approach of the pepper plant genome and fruit transcriptome (RNA-seq), two LAP genes, designated CaLAP1 and CaLAP2, were identified. The time course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages showed that whereas CaLAP1 decreased, CaLAP2 was upregulated. However, under an exogenous NO treatment of fruits, both genes were downregulated. On the contrary, it was shown that during fruit ripening LAP activity increased by 81%. An in vitro assay of the LAP activity in the presence of different modulating compounds including peroxynitrite (ONOO-), NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione and nitrosocyteine), reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (L-Cys), and cyanide triggered a differential response. Thus, peroxynitrite and reducing compounds provoked around 50% inhibition of the LAP activity in green immature fruits, whereas cyanide upregulated it 1.5 folds. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of LAP in pepper fruits as well as of its regulation by diverse modulating compounds. Based on the capacity of LAP to metabolize dipeptides and tripeptides, it could be hypothesized that the LAP might be involved in the GSH recycling during the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang J, Li W, Du H, Geng S. Optimized Pepper Target SNP-Seq Applied in Population Structure and Genetic Diversity Analysis of 496 Pepper ( Capsicum spp.) Lines. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:214. [PMID: 38397204 PMCID: PMC10887817 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peppers are a major vegetable crop worldwide. With the completion of additional genome assemblies, a multitude of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be utilized for population structure and genetic diversity analysis. In this study, we used target SNP-sequencing as a new high-throughput sequencing technology, screening out 425 perfect SNPs for analyzing the genetic diversity and population structure among 496 pepper lines from five pepper species in China and abroad. The perfect SNP panel exhibited commendable discriminative ability, as indicated by the average values of polymorphism information content, observed heterozygosity, minor allele frequency, and genetic diversity, which were 0.346, 0.011, 0.371, and 0.449, respectively. Based on phylogenetic, population structure, and principal component analyses, 484 C. annuum lines were divided into four subpopulations according to the shape of fruit: blocky fruit, wide-horn fruit, narrow-horn fruit, and linear fruit. These subpopulations displayed clear clustering with minimal or no overlap. Moreover, F statistic (Fst) analysis revealed considerable distinctions among these subpopulations. Additionally, we established a set of 47 core SNPs that could effectively differentiate among all pepper lines. This core SNP set could precisely classify the C. annuum lines into four distinct fruit-shape groups. The blocky and narrow-horn fruit subpopulations displayed the lowest and highest genetic diversity, respectively. This study highlights the importance of fruit shape as a crucial trait in pepper breeding. Moreover, this work indicates the immense potential of optimized target SNP technology in the addition of foreground markers of important traits to improve molecular breeding efficiency, and demonstrates its broad application prospects in the genetic analysis and variety identification of peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingjing Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.W.); (B.C.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- Henan OULAND Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China;
| | - Heshan Du
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sansheng Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.W.); (B.C.)
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Aversano R, Iovene M, Esposito S, L'Abbate A, Villano C, Di Serio E, Cardone MF, Bergamini C, Cigliano RA, D'Amelia V, Frusciante L, Carputo D. Distinct structural variants and repeat landscape shape the genomes of the ancient grapes Aglianico and Falanghina. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:88. [PMID: 38317087 PMCID: PMC10845522 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence recognizes structural variations (SVs) and repetitive DNA sequences as crucial players in shaping the existing grape phenotypic diversity at intra- and inter-species levels. To deepen our understanding on the abundance, diversity, and distribution of SVs and repetitive DNAs, including transposable elements (TEs) and tandemly repeated satellite DNA (satDNAs), we re-sequenced the genomes of the ancient grapes Aglianico and Falanghina. The analysis of large copy number variants (CNVs) detected candidate polymorphic genes that are involved in the enological features of these varieties. In a comparative analysis of Aglianico and Falanghina sequences with 21 publicly available genomes of cultivated grapes, we provided a genome-wide annotation of grape TEs at the lineage level. We disclosed that at least two main clusters of grape cultivars could be identified based on the TEs content. Multiple TEs families appeared either significantly enriched or depleted. In addition, in silico and cytological analyses provided evidence for a diverse chromosomal distribution of several satellite repeats between Aglianico, Falanghina, and other grapes. Overall, our data further improved our understanding of the intricate grape diversity held by two Italian traditional varieties, unveiling a pool of unique candidate genes never so far exploited in breeding for improved fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
| | - Marina Iovene
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBBR), Portici, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Esposito
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBBR), Portici, Italy
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-CI), Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto L'Abbate
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics, and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council (IBIOM-CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Clizia Villano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Ermanno Di Serio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Cardone
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-VE), Turi, Italy
| | - Carlo Bergamini
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-VE), Turi, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo D'Amelia
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBBR), Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Domenico Carputo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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