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Takusagawa M, Misumi O, Nozaki H, Kato S, Maruyama S, Tsujimoto-Inui Y, Yagisawa F, Ohnuma M, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T, Matsunaga S. Complete mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences of the freshwater green microalga Medakamo hakoo. Genes Genet Syst 2024; 98:353-360. [PMID: 38267054 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.23-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the complete organellar genome sequences of an ultrasmall green alga, Medakamo hakoo strain M-hakoo 311, which has the smallest known nuclear genome in freshwater green algae. Medakamo hakoo has 90.8-kb chloroplast and 36.5-kb mitochondrial genomes containing 80 and 33 putative protein-coding genes, respectively. The mitochondrial genome is the smallest in the Trebouxiophyceae algae studied so far. The GC content of the nuclear genome is 73%, but those of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes are 41% and 35%, respectively. Codon usages in the organellar genomes have a different tendency from that in the nuclear genome. The organellar genomes have unique characteristics, such as the biased encoding of mitochondrial genes on a single strand and the absence of operon structures in chloroplast ribosomal genes. Medakamo hakoo will be helpful for understanding the evolution of the organellar genome and the regulation of gene expression in chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Takusagawa
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University
| | - Osami Misumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shoichi Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shinichiro Maruyama
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yayoi Tsujimoto-Inui
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Facility Center, University of the Ryukyus
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Hiroshima College
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Ponts N, Gautier C, Gouzy J, Pinson-Gadais L, Foulongne-Oriol M, Ducos C, Richard-Forget F, Savoie JM, Zhao C, Barroso G. Evolution of Fusarium tricinctum and Fusarium avenaceum mitochondrial genomes is driven by mobility of introns and of a new type of palindromic microsatellite repeats. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:358. [PMID: 32397981 PMCID: PMC7218506 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased contamination of European and Asian wheat and barley crops with “emerging” mycotoxins such as enniatins or beauvericin, produced by Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium tricinctum, suggest that these phylogenetically close species could be involved in future food-safety crises. Results The mitochondrial genomes of F. tricinctum strain INRA104 and F. avenaceum strain FaLH27 have been annotated. A comparative analysis was carried out then extended to a set of 25 wild strains. Results show that they constitute two distinct species, easily distinguished by their mitochondrial sequences. The mitochondrial genetic variability is mainly located within the intergenic regions. Marks of variations show they have evolved (i) by Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), (ii) by length variations mediated by insertion/deletion sequences (Indels), and (iii) by length mutations generated by DNA sliding events occurring in mononucleotide (A)n or (T)n microsatellite type sequences arranged in a peculiar palindromic organization. The optionality of these palindromes between both species argues for their mobility. The presence of Indels and SNPs in palindrome neighbouring regions suggests their involvement in these observed variations. Moreover, the intraspecific and interspecific variations in the presence/absence of group I introns suggest a high mobility, resulting from several events of gain and loss during short evolution periods. Phylogenetic analyses of intron orthologous sequences suggest that most introns could have originated from lateral transfers from phylogenetically close or distant species belonging to various Ascomycota genera and even to the Basidiomycota fungal division. Conclusions Mitochondrial genome evolution between F. tricinctum and F. avenaceum is mostly driven by two types of mobile genetic elements, implicated in genome polymorphism. The first one is represented by group I introns. Indeed, both genomes harbour optional (inter- or intra-specifically) group I introns, all carrying putatively functional hegs, arguing for a high mobility of these introns during short evolution periods. The gain events were shown to involve, for most of them, lateral transfers between phylogenetically distant species. This study has also revealed a new type of mobile genetic element constituted by a palindromic arrangement of (A) n and (T) n microsatellite sequences whose presence was related to occurrence of SNPs and Indels in the neighbouring regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, MycSA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chen Zhao
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Gérard Barroso
- INRAE, MycSA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France. .,University of Bordeaux, INRAE, MycSA, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Li YB, Zhang YZ, Jin Y, Zeng H, Duan JY, Liu LX, Liu YG, Sui ZH. The complete mitochondrial genome of a microalgae Chlamydomonas moewusii strain XJCH-01 from Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020; 5:1204-1205. [PMID: 33366913 PMCID: PMC7510814 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1731371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas moewusii is a microalga isolated from the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, China. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of C. moewusii strain XJCH-01 was determined in this study (Accession number MT015649). The mitogenome (22,887 bp, 34.58% G + C) consists of 7 protein-coding genes (PCG), discontinuous large and small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and 4 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the C. moewusii strain XJCH-01 enriches data resources for further study in genetic and functional evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Li
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alaer, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Qingdao Customs District P.R.China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alaer, China
| | - Jia-Yu Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Liu
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi, China
| | - Yun-Guo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Zhi-Hai Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
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4
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Mikhailov KV, Efeykin BD, Panchin AY, Knorre DA, Logacheva MD, Penin AA, Muntyan MS, Nikitin MA, Popova OV, Zanegina ON, Vyssokikh MY, Spiridonov SE, Aleoshin VV, Panchin YV. Coding palindromes in mitochondrial genes of Nematomorpha. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:6858-6870. [PMID: 31194871 PMCID: PMC6649704 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inverted repeats are common DNA elements, but they rarely overlap with protein-coding sequences due to the ensuing conflict with the structure and function of the encoded protein. We discovered numerous perfect inverted repeats of considerable length (up to 284 bp) embedded within the protein-coding genes in mitochondrial genomes of four Nematomorpha species. Strikingly, both arms of the inverted repeats encode conserved regions of the amino acid sequence. We confirmed enzymatic activity of the respiratory complex I encoded by inverted repeat-containing genes. The nucleotide composition of inverted repeats suggests strong selection at the amino acid level in these regions. We conclude that the inverted repeat-containing genes are transcribed and translated into functional proteins. The survey of available mitochondrial genomes reveals that several other organisms possess similar albeit shorter embedded repeats. Mitochondrial genomes of Nematomorpha demonstrate an extraordinary evolutionary compromise where protein function and stringent secondary structure elements within the coding regions are preserved simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Mikhailov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation
| | - Boris D Efeykin
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation.,Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Y Panchin
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Knorre
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Maria D Logacheva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation.,Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143028, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey A Penin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation
| | - Maria S Muntyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Olga N Zanegina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Y Vyssokikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei E Spiridonov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Aleoshin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri V Panchin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation
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Lee S, Lim SR, Jeong DG, Kim JH. Characterization of an Oleaginous Unicellular Green Microalga, Lobosphaera incisa (Reisigl, 1964) Strain K-1, Isolated From a Tidal Flat in the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2159. [PMID: 30250461 PMCID: PMC6139321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are considered as sustainable resources for biofuel production. However, recently the focus on microalgal research has shifted toward the investigation of high-value metabolites for potential pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. Herein, we report the identification of a novel oleaginous green microalga isolated from the Yellow Sea in Korea. We also describe the morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics of this microalga. On the basis of microscopic and genetic analyses, the isolate was classified as Lobosphaera incisa (the strain was designated as K-1), and molecular phylogeny revealed that the isolate distinctly differed from the other known L. incisa strains. The microalga could be cultivated in various commercial culture media under a relatively broad range of pH and temperature conditions. We also did a rough and detailed estimation of the different cellular components in the microalga. The composition of arachidonic acid (C20:4ω6) in the lipids of L. incisa strain K-1 was relatively high, similar to that in other strains, however, the K-1 strain had higher proportions of the ω3 series of fatty acids (FAs), including α-linolenic acid (C18:3ω3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5ω3), highlighting its uniqueness and strong potential for biotechnological application. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of L. incisa from Korea as well as from a marine environment; this novel strain might be useful for the production of high-value ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungki Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Se Ra Lim
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
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6
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Grand Challenges in Marine Biotechnology: Overview of Recent EU-Funded Projects. GRAND CHALLENGES IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69075-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jagielski T, Gawor J, Bakuła Z, Zuchniewicz K, Żak I, Gromadka R. An optimized method for high quality DNA extraction from microalga Prototheca wickerhamii for genome sequencing. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:77. [PMID: 29026433 PMCID: PMC5627410 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex cell wall structure of algae often precludes efficient extraction of their genetic material. The purpose of this study was to design a next-generation sequencing-suitable DNA isolation method for unicellular, achlorophyllous, yeast-like microalgae of the genus Prototheca, the only known plant pathogens of both humans and animals. The effectiveness of the newly proposed scheme was compared with five other, previously described methods, commonly used for DNA isolation from plants and/or yeasts, available either as laboratory-developed, in-house assays, based on liquid nitrogen grinding or different enzymatic digestion, or as commercially manufactured kits. RESULTS All five, previously described, isolation assays yielded DNA concentrations lower than those obtained with the new method, averaging 16.15 ± 25.39 vs 74.2 ± 0.56 ng/µL, respectively. The new method was also superior in terms of DNA purity, as measured by A260/A280 (-0.41 ± 4.26 vs 2.02 ± 0.03), and A260/A230 (1.20 ± 1.12 vs 1.97 ± 0.07) ratios. Only the liquid nitrogen-based method yielded DNA of comparable quantity (60.96 ± 0.16 ng/µL) and quality (A260/A280 = 2.08 ± 0.02; A260/A230 = 2.23 ± 0.26). Still, the new method showed higher integrity, which was best illustrated upon electrophoretic analysis. Genomic DNA of Prototheca wickerhamii POL-1 strain isolated with the protocol herein proposed was successfully sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. CONCLUSIONS A new method for DNA isolation from Prototheca algae is described. The method, whose protocol involves glass beads pulverization and cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient centrifugation, was demonstrated superior over the other common assays in terms of DNA quantity and quality. The method is also the first to offer the possibility of preparation of DNA template suitable for whole genome sequencing of Prototheca spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotides Synthesis Laboratory at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Bakuła
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Zuchniewicz
- DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotides Synthesis Laboratory at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Żak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Children’s University Hospital of Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Gromadka
- DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotides Synthesis Laboratory at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Siegler H, Valerius O, Ischebeck T, Popko J, Tourasse NJ, Vallon O, Khozin-Goldberg I, Braus GH, Feussner I. Analysis of the lipid body proteome of the oleaginous alga Lobosphaera incisa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:98. [PMID: 28587627 PMCID: PMC5461629 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lobosphaera incisa (L. incisa) is an oleaginous microalga that stores triacylglycerol (TAG) rich in arachidonic acid in lipid bodies (LBs). This organelle is gaining attention in algal research, since evidence is accumulating that proteins attached to its surface fulfill important functions in TAG storage and metabolism. RESULTS Here, the composition of the LB proteome in L incisa was investigated by comparing different cell fractions in a semiquantitative proteomics approach. After applying stringent filters to the proteomics data in order to remove contaminating proteins from the list of possible LB proteins (LBPs), heterologous expression of candidate proteins in tobacco pollen tubes, allowed us to confirm 3 true LBPs: A member of the algal Major Lipid Droplet Protein family, a small protein of unknown function and a putative lipase. In addition, a TAG lipase that belongs to the SUGAR DEPENDENT 1 family of TAG lipases known from oilseed plants was identified. Its activity was verified by functional complementation of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking the major seed TAG lipases. CONCLUSIONS Here we describe 3 LBPs as well as a TAG lipase from the oleaginous microalga L. incisa and discuss their possible involvement in LB metabolism. This study highlights the importance of filtering LB proteome datasets and verifying the subcellular localization one by one, so that contaminating proteins can be recognized as such. Our dataset can serve as a valuable resource in the identification of additional LBPs, shedding more light on the intriguing roles of LBs in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Siegler
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Popko
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas J. Tourasse
- UMR7141, CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Present address: Laboratoire ARNA, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR5320, Université Bordeaux 2; Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Vallon
- UMR7141, CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Goettingen, Germany
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