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Huang WF, Li J, Huang JA, Liu ZH, Xiong LG. Review: Research progress on seasonal succession of phyllosphere microorganisms. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111898. [PMID: 37879538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Phyllosphere microorganisms have recently attracted the attention of scientists studying plant microbiomes. The origin, diversity, functions, and interactions of phyllosphere microorganisms have been extensively explored. Many experiments have demonstrated seasonal cycles of phyllosphere microbes. However, a comprehensive comparison of these separate investigations to characterize seasonal trends in phyllosphere microbes of woody and herbaceous plants has not been conducted. In this review, we explored the dynamic changes of phyllosphere microorganisms in woody and non-woody plants with the passage of the season, sought to find the driving factors, summarized these texts, and thought about future research trends regarding the application of phyllosphere microorganisms in agricultural production. Seasonal trends in phyllosphere microorganisms of herbaceous and woody plants have similarities and differences, but extensive experimental validation is needed. Climate, insects, hosts, microbial interactions, and anthropogenic activities are the diverse factors that influence seasonal variation in phyllosphere microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Gui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Wu Y, Brown A, Ricklefs RE. Host‐specific soil microbes contribute to habitat restriction of closely related oaks (
Quercus
spp.). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9614. [PMCID: PMC9745265 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Wu
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Alicia Brown
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Robert E. Ricklefs
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
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Lopes-Caitar VS, Nomura RBG, Hishinuma-Silva SM, de Carvalho MCDCG, Abdelnoor RV, Dias WP, Marcelino-Guimarães FC. Time Course RNA-seq Reveals Soybean Responses against Root-Lesion Nematode and Resistance Players. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2983. [PMID: 36365436 PMCID: PMC9655969 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pratylenchus brachyurus causes serious damage to soybean production and other crops worldwide. Plant molecular responses to RLN infection remain largely unknown and no resistance genes have been identified in soybean. In this study, we analyzed molecular responses to RLN infection in moderately resistant BRSGO (Chapadões-BRS) and susceptible TMG115 RR (TMG) Glycine max genotypes. Differential expression analysis revealed two stages of response to RLN infection and a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the first stage suggested a pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in both genotypes. The divergent time-point of DEGs between genotypes was observed four days post-infection, which included the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and plant-pathogen interaction genes in the BRS, suggesting the occurrence of an effector-triggered immunity response (ETI) in BRS. The co-expression analyses combined with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) uncovered a key element, a transcription factor phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF7) that is a potential regulator of moderate resistance to RLN infection. Two genes for resistance-related leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins were found as BRS-specific expressed genes. In addition, alternative splicing analysis revealed an intron retention in a myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) transcript, a gene related to susceptibility, may cause a loss of function in BRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Stefania Lopes-Caitar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Soja, Londrina 86001-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bruno Guayato Nomura
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Soja, Londrina 86001-970, PR, Brazil
- Department Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Suellen Mika Hishinuma-Silva
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Soja, Londrina 86001-970, PR, Brazil
- Department Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Waldir Pereira Dias
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Soja, Londrina 86001-970, PR, Brazil
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Multiomics Molecular Research into the Recalcitrant and Orphan Quercus ilex Tree Species: Why, What for, and How. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179980. [PMID: 36077370 PMCID: PMC9456323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is the dominant tree species of the Mediterranean forest and the Spanish agrosilvopastoral ecosystem, “dehesa.” It has been, since the prehistoric period, an important part of the Iberian population from a social, cultural, and religious point of view, providing an ample variety of goods and services, and forming the basis of the economy in rural areas. Currently, there is renewed interest in its use for dietary diversification and sustainable food production. It is part of cultural richness, both economically (tangible) and environmentally (intangible), and must be preserved for future generations. However, a worrisome degradation of the species and associated ecosystems is occurring, observed in an increase in tree decline and mortality, which requires urgent action. Breeding programs based on the selection of elite genotypes by molecular markers is the only plausible biotechnological approach. To this end, the authors’ group started, in 2004, a research line aimed at characterizing the molecular biology of Q. ilex. It has been a challenging task due to its biological characteristics (long life cycle, allogamous, high phenotypic variability) and recalcitrant nature. The biology of this species has been characterized following the central dogma of molecular biology using the omics cascade. Molecular responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as seed maturation and germination, are the two main objectives of our research. The contributions of the group to the knowledge of the species at the level of DNA-based markers, genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are discussed here. Moreover, data are compared with those reported for Quercus spp. All omics data generated, and the genome of Q. ilex available, will be integrated with morphological and physiological data in the systems biology direction. Thus, we will propose possible molecular markers related to resilient and productive genotypes to be used in reforestation programs. In addition, possible markers related to the nutritional value of acorn and derivate products, as well as bioactive compounds (peptides and phenolics) and allergens, will be suggested. Subsequently, the selected molecular markers will be validated by both genome-wide association and functional genomic analyses.
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RNA-Seq of Cyst Nematode Infestation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081008. [PMID: 35448735 PMCID: PMC9025382 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop worldwide, and potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) are among the most serious pests. The identification of disease resistance genes and molecular markers for PCN infestation can aid in crop improvement research programs against PCN infestation. In the present study, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to investigate the comprehensive resistance mechanisms induced by PCN infestation in the resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna and the susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti. PCN infestation induced 791 differentially expressed genes in resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna, comprising 438 upregulated and 353 downregulated genes. In susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti, 2225 differentially expressed genes were induced, comprising 1247 upregulated and 978 downregulated genes. We identified several disease resistance genes (KIN) and transcription factors (WRKY, HMG, and MYB) that were upregulated in resistant Kufri Swarna. The differentially expressed genes from several enriched KEGG pathways, including MAPK signaling, contributed to the disease resistance in Kufri Swarna. Functional network analysis showed that several cell wall biogenesis genes were induced in Kufri Swarna in response to infestation. This is the first study to identify underlying resistance mechanisms against PCN and host interaction in Indian potato varieties.
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Tarkka MT, Grams TEE, Angay O, Kurth F, Maboreke HR, Mailänder S, Bönn M, Feldhahn L, Fleischmann F, Ruess L, Schädler M, Scheu S, Schrey SD, Buscot F, Herrmann S. Ectomycorrhizal fungus supports endogenous rhythmic growth and corresponding resource allocation in oak during various below- and aboveground biotic interactions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23680. [PMID: 34880358 PMCID: PMC8654951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous rhythmic growth (ERG) is displayed by many tropical and some major temperate tree species and characterized by alternating root and shoot flushes (RF and SF). These flushes occur parallel to changes in biomass partitioning and in allocation of recently assimilated carbon and nitrogen. To address how biotic interactions interplay with ERG, we cross-compared the RF/SF shifts in oak microcuttings in the presence of pathogens, consumers and a mycorrhiza helper bacterium, without and with an ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF), and present a synthesis of the observations. The typical increase in carbon allocation to sink leaves during SF did not occur in the presence of root or leaf pathogens, and the increase in nitrogen allocation to lateral roots during RF did not occur with the pathogens. The RF/SF shifts in resource allocation were mostly restored upon additional interaction with the EMF. Its presence led to increased resource allocation to principal roots during RF, also when the oaks were inoculated additionally with other interactors. The interactors affected the alternating, rhythmic growth and resource allocation shifts between shoots and roots. The restoring role of the EMF on RF/SF changes in parallel to the corresponding enhanced carbon and nitrogen allocation to sink tissues suggests that the EMF is supporting plants in maintaining the ERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika T. Tarkka
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten E. E. Grams
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Science, Plant Ecophysiology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany
| | - Oguzhan Angay
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Science, Plant Ecophysiology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany
| | - Florence Kurth
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hazel R. Maboreke
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Mailänder
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany ,Landesamt Für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Freiimfelder Str. 68, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany ,grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Institut Für Informatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Frank Fleischmann
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Science, Plant Ecophysiology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Chair of Experimental Physics – Laser physics, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schädler
- grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06110 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia D. Schrey
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Leo- Brandt-Straße, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Francois Buscot
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Xu L, Xiao L, Xiao Y, Peng D, Xiao X, Huang W, Gheysen G, Wang G. Plasmodesmata play pivotal role in sucrose supply to Meloidogyne graminicola-caused giant cells in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:539-550. [PMID: 33723908 PMCID: PMC8035636 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
On infection, plant-parasitic nematodes establish feeding sites in roots from which they take up carbohydrates among other nutrients. Knowledge on how carbohydrates are supplied to the nematodes' feeding sites is limited. Here, gene expression analyses showed that RNA levels of OsSWEET11 to OsSWEET15 were extremely low in both Meloidogyne graminicola (Mg)-caused galls and noninoculated roots. All the rice sucrose transporter genes, OsSUT1 to OsSUT5, were either down-regulated in Mg-caused galls compared with noninoculated rice roots or had very low transcript abundance. OsSUT1 was the only gene up-regulated in galls, at 14 days postinoculation (dpi), after being highly down-regulated at 3 and 7 dpi. OsSUT4 was down-regulated at 3 dpi. No noticeable OsSUTs promoter activities were detected in Mg-caused galls of pOsSUT1 to -5::GUS rice lines. Loading experiments with carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) demonstrated that symplastic connections exist between phloem and Mg-caused giant cells (GCs). According to data from OsGNS5- and OsGSL2-overexpressing rice plants that had decreased and increased callose deposition, respectively, callose negatively affected Mg parasitism and sucrose supply to Mg-caused GCs. Our results suggest that plasmodesmata-mediated sucrose transport plays a pivotal role in sucrose supply from rice root phloem to Mg-caused GCs, and OsSWEET11 to -15 and OsSUTs are not major players in it, although further functional analysis is needed for OsSUT1 and OsSUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐he Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Li‐ying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yan‐nong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - De‐liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Xue‐qiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wen‐kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Gao‐feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science & TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Metabolomics and transcriptomics to decipher molecular mechanisms underlying ectomycorrhizal root colonization of an oak tree. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8576. [PMID: 33883599 PMCID: PMC8060265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are known to have a positive impact on plant growth and ability to resist major biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the metabolic alterations underlying mycorrhizal symbiosis are still understudied. By using metabolomics and transcriptomics approaches, cork oak roots colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius were compared with non-colonized roots. Results show that compounds putatively corresponding to carbohydrates, organic acids, tannins, long-chain fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, were depleted in ectomycorrhizal cork oak colonized roots. Conversely, non-proteogenic amino acids, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and several putative defense-related compounds, including oxylipin-family compounds, terpenoids and B6 vitamers were induced in mycorrhizal roots. Transcriptomic analysis suggests the involvement of GABA in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis through increased synthesis and inhibition of degradation in mycorrhizal roots. Results from this global metabolomics analysis suggest decreases in root metabolites which are common components of exudates, and in compounds related to root external protective layers which could facilitate plant-fungal contact and enhance symbiosis. Root metabolic pathways involved in defense against stress were induced in ectomycorrhizal roots that could be involved in a plant mechanism to avoid uncontrolled growth of the fungal symbiont in the root apoplast. Several of the identified symbiosis-specific metabolites, such as GABA, may help to understand how ectomycorrhizal fungi such as P. tinctorius benefit their host plants.
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Rodrigues AM, Miguel C, Chaves I, António C. Mass spectrometry-based forest tree metabolomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:126-157. [PMID: 31498921 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research in forest tree species has advanced slowly when compared with other agricultural crops and model organisms, mainly due to the long-life cycles, large genome sizes, and lack of genomic tools. Additionally, trees are complex matrices, and the presence of interferents (e.g., oleoresins and cellulose) challenges the analysis of tree tissues with mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical platforms. In this review, advances in MS-based forest tree metabolomics are discussed. Given their economic and ecological significance, particular focus is given to Pinus, Quercus, and Eucalyptus forest tree species to better understand their metabolite responses to abiotic and biotic stresses in the current climate change scenario. Furthermore, MS-based metabolomics technologies produce large and complex datasets that require expertize to adequately manage, process, analyze, and store the data in dedicated repositories. To ensure that the full potential of forest tree metabolomics data are translated into new knowledge, these data should comply with the FAIR principles (i.e., Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Re-usable). It is essential that adequate standards are implemented to annotate metadata from forest tree metabolomics studies as is already required by many science and governmental agencies and some major scientific publishers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev 40:126-157, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Rodrigues
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, GreenIT-Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavie, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA) Avenida da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Célia Miguel
- Forest Genomics & Molecular Genetics Lab, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Chaves
- Forest Genomics & Molecular Genetics Lab, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, GreenIT-Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavie, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA) Avenida da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
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Dreischhoff S, Das IS, Jakobi M, Kasper K, Polle A. Local Responses and Systemic Induced Resistance Mediated by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590063. [PMID: 33381131 PMCID: PMC7767828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) grow as saprotrophs in soil and interact with plants, forming mutualistic associations with roots of many economically and ecologically important forest tree genera. EMF ensheath the root tips and produce an extensive extramatrical mycelium for nutrient uptake from the soil. In contrast to other mycorrhizal fungal symbioses, EMF do not invade plant cells but form an interface for nutrient exchange adjacent to the cortex cells. The interaction of roots and EMF affects host stress resistance but uncovering the underlying molecular mechanisms is an emerging topic. Here, we focused on local and systemic effects of EMF modulating defenses against insects or pathogens in aboveground tissues in comparison with arbuscular mycorrhizal induced systemic resistance. Molecular studies indicate a role of chitin in defense activation by EMF in local tissues and an immune response that is induced by yet unknown signals in aboveground tissues. Volatile organic compounds may be involved in long-distance communication between below- and aboveground tissues, in addition to metabolite signals in the xylem or phloem. In leaves of EMF-colonized plants, jasmonate signaling is involved in transcriptional re-wiring, leading to metabolic shifts in the secondary and nitrogen-based defense metabolism but cross talk with salicylate-related signaling is likely. Ectomycorrhizal-induced plant immunity shares commonalities with systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. We highlight novel developments and provide a guide to future research directions in EMF-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Du C, Jiang J, Zhang H, Zhao T, Yang H, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Xu X, Li J. Transcriptomic profiling of Solanum peruvianum LA3858 revealed a Mi-3-mediated hypersensitive response to Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:250. [PMID: 32293256 PMCID: PMC7092525 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Mi-1 gene was the first identified and cloned gene that provides resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKNs) in cultivated tomato. However, owing to its temperature sensitivity, this gene does not meet the need for breeding disease-resistant plants that grow under high temperature. In this study, Mi-3 was isolated from the wild species PI 126443 (LA3858) and was shown to display heat-stable resistance to RKNs. However, the mechanism that regulates this resistance remains unknown. Results In this study, 4760, 1024 and 137 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched on the basis of pairwise comparisons (34 °C vs. 25 °C) at 0 (before inoculation), 3 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. A total of 7035 DEGs were identified from line LA3858 in the respective groups under the different soil temperature treatments. At 3 dpi, most DEGs were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to plant biotic responses, such as “plant-pathogen interaction” and “plant hormone signal transduction”. Significantly enriched DEGs were found to encode key proteins such as R proteins and heat-shock proteins (HSPs). Moreover, other DEGs were found to participate in Ca2+ signal transduction; the production of ROS; DEGs encoding transcription factors (TFs) from the bHLH, TGA, ERF, heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) and WRKY families were highly expressed, which contribute to be involved into the formation of phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), the expression of most was upregulated at 3 dpi at the 25 °C soil temperature compared with the 34 °C soil temperature. Conclusion Taken together, the results of our study revealed reliable candidate genes from wild materials LA3858, that are related to Mi-3-mediate resistance to Meloidogyne incognita. A large number of vital pathways and DEGs were expressed specifically in accession LA3858 grown at 34 °C and 25 °C soil temperatures at 3 dpi. Upon infection by RKNs, pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) specifically recognized conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as a result of pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI), and the downstream defensive signal transduction pathway was likely activated through Ca2+ signal channels. The expression of various TFs was induced to synthesize phytohormones and activate R proteins related to resistance, resulting in the development of effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Last, a hypersensitive response in the roots occurred, which was probably induced by the accumulation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Du
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongye Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhentong Zhao
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfu Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Soltani N, Best T, Grace D, Nelms C, Shumaker K, Romero-Severson J, Moses D, Schuster S, Staton M, Carlson J, Gwinn K. Transcriptome profiles of Quercus rubra responding to increased O 3 stress. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:160. [PMID: 32059640 PMCID: PMC7023784 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate plays an essential role in forest health, and climate change may increase forest productivity losses due to abiotic and biotic stress. Increased temperature leads to the increased formation of ozone (O3). Ozone is formed by the interaction of sunlight, molecular oxygen and by the reactions of chemicals commonly found in industrial and automobile emissions such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Although it is well known that productivity of Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) (NRO), an ecologically and economically important species in the forests of eastern North America, is reduced by exposure to O3, limited information is available on its responses to exogenous stimuli at the level of gene expression. RESULTS RNA sequencing yielded more than 323 million high-quality raw sequence reads. De novo assembly generated 52,662 unigenes, of which more than 42,000 sequences could be annotated through homology-based searches. A total of 4140 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in response to O3 stress, as compared to their respective controls. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the O3-response DEGs revealed perturbation of several biological pathways including energy, lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate and terpenoid metabolism as well as plant-pathogen interaction. CONCLUSION This study provides the first reference transcriptome for NRO and initial insights into the genomic responses of NRO to O3. Gene expression profiling reveals altered primary and secondary metabolism of NRO seedlings, including known defense responses such as terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourolah Soltani
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Teo Best
- The Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Dantria Grace
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, 35470, USA
| | - Christen Nelms
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, 35470, USA
| | - Ketia Shumaker
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, 35470, USA
| | | | - Daniela Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 637551, Singapore
| | - Stephan Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 637551, Singapore
| | - Margaret Staton
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - John Carlson
- The Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Kimberly Gwinn
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Bacht M, Tarkka MT, López IF, Bönn M, Brandl R, Buscot F, Feldhahn L, Grams TEE, Herrmann S, Schädler M. Tree Response to Herbivory Is Affected by Endogenous Rhythmic Growth and Attenuated by Cotreatment With a Mycorrhizal Fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:770-781. [PMID: 30753106 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0290-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores and mycorrhizal fungi interactively influence growth, resource utilization, and plant defense responses. We studied these interactions in a tritrophic system comprising Quercus robur, the herbivore Lymantria dispar, and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Piloderma croceum under controlled laboratory conditions at the levels of gene expression and carbon and nitrogen (C/N) allocation. Taking advantage of the endogenous rhythmic growth displayed by oak, we thereby compared gene transcript abundances and resource shifts during shoot growth with those during the alternating root growth flushes. During root flush, herbivore feeding on oak leaves led to an increased expression of genes related to plant growth and enriched gene ontology terms related to cell wall, DNA replication, and defense. C/N-allocation analyses indicated an increased export of resources from aboveground plant parts to belowground. Accordingly, the expression of genes related to the transport of carbohydrates increased upon herbivore attack in leaves during the root flush stage. Inoculation with an ectomycorrhizal fungus attenuated these effects but, instead, caused an increased expression of genes related to the production of volatile organic compounds. We conclude that oak defense response against herbivory is strong in root flush at the transcriptomic level but this response is strongly inhibited by inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi and it is extremely weak at shoot flush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bacht
- 1 Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- 2 Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iván Fernández López
- 2 Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- 2 Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- 1 Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- 2 Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- 2 Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- 4 Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- 2 Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Martin Schädler
- 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- 5 Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Graf M, Bönn M, Feldhahn L, Kurth F, Grams TEE, Herrmann S, Tarkka M, Buscot F, Scheu S. Collembola interact with mycorrhizal fungi in modifying oak morphology, C and N incorporation and transcriptomics. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181869. [PMID: 31032040 PMCID: PMC6458381 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil detritivores such as Collembola impact plant growth, tissue nutrient concentration and gene expression. Using a model system with pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) microcuttings that display a typical endogenous rhythmic growth with alternating shoot (SF) and root flushes (RF), we investigated the transcriptomic response of oak with and without mycorrhiza (Piloderma croceum) to the presence of Collembola (Protaphorura armata), and linked it to changes in resource allocation by pulse labelling the plants with 13C and 15N. Collembola impacted Gene Ontology (GO) terms as well as plant morphology and elemental ratios with the effects varying markedly with developmental phases. During SF Collembola increased GO terms related to primary growth and this was mirrored in increased 13C and 15N excess in aboveground plant compartments. During RF, Collembola increased GO terms related to plant secondary metabolism and physical fortification. Further, Collembola presence resulted in an increase in plant defence-related GO terms suggesting that Collembola in the rhizosphere prime oak shoots against the attack by fungi or herbivores. Notably, the impact of Collembola on growth, resource allocation and oak gene expression was modified by presence of P. croceum. The results indicate that oaks clearly react to the presence of Collembola in the rhizosphere and respond in a complex way by changing the expression of genes of both primary and secondary metabolism, and this resulted in concomitant changes in plant morphology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Graf
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Florence Kurth
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thorsten E. E. Grams
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Science, Plant Ecophysiology, Technische Universität München, 85345 Freising, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mika Tarkka
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francois Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Shang R, Yang P, Wang B, Zhao Z. Transcriptome analysis of maca ( Lepidium meyenii) root at different developmental stages. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2018; 6:e01206. [PMID: 30598864 PMCID: PMC6303156 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Maca (Lepidium meyenii; Brassicaceae) has been cultivated by Andeans for thousands of years as a food source and has been used for medicinal purposes. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying material accumulation during plant growth. METHODS RNA-Seq technology was used to compare the transcriptome of black maca root at three developmental stages. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were applied for the identification of pathways in which differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched. RESULTS Trinity was used to de novo assemble the reads, and 120,664 unigenes were assembled. Of these, 71.53% of the unigenes were annotated based on BLAST. A total of 18,321 differentially expressed genes were observed. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis found that the most highly represented pathway among the differentially expressed genes was for genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. We also found that genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, such as glucosinolate biosynthesis, were significantly enriched. DISCUSSION The genes that were differentially expressed between developmental time points likely reflect both developmental pathways and responses to changes in the environment. As such, the transcriptome data in this study serve as a reference for subsequent mining of genes that are involved in the synthesis of important bioactive components in maca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Guang Shang
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Pu Yang
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bing‐Yi Wang
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zun‐Ling Zhao
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
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16
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Micro-Food Web Structure Shapes Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Growth in Oak. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The multitrophic interactions in the rhizosphere impose significant impacts on microbial community structure and function, affecting nutrient mineralisation and consequently plant performance. However, particularly for long-lived plants such as forest trees, the mechanisms by which trophic structure of the micro-food web governs rhizosphere microorganisms are still poorly understood. This study addresses the role of nematodes, as a major component of the soil micro-food web, in influencing the microbial abundance and community structure as well as tree growth. In a greenhouse experiment with Pedunculate Oak seedlings were grown in soil, where the nematode trophic structure was manipulated by altering the proportion of functional groups (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and plant feeders) in a full factorial design. The influence on the rhizosphere microbial community, the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Piloderma croceum, and oak growth, was assessed. Soil phospholipid fatty acids were employed to determine changes in the microbial communities. Increased density of singular nematode functional groups showed minor impact by increasing the biomass of single microbial groups (e.g., plant feeders that of Gram-negative bacteria), except fungal feeders, which resulted in a decline of all microorganisms in the soil. In contrast, inoculation of two or three nematode groups promoted microbial biomass and altered the community structure in favour of bacteria, thereby counteracting negative impact of single groups. These findings highlight that the collective action of trophic groups in the soil micro-food web can result in microbial community changes promoting the fitness of the tree, thereby alleviating the negative effects of individual functional groups.
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