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Wan G, Jiang ZY, Shi N, Xiong YG, Zheng RQ. Integrated Morphological, Comparative Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms Underlying Seasonal Patterns of Variation in Spines of the Giant Spiny Frog ( Quasipaa spinosa). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9128. [PMID: 39201815 PMCID: PMC11354522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Quasipaa spinosa, commonly known as the spiny frog, is an economically valued amphibian in China prized for its tender meat and nutritional value. This species exhibits marked sexual dimorphism, most notably the prominent spiny structures on males that are pivotal for mating success and species identification. The spines of Q. spinosa exhibit strong seasonal variation, changing significantly with the reproductive cycle, which typically spans from April to October. Sexually mature males develop densely packed, irregularly arranged round papillae with black spines on their chests during the breeding season, which may then reduce or disappear afterward, while females have smooth chest skin. Despite their ecological importance, the developmental mechanisms and biological functions of these spines have been inadequately explored. This study integrates morphological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the seasonal variation in spine characteristics of Q. spinosa. Our results demonstrate that spine density inversely correlates with body size and that spine development is accompanied by significant changes in epidermal thickness and keratinization during the breeding season. Comparative transcriptomic analysis across different breeding stages revealed significant gene expression alterations in pathways related to extracellular matrix interactions, tyrosine metabolism, Wnt signaling, and melanogenesis. Metabolomic analysis further identified significant seasonal shifts in metabolites essential for energy metabolism and melanin synthesis, including notable increases in citric acid and β-alanine. These molecular changes are consistent with the observed morphological adaptations, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism supporting spine development and functionality. This study provides novel insights into the molecular basis of spine morphogenesis and its seasonal dynamics in Q. spinosa, contributing valuable information for the species' conservation and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rong-Quan Zheng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Wildlife Biotechnology and Conservation and Utilization, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (N.S.)
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Du Q, Wu Y, Liao Y, Dong R, Shui S, Benjakul S, Zhang B. Investigation of the Alternations in the Muscle Quality of Swimming Crab ( Ovalipes punctatus) during Cold-Chain Transportation Using Physicochemical and TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11820-11835. [PMID: 38710668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties and protein alterations in Ovalipes punctatus during cold-chain transportation were examined via sensory scores, water-holding capacity (WHC), glucose (GLU) content, catalase (CAT) activity, urea nitrogen (UN) content, and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis. The results revealed that sensory characteristics and texture of crab muscle deteriorated during transportation. Proteomic analysis revealed 442 and 470 different expressed proteins (DEPs) in crabs after 18 h (FC) and 36 h (DC) of transportation compared with live crabs (LC). Proteins related to muscle structure and amino acid metabolism significantly changed, as evidenced by the decreased WHC and sensory scores of crab muscle. Glycolysis, calcium signaling, and peroxisome pathways were upregulated in the FC/LC comparison, aligning with the changes in GLU content and CAT activity, revealing the stress response of energy metabolism and immune response in crabs during 0-18 h of transportation. The downregulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species pathways were correlated with the decreasing trend in CAT activity, suggesting a gradual retardation in both energy and antioxidant metabolism in crabs during 18-36 h of transportation. Furthermore, the regulated purine nucleoside metabolic and nucleoside diphosphate-related processes, with the increasing changes in UN content, revealed the accumulation of metabolites in crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Du
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Yingru Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yueqin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Ruyi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Shanshan Shui
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the gonadal development-related gene response to environmental temperature in Mauremys mutica. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100925. [PMID: 34689019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Asian yellow pond turtle (Mauremys mutica) displays temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), in which incubation temperature during embryonic development determines the sexual fate of the individual. However, the mechanism of the sex determination/differentiation of Mauremys mutica remains a mystery. Here, we first analyzed the temperature-specific gonadal transcriptomes of Mauremys mutica prior to gonad formation and gonads during the thermosensitive period. We uncovered a list of candidates that respond to temperature stimuli enriched in several categories, such as heat shock protein family members dnajb6a, dnaja4, hspa8 and hsp90aa1, temperature sensor genes mmp17 and mmp28, and putative novel temperature-responsive genes tmco6, gria3 and eif3f. Notably, striking differences were identified in the expression profiles of genes underlying sexual development, such as tex15, insr, igf1r, cirbp, esr1, dmrt2 and Serpinh1. Moreover, we analyzed the similarity and divergence of the timecourse of gene expression among Mauremys mutica and two other reported TSD turtles (Trachemys scripta and Chrysemys picta). The shared genes revealed the common gonad-specific regulatory mechanisms existing in these three TSD turtles that initiate their sexual development. Therefore, our findings could provide basic data to elucidate the mechanisms of sex determination/differentiation of M. mutica, even contributing to further understanding of these mechanisms in other TSD turtles.
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Tang Z, Chen Y, Ren B, Wang X, Zhang H, Han Y, Yuan Z, Weng Q. Immunoreactivities of AR, ERα, ERβ and aromatase in the nuptial pad of Chinese brown frog (<em>Rana dybowskii</em>) during pre-hibernation and the breeding period. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 33845566 PMCID: PMC8056327 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a prominent local raised pad called nuptial pad on the forelimb of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii), which is hypothetically concluded as an enhancement of the grip and a spreader of pheromone during the amplexus. In this study, we investigated the immunolocalization and protein expression levels of androgen receptors (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), ERβ and aromatase in the nuptial pad of R. dybowskii during pre-hibernation and the breeding period. Histologically, the annual development of the nuptial pad in R. dybowskii is manifested as the larger area of specialized mucous gland and the longer length of papillary epidermal projection during the breeding period. AR, ERα, ERβ and aromatase are present in the stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale and the secretory portion of specialized mucous glands during both periods. Western blotting results confirmed that AR, ERα and ERβ protein levels are higher during pre-hibernation than those during the breeding season. These results suggest that nuptial pad is the direct target organ of androgen and estrogen. Androgen may participate in the regulation of annual development and glandular function of nuptial pad, and estrogen may play an endocrine, autocrine or paracrine role during pre-hibernation and the breeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Tang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Baolong Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Xi Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yingying Han
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Qiang Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
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do Amaral MCF, Frisbie J, Crum RJ, Goldstein DL, Krane CM. Hepatic transcriptome of the freeze-tolerant Cope's gray treefrog, Dryophytes chrysoscelis: responses to cold acclimation and freezing. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:226. [PMID: 32164545 PMCID: PMC7069055 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cope’s gray treefrog, Dryophytes chrysoscelis, withstands the physiological challenges of corporeal freezing, partly by accumulating cryoprotective compounds of hepatic origin, including glycerol, urea, and glucose. We hypothesized that expression of genes related to cryoprotectant mobilization and stress tolerance would be differentially regulated in response to cold. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), a hepatic transcriptome was generated for D. chrysoscelis, and gene expression was compared among frogs that were warm-acclimated, cold-acclimated, and frozen. Results A total of 159,556 transcripts were generated; 39% showed homology with known transcripts, and 34% of all transcripts were annotated. Gene-level analyses identified 34,936 genes, 85% of which were annotated. Cold acclimation induced differential expression both of genes and non-coding transcripts; freezing induced few additional changes. Transcript-level analysis followed by gene-level aggregation revealed 3582 differentially expressed genes, whereas analysis at the gene level revealed 1324 differentially regulated genes. Approximately 3.6% of differentially expressed sequences were non-coding and of no identifiable homology. Expression of several genes associated with cryoprotectant accumulation was altered during cold acclimation. Of note, glycerol kinase expression decreased with cold exposure, possibly promoting accumulation of glycerol, whereas glucose export was transcriptionally promoted by upregulation of glucose-6-phosphatase and downregulation of genes of various glycolytic enzymes. Several genes related to heat shock protein response, DNA repair, and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway were upregulated in cold and frozen frogs, whereas genes involved in responses to oxidative stress and anoxia, both potential sources of cellular damage during freezing, were downregulated or unchanged. Conclusion Our study is the first to report transcriptomic responses to low temperature exposure in a freeze-tolerant vertebrate. The hepatic transcriptome of Dryophytes chrysoscelis is responsive to cold and freezing. Transcriptomic regulation of genes related to particular pathways, such as glycerol biosynthesis, were not all regulated in parallel. The physiological demands associated with cold and freezing, as well as the transcriptomic responses observed in this study, are shared with several organisms that face similar ecophysiological challenges, suggesting common regulatory mechanisms. The role of transcriptional regulation relative to other cellular processes, and of non-coding transcripts as elements of those responses, deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clara F do Amaral
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, 5701 Delhi Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
| | - James Frisbie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Raphael J Crum
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park Ave, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - David L Goldstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Carissa M Krane
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park Ave, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
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Li J, Yu H, Wang W, Fu C, Zhang W, Han F, Wu H. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into molecular basis of sexually dimorphic nuptial spines in Leptobrachium leishanense. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5551. [PMID: 31804492 PMCID: PMC6895153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic (SD) traits are important in sexual selection and species survival, yet the molecular basis remains elusive, especially in amphibians where SD traits have evolved repeatedly. We focus on the Leishan moustache toad (Leptobrachium leishanense), in which males develop nuptial spines on their maxillary skin. Here we report a 3.5 Gb genome assembly with a contig N50 of 1.93 Mb. We find a specific expansion of the intermediate filament gene family including numerous keratin genes. Within these genes, a cluster of duplicated hair keratin genes exhibits male-biased and maxillary skin-specific expression, suggesting a role in developing nuptial spines. We identify a module of coexpressed genes significantly associated with spine formation. In addition, we find several hormones likely to be involved in regulating spine development. This study not only presents a high-quality anuran genome but also provides a reference for studying skin-derived SD traits in amphibians. The basis of sexual dimorphism in non-model species may be elusive, in part due to a lack of genomic and molecular resources. Here, Li et al. report a high-quality anuran genome and reveal candidate genes and pathways associated with shaping sexually dimorphic nuptial spines in a moustache toad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chao Fu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Fengming Han
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Multi-Tissue Transcriptomes Yield Information on High-Altitude Adaptation and Sex-Determination in Scutiger cf. sikimmensis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110873. [PMID: 31683620 PMCID: PMC6895926 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Himalayas are one of earth’s hotspots of biodiversity. Among its many cryptic and undiscovered organisms, including vertebrates, this complex high-mountain ecosystem is expected to harbour many species with adaptations to life in high altitudes. However, modern evolutionary genomic studies in Himalayan vertebrates are still at the beginning. Moreover, in organisms, like most amphibians with relatively high DNA content, whole genome sequencing remains bioinformatically challenging and no complete nuclear genomes are available for Himalayan amphibians. Here, we present the first well-annotated multi-tissue transcriptome of a Greater Himalayan species, the lazy toad Scutiger cf. sikimmensis (Anura: Megophryidae). Applying Illumina NextSeq 500 RNAseq to six tissues, we obtained 41.32 Gb of sequences, assembled to ~111,000 unigenes, translating into 54362 known genes as annotated in seven functional databases. We tested 19 genes, known to play roles in anuran and reptile adaptation to high elevations, and potentially detected diversifying selection for two (TGS1, SENP5) in Scutiger. Of a list of 37 genes, we also identify 27 candidate genes for sex determination or sexual development, all of which providing the first such data for this non-model megophryid species. These transcriptomes will serve as a valuable resource for further studies on amphibian evolution in the Greater Himalaya as a biodiversity hotspot.
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Li Y, Ren Y, Zhang D, Jiang H, Wang Z, Li X, Rao D. Chromosome-level assembly of the mustache toad genome using third-generation DNA sequencing and Hi-C analysis. Gigascience 2019; 8:giz114. [PMID: 31544214 PMCID: PMC6755253 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mustache toad, Vibrissaphora ailaonica, is endemic to China and belongs to the Megophryidae family. Like other mustache toad species, V. ailaonica males temporarily develop keratinized nuptial spines on their upper jaw during each breeding season, which fall off at the end of the breeding season. This feature is likely result of the reversal of sexual dimorphism in body size, with males being larger than females. A high-quality reference genome for the mustache toad would be invaluable to investigate the genetic mechanism underlying these repeatedly developing keratinized spines. FINDINGS To construct the mustache toad genome, we generated 225 Gb of short reads and 277 Gb of long reads using Illumina and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) sequencing technologies, respectively. Sequencing data were assembled into a 3.53-Gb genome assembly, with a contig N50 length of 821 kb. We also used high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology to identify contacts between contigs, then assembled contigs into scaffolds and assembled a genome with 13 chromosomes and a scaffold N50 length of 412.42 Mb. Based on the 26,227 protein-coding genes annotated in the genome, we analyzed phylogenetic relationships between the mustache toad and other chordate species. The mustache toad has a relatively higher evolutionary rate and separated from a common ancestor of the marine toad, bullfrog, and Tibetan frog 206.1 million years ago. Furthermore, we identified 201 expanded gene families in the mustache toad, which were mainly enriched in immune pathway, keratin filament, and metabolic processes. CONCLUSIONS Using Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C technologies, we constructed the first high-quality chromosome-level mustache toad genome. This work not only offers a valuable reference genome for functional studies of mustache toad traits but also provides important chromosomal information for wider genome comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yandong Ren
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Dongru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Dingqi Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Verhagen I, Gienapp P, Laine VN, Grevenhof EM, Mateman AC, Oers K, Visser ME. Genetic and phenotypic responses to genomic selection for timing of breeding in a wild songbird. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Verhagen
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Phillip Gienapp
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Veronika N. Laine
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M. Grevenhof
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Andrea C. Mateman
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Kees Oers
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
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Luna MC, Mcdiarmid RW, Faivovich J. From erotic excrescences to pheromone shots: structure and diversity of nuptial pads in anurans. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeste Luna
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ – CONICET, Ángel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roy W Mcdiarmid
- United States Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julian Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ – CONICET, Ángel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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