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Burrill N, Crane H, Khalek N, Soni S, Wild KT, Skraban C, McManus M, Szigety K, Oliver ER, Partridge E, Agarwal S, Fisher A, Wang J, Moldenhauer JS. Expansion of the prenatal phenotype of Baraitser-Winter syndrome: Presentation of two cases of multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63719. [PMID: 38789278 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome (BWCFF) is a variable multiple congenital anomaly condition, typically presenting postnatally with neurocognitive delays, distinctive facial features, cortical brain malformations, and in some, a variety of additional congenital malformations. However, only a few cases have reported the prenatal presentation of this syndrome. Here, we report two cases of BWCFF and their associated prenatal findings. One case presented with non-immune hydrops fetalis and a horseshoe kidney and was found to have a de novo heterozygous variant in ACTB (c.158A>G). The second case presented with gastroschisis, bilateral cleft lip and palate, and oligohydramnios, and was found to harbor a different de novo variant in ACTB (c.826G>A). Limited reports exist describing prenatally identified anomalies that include fetal growth restriction, increased nuchal fold, bilateral hydronephrosis, rocker bottom foot, talipes, cystic hygroma, omphalocele, and hydrops fetalis. In addition, only three of these cases have included detailed prenatal imaging findings. The two prenatal cases presented here demonstrate an expansion of the prenatal phenotype of BWCFF to include gastroschisis, lymphatic involvement, and oligohydramnios, which should each warrant consideration of this diagnosis in the setting of additional anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Burrill
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haley Crane
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nahla Khalek
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelly Soni
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K Taylor Wild
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cara Skraban
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morgan McManus
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine Szigety
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward R Oliver
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Partridge
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sonika Agarwal
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie S Moldenhauer
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Olivucci G, Iovino E, Innella G, Turchetti D, Pippucci T, Magini P. Long read sequencing on its way to the routine diagnostics of genetic diseases. Front Genet 2024; 15:1374860. [PMID: 38510277 PMCID: PMC10951082 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1374860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of technological progress in the identification of DNA alterations has always led to improvements of diagnostic yields in genetic medicine. At chromosome side, from cytogenetic techniques evaluating number and gross structural defects to genomic microarrays detecting cryptic copy number variants, and at molecular level, from Sanger method studying the nucleotide sequence of single genes to the high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, resolution and sensitivity progressively increased expanding considerably the range of detectable DNA anomalies and alongside of Mendelian disorders with known genetic causes. However, particular genomic regions (i.e., repetitive and GC-rich sequences) are inefficiently analyzed by standard genetic tests, still relying on laborious, time-consuming and low-sensitive approaches (i.e., southern-blot for repeat expansion or long-PCR for genes with highly homologous pseudogenes), accounting for at least part of the patients with undiagnosed genetic disorders. Third generation sequencing, generating long reads with improved mappability, is more suitable for the detection of structural alterations and defects in hardly accessible genomic regions. Although recently implemented and not yet clinically available, long read sequencing (LRS) technologies have already shown their potential in genetic medicine research that might greatly impact on diagnostic yield and reporting times, through their translation to clinical settings. The main investigated LRS application concerns the identification of structural variants and repeat expansions, probably because techniques for their detection have not evolved as rapidly as those dedicated to single nucleotide variants (SNV) identification: gold standard analyses are karyotyping and microarrays for balanced and unbalanced chromosome rearrangements, respectively, and southern blot and repeat-primed PCR for the amplification and sizing of expanded alleles, impaired by limited resolution and sensitivity that have not been significantly improved by the advent of NGS. Nevertheless, more recently, with the increased accuracy provided by the latest product releases, LRS has been tested also for SNV detection, especially in genes with highly homologous pseudogenes and for haplotype reconstruction to assess the parental origin of alleles with de novo pathogenic variants. We provide a review of relevant recent scientific papers exploring LRS potential in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and its potential future applications in routine genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Olivucci
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iovino
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Innella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Magini
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Bar O, Vahey E, Mintz M, Frye RE, Boles RG. Reanalysis of Trio Whole-Genome Sequencing Data Doubles the Yield in Autism Spectrum Disorder: De Novo Variants Present in Half. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1192. [PMID: 38256266 PMCID: PMC10816071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common condition with lifelong implications. The last decade has seen dramatic improvements in DNA sequencing and related bioinformatics and databases. We analyzed the raw DNA sequencing files on the Variantyx® bioinformatics platform for the last 50 ASD patients evaluated with trio whole-genome sequencing (trio-WGS). "Qualified" variants were defined as coding, rare, and evolutionarily conserved. Primary Diagnostic Variants (PDV), additionally, were present in genes directly linked to ASD and matched clinical correlation. A PDV was identified in 34/50 (68%) of cases, including 25 (50%) cases with heterozygous de novo and 10 (20%) with inherited variants. De novo variants in genes directly associated with ASD were far more likely to be Qualifying than non-Qualifying versus a control group of genes (p = 0.0002), validating that most are indeed disease related. Sequence reanalysis increased diagnostic yield from 28% to 68%, mostly through inclusion of de novo PDVs in genes not yet reported as ASD associated. Thirty-three subjects (66%) had treatment recommendation(s) based on DNA analyses. Our results demonstrate a high yield of trio-WGS for revealing molecular diagnoses in ASD, which is greatly enhanced by reanalyzing DNA sequencing files. In contrast to previous reports, de novo variants dominate the findings, mostly representing novel conditions. This has implications to the cause and rising prevalence of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Bar
- NeurAbilities Healthcare, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA; (O.B.); (E.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Vahey
- NeurAbilities Healthcare, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA; (O.B.); (E.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Mark Mintz
- NeurAbilities Healthcare, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA; (O.B.); (E.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Richard E. Frye
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USA;
| | - Richard G. Boles
- NeurAbilities Healthcare, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA; (O.B.); (E.V.); (M.M.)
- NeuroNeeds, Old Lyme, CT 06371, USA
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4
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Kaplun L, Krautz-Peterson G, Neerman N, Stanley C, Hussey S, Folwick M, McGarry A, Weiss S, Kaplun A. ONT long-read WGS for variant discovery and orthogonal confirmation of short read WGS derived genetic variants in clinical genetic testing. Front Genet 2023; 14:1145285. [PMID: 37152986 PMCID: PMC10160624 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1145285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Technological advances in Next-Generation Sequencing dramatically increased clinical efficiency of genetic testing, allowing detection of a wide variety of variants, from single nucleotide events to large structural aberrations. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) has allowed exploration of areas of the genome that might not have been targeted by other approaches, such as intergenic regions. A single technique detecting all genetic variants at once is intended to expedite the diagnostic process while making it more comprehensive and efficient. Nevertheless, there are still several shortcomings that cannot be effectively addressed by short read sequencing, such as determination of the precise size of short tandem repeat (STR) expansions, phasing of potentially compound recessive variants, resolution of some structural variants and exact determination of their boundaries, etc. Therefore, in some cases variants can only be tentatively detected by short reads sequencing and require orthogonal confirmation, particularly for clinical reporting purposes. Moreover, certain regulatory authorities, for example, New York state CLIA, require orthogonal confirmation of every reportable variant. Such orthogonal confirmations often involve numerous different techniques, not necessarily available in the same laboratory and not always performed in an expedited manner, thus negating the advantages of "one-technique-for-all" approach, and making the process lengthy, prone to logistical and analytical faults, and financially inefficient. Fortunately, those weak spots of short read sequencing can be compensated by long read technology that have comparable or better detection of some types of variants while lacking the mentioned above limitations of short read sequencing. At Variantyx we have developed an integrated clinical genetic testing approach, augmenting short read WGS-based variant detection with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long read sequencing, providing simultaneous orthogonal confirmation of all types of variants with the additional benefit of improved identification of exact size and position of the detected aberrations. The validation study of this augmented test has demonstrated that Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing can efficiently verify multiple types of reportable variants, thus ensuring highly reliable detection and a quick turnaround time for WGS-based clinical genetic testing.
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5
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Kalfon L, Paz R, Raveh-Barak H, Salama A, Samra N, Kaplun A, Chasnyk N, Kfir NC, Mousa NK, Biton ES, Tanus M, Aharon-Peretz J, Falik Zaccai TC. Familial Early-Onset Alzheimer's Caused by Novel Genetic Variant and APP Duplication: A Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:694-707. [PMID: 36278440 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221020095257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical characteristics of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers of early- onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's (EOADAD) due to a yet-undescribed chromosomal rearrangement may add to the available body of knowledge about Alzheimer's disease and may enlighten novel and modifier genes. We report the clinical and genetic characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals carrying a novel APP duplication rearrangement. METHODS Individuals belonging to a seven-generation pedigree with familial cognitive decline or intracerebral hemorrhages were recruited. Participants underwent medical, neurological, and neuropsychological evaluations. The genetic analysis included chromosomal microarray, Karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Of 68 individuals, six females presented with dementia, and four males presented with intracerebral hemorrhage. Of these, nine were found to carry Chromosome 21 copy number gain (chr21:27,224,097-27,871,284, GRCh37/hg19) including the APP locus (APP-dup). In seven, Chromosome 5 copy number gain (Chr5: 24,786,234-29,446,070, GRCh37/hg19) (Chr5-CNG) cosegregated with the APP-dup. Both duplications co-localized to chromosome 18q21.1 and segregated in 25 pre-symptomatic carriers. Compared to non-carriers, asymptomatic carriers manifested cognitive decline in their mid-thirties. A third of the affected individuals carried a diagnosis of a dis-immune condition. CONCLUSION APP extra dosage, even in isolation and when located outside chromosome 21, is pathogenic. The clinical presentation of APP duplication varies and may be gender specific, i.e., ICH in males and cognitive-behavioral deterioration in females. The association with immune disorders is presently unclear but may prove relevant. The implication of Chr5-CNG co-segregation and the surrounding chromosome 18 genetic sequence needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Kalfon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Rotem Paz
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medicine, Haifa, Israel.,Cognitive Neurology Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hadas Raveh-Barak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Areef Salama
- Department of Family Medicine, Sherutei Briut Clalit, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadra Samra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Natalia Chasnyk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Nehama Cohen Kfir
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Efrat Shuster Biton
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Mary Tanus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Judith Aharon-Peretz
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel.,Cognitive Neurology Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tzipora C Falik Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Retrotransposition disrupting EBP in a girl and her mother with X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:303-306. [PMID: 34999728 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-01000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX2) is a rare congenital disorder caused by pathogenic variants in EBP on Xp11.23. We encountered a girl and her mother with CDPX2-compatible phenotypes including punctiform calcification in the neonatal period of the girl, and asymmetric limb shortening and ichthyosis following the Blaschko lines in both subjects. Although Sanger direct sequencing failed to reveal a disease-causing variant in EBP, whole genome sequencing (WGS) followed by Manta analysis identified a ~ 4.5 kb insertion at EBP exon 2 of both subjects. The insertion was associated with the hallmarks of retrotransposition such as an antisense poly(A) tail, a target site duplication, and a consensus endonuclease cleavage site, and the inserted sequence harbored full-length SVA_F1 element with 5'- and 3'-transductions containing the Alu sequence. The results imply the relevance of retrotransposition to the human genetic diseases and the usefulness of WGS in the identification of retrotransposition.
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7
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Characterization of Genomic Variation from Lotus (Nelumbo Adans.) Mutants with Wide and Narrow Tepals. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with rose, chrysanthemum, and water lily, the absence of short-wide and long-narrow tepals of ornamental lotus (Nelumbo Adans.) limits the commercial value of flowers. In this study, the genomes of two groups of lotus mutants with wide-short and narrow-long tepals were resequenced to uncover the genomic variation and candidate genes associated with tepal shape. In group NL (short for N. lutea, containing two mutants and one control of N. lutea), 716,656 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 221,688 insertion-deletion mutations (Indels) were obtained, while 639,953 SNPs and 134,6118 Indels were obtained in group WSH (short for ‘Weishan Hong’, containing one mutant and two controls of N. nucifera ‘Weishan Hong’). Only a small proportion of these SNPs and Indels was mapped to exonic regions of genome: 1.92% and 0.47%, respectively, in the NL group, and 1.66% and 0.48%, respectively, in the WSH group. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that out of 4890 (NL group) and 1272 (WSH group) annotated variant genes, 125 and 62 genes were enriched (Q < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, 104 genes (NL group) and 35 genes (WSH group) were selected (p < 0.05). Finally, there were 306 candidate genes that were sieved to determine the development of tepal shape in lotus plants. It will be an essential reference for future identification of tepal-shaped control genes in lotus plants. This is the first comprehensive report of genomic variation controlling tepal shape in lotus, and the mutants in this study are promising materials for breeding novel lotus cultivars with special tepals.
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Maroilley T, Li X, Oldach M, Jean F, Stasiuk SJ, Tarailo-Graovac M. Deciphering complex genome rearrangements in C. elegans using short-read whole genome sequencing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18258. [PMID: 34521941 PMCID: PMC8440550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements cause congenital disorders, cancer, and complex diseases in human. Yet, they are still understudied in rare diseases because their detection is challenging, despite the advent of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies. Short-read (srWGS) and long-read WGS approaches are regularly compared, and the latter is commonly recommended in studies focusing on genomic rearrangements. However, srWGS is currently the most economical, accurate, and widely supported technology. In Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), such variants, induced by various mutagenesis processes, have been used for decades to balance large genomic regions by preventing chromosomal crossover events and allowing the maintenance of lethal mutations. Interestingly, those chromosomal rearrangements have rarely been characterized on a molecular level. To evaluate the ability of srWGS to detect various types of complex genomic rearrangements, we sequenced three balancer strains using short-read Illumina technology. As we experimentally validated the breakpoints uncovered by srWGS, we showed that, by combining several types of analyses, srWGS enables the detection of a reciprocal translocation (eT1), a free duplication (sDp3), a large deletion (sC4), and chromoanagenesis events. Thus, applying srWGS to decipher real complex genomic rearrangements in model organisms may help designing efficient bioinformatics pipelines with systematic detection of complex rearrangements in human genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Maroilley
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiao Li
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthew Oldach
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Francesca Jean
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Susan J Stasiuk
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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9
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Umlai UKI, Bangarusamy DK, Estivill X, Jithesh PV. Genome sequencing data analysis for rare disease gene discovery. Brief Bioinform 2021; 23:6366880. [PMID: 34498682 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases occur in a smaller proportion of the general population, which is variedly defined as less than 200 000 individuals (US) or in less than 1 in 2000 individuals (Europe). Although rare, they collectively make up to approximately 7000 different disorders, with majority having a genetic origin, and affect roughly 300 million people globally. Most of the patients and their families undergo a long and frustrating diagnostic odyssey. However, advances in the field of genomics have started to facilitate the process of diagnosis, though it is hindered by the difficulty in genome data analysis and interpretation. A major impediment in diagnosis is in the understanding of the diverse approaches, tools and datasets available for variant prioritization, the most important step in the analysis of millions of variants to select a few potential variants. Here we present a review of the latest methodological developments and spectrum of tools available for rare disease genetic variant discovery and recommend appropriate data interpretation methods for variant prioritization. We have categorized the resources based on various steps of the variant interpretation workflow, starting from data processing, variant calling, annotation, filtration and finally prioritization, with a special emphasis on the last two steps. The methods discussed here pertain to elucidating the genetic basis of disease in individual patient cases via trio- or family-based analysis of the genome data. We advocate the use of a combination of tools and datasets and to follow multiple iterative approaches to elucidate the potential causative variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umm-Kulthum Ismail Umlai
- Division of Genomics & Translational Biomedicine, College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, B-147, Penrose House, PO Box 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dhinoth Kumar Bangarusamy
- Division of Genomics & Translational Biomedicine, College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, B-147, Penrose House, PO Box 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Quantitative Genomics Laboratories (qGenomics), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Puthen Veettil Jithesh
- Division of Genomics & Translational Biomedicine, College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, B-147, Penrose House, PO Box 34110, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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10
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Vanzo RJ, Prasad A, Staunch L, Hensel CH, Serrano MA, Wassman ER, Kaplun A, Grandin T, Boles RG. The Temple Grandin Genome: Comprehensive Analysis in a Scientist with High-Functioning Autism. J Pers Med 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 33383702 PMCID: PMC7824360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition with a complex genetic etiology. The objective of this study is to identify the complex genetic factors that underlie the ASD phenotype and other clinical features of Professor Temple Grandin, an animal scientist and woman with high-functioning ASD. Identifying the underlying genetic cause for ASD can impact medical management, personalize services and treatment, and uncover other medical risks that are associated with the genetic diagnosis. Prof. Grandin underwent chromosomal microarray analysis, whole exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing, as well as a comprehensive clinical and family history intake. The raw data were analyzed in order to identify possible genotype-phenotype correlations. Genetic testing identified variants in three genes (SHANK2, ALX1, and RELN) that are candidate risk factors for ASD. We identified variants in MEFV and WNT10A, reported to be disease-associated in previous studies, which are likely to contribute to some of her additional clinical features. Moreover, candidate variants in genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters were identified, some of which suggest potential therapies. This case report describes the genomic findings in Prof. Grandin and it serves as an example to discuss state-of-the-art clinical diagnostics for individuals with ASD, as well as the medical, logistical, and economic hurdles that are involved in clinical genetic testing for an individual on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena J. Vanzo
- Lineagen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.P.); (L.S.); (C.H.H.); (M.A.S.); (E.R.W.)
| | - Aparna Prasad
- Lineagen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.P.); (L.S.); (C.H.H.); (M.A.S.); (E.R.W.)
| | - Lauren Staunch
- Lineagen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.P.); (L.S.); (C.H.H.); (M.A.S.); (E.R.W.)
| | - Charles H. Hensel
- Lineagen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.P.); (L.S.); (C.H.H.); (M.A.S.); (E.R.W.)
| | - Moises A. Serrano
- Lineagen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.P.); (L.S.); (C.H.H.); (M.A.S.); (E.R.W.)
| | - E. Robert Wassman
- Lineagen, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.P.); (L.S.); (C.H.H.); (M.A.S.); (E.R.W.)
| | | | - Temple Grandin
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Richard G. Boles
- The Center for Neurological and Neurodevelopmental Health, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA;
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11
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Marmontel O, Rollat-Farnier PA, Wozny AS, Charrière S, Vanhoye X, Simonet T, Chatron N, Collin-Chavagnac D, Nony S, Dumont S, Mahl M, Jacobs C, Janin A, Caussy C, Poinsot P, Tauveron I, Bardel C, Millat G, Peretti N, Moulin P, Marçais C, Di Filippo M. Development of a new expanded next-generation sequencing panel for genetic diseases involved in dyslipidemia. Clin Genet 2020; 98:589-594. [PMID: 33111339 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide an efficient tool: reliable, able to increase the molecular diagnosis performance, to facilitate the detection of copy number variants (CNV), to assess genetic risk scores (wGRS) and to offer the opportunity to explore candidate genes. Custom SeqCap EZ libraries, NextSeq500 sequencing and a homemade pipeline enable the analysis of 311 dyslipidemia-related genes. In the training group (48 DNA from patients with a well-established molecular diagnosis), this next-generation sequencing (NGS) workflow showed an analytical sensitivity >99% (n = 532 variants) without any false negative including a partial deletion of one exon. In the prospective group, from 25 DNA from patients without prior molecular analyses, 18 rare variants were identified in the first intention panel genes, allowing the diagnosis of monogenic dyslipidemia in 11 patients. In six other patients, the analysis of minor genes and wGRS determination provided a hypothesis to explain the dyslipidemia. Remaining data from the whole NGS workflow identified four patients with potentially deleterious variants. This NGS process gives a major opportunity to accede to an enhanced understanding of the genetic of dyslipidemia by simultaneous assessment of multiple genetic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Marmontel
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France.,Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Wozny
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Sud, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sybil Charrière
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.,Fédération d'endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, GHE, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Vanhoye
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Simonet
- Cellule BioInformatique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | | | - Delphine Collin-Chavagnac
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Sud, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Séverine Nony
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Dumont
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Mahl
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Sud, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Chantal Jacobs
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Janin
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Cyrielle Caussy
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.,Département Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Pierre Poinsot
- Service de Gastroentérologie Hépatologie et Nutrition Pédiatrique, GHE, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Igor Tauveron
- Service d'endocrinologie, CHU G. Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claire Bardel
- Cellule BioInformatique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Millat
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Noël Peretti
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.,Service de Gastroentérologie Hépatologie et Nutrition Pédiatrique, GHE, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Moulin
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.,Fédération d'endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, GHE, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Marçais
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Sud, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Mathilde Di Filippo
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi-sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron Cedex, France.,Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Detection of non-targeted transgenes by whole-genome resequencing for gene-doping control. Gene Ther 2020; 28:199-205. [PMID: 32770095 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-00185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene doping has raised concerns in human and equestrian sports and the horseracing industry. There are two possible types of gene doping in the sports and racing industry: (1) administration of a gene-doping substance to postnatal animals and (2) generation of genetically engineered animals by modifying eggs. In this study, we aimed to identify genetically engineered animals by whole-genome resequencing (WGR) for gene-doping control. Transgenic cell lines, in which the erythropoietin gene (EPO) cDNA form was inserted into the genome of horse fibroblasts, were constructed as a model of genetically modified horse. Genome-wide screening of non-targeted transgenes was performed to find structural variation using DELLY based on split-read and paired-end algorithms and Control-FREEC based on read-depth algorithm. We detected the EPO transgene as an intron deletion in the WGR data by the split-read algorithm of DELLY. In addition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions artificially introduced in the EPO transgene were identified by WGR. Therefore, genome-wide screening using WGR can contribute to gene-doping control even if the targets are unknown. This is the first study to detect transgenes as intron deletions for gene-doping detection.
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13
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Mehawej C, Khayat CD, Hamdan N, Chouery E, Platt CD. A family history of SCID and unrevealing WES: An approach to management and guidance of patients. Clin Immunol 2020; 218:108520. [PMID: 32629161 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by severe T cell lymphopenia and defective T and B cell function. Without prompt diagnosis and early intervention, patients with SCID typically die from infection within the first year of life. Advances in molecular genetics have led to rapid and efficient diagnosis of SCID cases, particularly when paired with newborn screening. However, some cases remain unsolved, and this is of particular relevance to families that plan to have more children. Here we report a patient who died from complications of SCID in whom whole exome sequencing failed to reveal a candidate variant. We describe how Sanger sequencing of parents was used to study the genomic regions that were poorly covered by WES, and how immune phenotyping results were used in the setting of genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybel Mehawej
- Medical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | | - Nadine Hamdan
- Medical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eliane Chouery
- Medical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Craig D Platt
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Long-read sequencing for rare human genetic diseases. J Hum Genet 2019; 65:11-19. [PMID: 31558760 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, the search for pathogenic mutations in rare human genetic diseases has involved huge efforts to sequence coding regions, or the entire genome, using massively parallel short-read sequencers. However, the approximate current diagnostic rate is <50% using these approaches, and there remain many rare genetic diseases with unknown cause. There may be many reasons for this, but one plausible explanation is that the responsible mutations are in regions of the genome that are difficult to sequence using conventional technologies (e.g., tandem-repeat expansion or complex chromosomal structural aberrations). Despite the drawbacks of high cost and a shortage of standard analytical methods, several studies have analyzed pathogenic changes in the genome using long-read sequencers. The results of these studies provide hope that further application of long-read sequencers to identify the causative mutations in unsolved genetic diseases may expand our understanding of the human genome and diseases. Such approaches may also be applied to molecular diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for patients with genetic diseases in the future.
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15
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Bromberg Y, Capriotti E, Carter H. VarI-COSI 2018: a forum for research advances in variant interpretation and diagnostics. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:550. [PMID: 31307380 PMCID: PMC6631439 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Bromberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Lipman Hall 218, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Lipman Hall 218, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Emidio Capriotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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