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Torralba B, Blanc S, Michalakis Y. Reassortments in single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses: Confronting expectations based on molecular constraints with field observations. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae010. [PMID: 38384786 PMCID: PMC10880892 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses, which mostly consist of members of the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae, and all members of the family Nanoviridae, partly resolve the cost of genomic integrity maintenance through two remarkable capacities. They are able to systemically infect a host even when their genomic segments are not together in the same host cell, and these segments can be separately transmitted by insect vectors from host to host. These capacities potentially allow such viruses to reassort at a much larger spatial scale, since reassortants could arise from parental genotypes that do not co-infect the same cell or even the same host. To assess the limitations affecting reassortment and their implications in genome integrity maintenance, the objective of this review is to identify putative molecular constraints influencing reassorted segments throughout the infection cycle and to confront expectations based on these constraints with empirical observations. Trans-replication of the reassorted segments emerges as the major constraint, while encapsidation, viral movement, and transmission compatibilities appear more permissive. Confronting the available molecular data and the resulting predictions on reassortments to field population surveys reveals notable discrepancies, particularly a surprising rarity of interspecific natural reassortments within the Nanoviridae family. These apparent discrepancies unveil important knowledge gaps in the biology of ssDNA multipartite viruses and call for further investigation on the role of reassortment in their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babil Torralba
- PHIM, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Avenue du Campus d’Agropolis - ZAC de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34980, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Avenue du Campus d’Agropolis - ZAC de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34980, France
| | - Yannis Michalakis
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier 34394, France
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2
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Bonnamy M, Brousse A, Pirolles E, Michalakis Y, Blanc S. The genome formula of a multipartite virus is regulated both at the individual segment and the segment group levels. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011973. [PMID: 38271470 PMCID: PMC10846721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Differential accumulation of the distinct genome segments is a common feature of viruses with segmented genomes. The reproducible and specific pattern of genome segment accumulation within the host is referred to as the "genome formula". There is speculation and some experimental support for a functional role of the genome formula by modulating gene expression through copy number variations. However, the mechanisms of genome formula regulation have not yet been identified. In this study, we investigated whether the genome formula of the octopartite nanovirus faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) is regulated by processes acting at the individual segment vs. viral population levels. We used a leaf infiltration system to show that the two most accumulated genome segments of the FBNSV possess a greater intrinsic accumulation capacity in Vicia faba tissues than the other segments. Nevertheless, processes acting at the individual segment level are insufficient to generate the genome formula, suggesting the involvement of additional mechanisms acting at the supra-segment level. Indeed, the absence of segments with important functions during systemic infection strongly modifies the relative frequency of the others, indicating that the genome formula is a property of the segment group. Together, these results demonstrate that the FBNSV genome formula is shaped by a complex process acting at both the individual segment and the segment group levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélia Bonnamy
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andy Brousse
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Pirolles
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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3
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Dall'Ara M, Guo Y, Poli D, Gilmer D, Ratti C. Analysis of the relative frequencies of the multipartite BNYVV genomic RNAs in different plants and tissues. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38197877 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Multipartite virus genomes are composed of two or more segments, each packaged into an independent viral particle. A potential advantage of multipartitism is the regulation of gene expression through changes in the segment copy number. Soil-borne beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a typical example of multipartism, given its high number of genomic positive-sense RNAs (up to five). Here we analyse the relative frequencies of the four genomic RNAs of BNYVV type B during infection of different host plants (Chenopodium quinoa, Beta macrocarpa and Spinacia oleracea) and organs (leaves and roots). By successfully validating a two-step reverse-transcriptase digital droplet PCR protocol, we show that RNA1 and -2 genomic segments always replicate at low and comparable relative frequencies. In contrast, RNA3 and -4 accumulate with variable relative frequencies, resulting in distinct RNA1 : RNA2 : RNA3 : RNA4 ratios, depending on the infected host species and organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dall'Ara
- DISTAL-Plant pathology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Y Guo
- DISTAL-Plant pathology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Poli
- DISTAL-Plant pathology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Gilmer
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - C Ratti
- DISTAL-Plant pathology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Guyot V, Trieu TD, Insisiengmay O, Zhang T, Iskra-Caruana ML, Pooggin MM. A new genus of alphasatellites associated with banana bunchy top virus in Southeast Asia. Virus Evol 2023; 10:vead076. [PMID: 38361826 PMCID: PMC10868553 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autonomously replicating alphasatellites (family Alphasatellitidae) are frequently associated with plant single-stranded (ss)DNA viruses of the families Geminiviridae, Metaxyviridae, and Nanoviridae. Alphasatellites encode a single replication-initiator protein (Rep) similar to Rep proteins of helper viruses and depend on helper viruses for encapsidation, movement, and transmission. Costs versus benefits of alphasatellite-helper virus association are poorly understood. Our surveys in Southeast Asia (SEA) for wild and cultivated banana plants infected with banana bunchy top virus (BBTV, Nanoviridae) and Illumina sequencing reconstruction of their viromes revealed, in addition to a six-component BBTV genome, one to three distinct alphasatellites present in sixteen of twenty-four BBTV-infected plants. Comparative nucleotide and Rep protein sequence analyses classified these alphasatellites into four distinct species: two known species falling into the genus Muscarsatellite (subfamily Petromoalphasatellitinae) previously identified in SEA and two novel species falling into the tentative genus Banaphisatellite (subfamily Nanoalphasatellitinae) so far containing a single species recently identified in Africa. The banaphisatellites were found to be most related to members of the genus Fabenesatellite of subfamily Nanoalphasatellitinae and the genus Gosmusatellite of subfamily Geminialphasatellitinae, both infecting dicots. This suggests a dicot origin of banaphisatellites that got independently associated with distinct strains of monocot-infecting BBTV in Africa and SEA. Analysis of conserved sequence motifs in the common regions driving replication and gene expression of alphasatellites and BBTV strains revealed both differences and similarities, pointing at their ongoing co-evolution. An impact of alphasatellites on BBTV infection and evasion of RNA interference-based antiviral defences was evaluated by measuring relative abundance of BBTV genome components and alphasatellites and by profiling BBTV- and alphasatellite-derived small interfering RNAs. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the provenance of alphasatellites, their co-evolution with helper viruses, and potential mutual benefits of their association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Guyot
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Tien-Dung Trieu
- Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute, Phu Tho City 290000, Vietnam
| | - Oudomphone Insisiengmay
- Life Science Research Centre, Science and Innovation Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports, Dontiew Road, Xaythany District, Vientiane Capital 99241, Laos
| | - Ting Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | | | - Mikhail M Pooggin
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier 34398, France
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5
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Boezen D, Johnson ML, Grum-Grzhimaylo AA, van der Vlugt RA, Zwart MP. Evaluation of sequencing and PCR-based methods for the quantification of the viral genome formula. Virus Res 2023; 326:199064. [PMID: 36746340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses show great diversity in their genome organization. Multipartite viruses package their genome segments into separate particles, most or all of which are required to initiate infection in the host cell. The benefits of such seemingly inefficient genome organization are not well understood. One hypothesised benefit of multipartition is that it allows for flexible changes in gene expression by altering the frequency of each genome segment in different environments, such as encountering different host species. The ratio of the frequency of segments is termed the genome formula (GF). Thus far, formal studies quantifying the GF have been performed for well-characterised virus-host systems in experimental settings using RT-qPCR. However, to understand GF variation in natural populations or novel virus-host systems, a comparison of several methods for GF estimation including high-throughput sequencing (HTS) based methods is needed. Currently, it is unclear how HTS-methods compare a golden standard, such as RT-qPCR. Here we show a comparison of multiple GF quantification methods (RT-qPCR, RT-digital PCR, Illumina RNAseq and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing) using three host plants (Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Chenopodium quinoa) infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a tripartite RNA virus. Our results show that all methods give roughly similar results, though there is a significant method effect on genome formula estimates. While the RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR GF estimates are congruent, the GF estimates from HTS methods deviate from those found with PCR. Our findings emphasize the need to tailor the GF quantification method to the experimental aim, and highlight that it may not be possible to compare HTS and PCR-based methods directly. The difference in results between PCR-based methods and HTS highlights that the choice of quantification technique is not trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke Boezen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcelle L Johnson
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey A Grum-Grzhimaylo
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands; Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - René Aa van der Vlugt
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Mark P Zwart
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
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Gallet R, Di Mattia J, Ravel S, Zeddam JL, Vitalis R, Michalakis Y, Blanc S. Gene copy number variations at the within-host population level modulate gene expression in a multipartite virus. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac058. [PMID: 35799884 PMCID: PMC9255600 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipartite viruses have a segmented genome, with each segment encapsidated separately. In all multipartite virus species for which the question has been addressed, the distinct segments reproducibly accumulate at a specific and host-dependent relative frequency, defined as the 'genome formula'. Here, we test the hypothesis that the multipartite genome organization facilitates the regulation of gene expression via changes of the genome formula and thus via gene copy number variations. In a first experiment, the faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV), whose genome is composed of eight DNA segments each encoding a single gene, was inoculated into faba bean or alfalfa host plants, and the relative concentrations of the DNA segments and their corresponding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were monitored. In each of the two host species, our analysis consistently showed that the genome formula variations modulate gene expression, the concentration of each genome segment linearly and positively correlating to that of its cognate mRNA but not of the others. In a second experiment, twenty parallel FBNSV lines were transferred from faba bean to alfalfa plants. Upon host switching, the transcription rate of some genome segments changes, but the genome formula is modified in a way that compensates for these changes and maintains a similar ratio between the various viral mRNAs. Interestingly, a deep-sequencing analysis of these twenty FBNSV lineages demonstrated that the host-related genome formula shift operates independently of DNA-segment sequence mutation. Together, our results indicate that nanoviruses are plastic genetic systems, able to transiently adjust gene expression at the population level in changing environments, by modulating the copy number but not the sequence of each of their genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Gallet
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Di Mattia
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Ravel
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Zeddam
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Vitalis
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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7
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Guyot V, Rajeswaran R, Chu HC, Karthikeyan C, Laboureau N, Galzi S, Mukwa LFT, Krupovic M, Kumar PL, Iskra-Caruana ML, Pooggin MM. A newly emerging alphasatellite affects banana bunchy top virus replication, transcription, siRNA production and transmission by aphids. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010448. [PMID: 35413079 PMCID: PMC9049520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a six-component ssDNA virus (genus Babuvirus, family Nanoviridae) transmitted by aphids, infecting monocots (mainly species in the family Musaceae) and likely originating from South-East Asia where it is frequently associated with self-replicating alphasatellites. Illumina sequencing analysis of banana aphids and leaf samples from Africa revealed an alphasatellite that should be classified in a new genus, phylogenetically related to alphasatellites of nanoviruses infecting dicots. Alphasatellite DNA was encapsidated by BBTV coat protein and accumulated at high levels in plants and aphids, thereby reducing helper virus loads, altering relative abundance (formula) of viral genome components and interfering with virus transmission by aphids. BBTV and alphasatellite clones infected dicot Nicotiana benthamiana, followed by recovery and symptomless persistence of alphasatellite, and BBTV replication protein (Rep), but not alphasatellite Rep, induced leaf chlorosis. Transcriptome sequencing revealed 21, 22 and 24 nucleotide small interfering (si)RNAs covering both strands of the entire viral genome, monodirectional Pol II transcription units of viral mRNAs and pervasive transcription of each component and alphasatellite in both directions, likely generating double-stranded precursors of viral siRNAs. Consistent with the latter hypothesis, viral DNA formulas with and without alphasatellite resembled viral siRNA formulas but not mRNA formulas. Alphasatellite decreased transcription efficiency of DNA-N encoding a putative aphid transmission factor and increased relative siRNA production rates from Rep- and movement protein-encoding components. Alphasatellite itself spawned the most abundant siRNAs and had the lowest mRNA transcription rate. Collectively, following African invasion, BBTV got associated with an alphasatellite likely originating from a dicot plant and interfering with BBTV replication and transmission. Molecular analysis of virus-infected banana plants revealed new features of viral DNA transcription and siRNA biogenesis, both affected by alphasatellite. Costs and benefits of alphasatellite association with helper viruses are discussed. Self-replicating alphasatellites are frequently associated with plant ssDNA viruses. Their origin and costs versus benefits for helper virus replication, antiviral defense evasion and transmission by insect vectors are poorly understood. Here we describe identification in Africa and in depth molecular and biological characterization of a newly emerging alphasatellite of BBTV, a multicomponent ssDNA babuvirus causing one of the most economically-important diseases of monocotyledonous bananas and plantains. Phylogenetically, this alphasatellite represents a novel genus and is more related to alphasatellites of nanoviruses infecting dicot hosts than to other BBTV alphasatellites previously identified only in Asia. Consistent with its hypothetical dicot origin, cloned alphasatellite and BBTV can establish systemic infection in a model dicot plant, followed by recovery and symptomless alphasatellite persistence. In banana plants, alphasatellite competes for the host replication and transcription machinery and accumulates at high levels, thereby reducing loads of the helper virus, modifying relative abundance of its components and interfering with its acquisition and transmission by aphids. On the other hand, plant antiviral defenses silence alphasatellite gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, generating highly-abundant 21, 22 and 24 nucleotide small interfering RNAs, suggesting that alphasatellite may serve as a decoy protecting its helper virus from gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Guyot
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Rajendran Rajeswaran
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Huong Cam Chu
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Chockalingam Karthikeyan
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Laboureau
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Galzi
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lyna F. T. Mukwa
- Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université Pédagogique Nationale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France
| | - P. Lava Kumar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marie-Line Iskra-Caruana
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, DGD-RS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mikhail M. Pooggin
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Yu NT, Zhang YL, Wang JH, Liu ZX. A New Method to Obtain the Complete Genome Sequence of Multiple-Component Circular ssDNA Viruses by Transcriptome Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:832. [PMID: 32850712 PMCID: PMC7396673 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses are widely distributed globally, infecting diverse hosts ranging from bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Among these, the genome of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) comprises at least six circular, ssDNA components that are ∼1 kb in length. Its genome is usually amplified and obtained at the DNA level. However, RNA-based techniques to obtain the genome sequence of such multi-component viruses have not been reported. In this study, transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that the full-length of BBTV each genomic component was transcribed into viral mRNA (vmRNA). Accordingly, the near-complete genome of BBTV B2 isolate was assembled using transcriptome sequencing data from virus-infected banana leaves. Assembly analysis of BBTV-derived reads indicated that the full-length sequences were obtained for DNA-R, DNA-U3, DNA-S, DNA-M, DNA-N, NewS2, and Sat4 components, while two gaps (73 and 25 nt) missing in the DNA-C component which was further filled by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The RT-qPCR analysis indicated that the vmRNA levels of coding regions were 3.19–103.53 folds higher than those of non-coding regions, implying that the integrity of genome assembly depended on the transcription level of non-coding region. In conclusion, this study proposes a new approach to obtain the genome of nanovirids, and provides insights for studying the transcriptional mechanism of the family Nanoviridae, Genomoviridae, and Geminiviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Tong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, Haikou, China
| | - Yu-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, Haikou, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, Haikou, China
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