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Wang H, Zhang H, Liu J, Ma Q, Wu E, Gao J, Yang Q, Feng B. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of nitrogen fertilizers in starch synthesis and quality in waxy and non-waxy proso millet. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121372. [PMID: 37940241 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that optimal application of nitrogen fertilizers can effectively improve the quality of proso millet (PM). Here, we aimed to investigate the pathways associated with starch synthesis and metabolism to elucidate the effect and molecular mechanisms of nitrogen fertilization in starch synthesis and properties in waxy and non-waxy PM varieties using transcriptomic techniques. Co-expression network analysis revealed that the regulation of starch synthesis and quality in PM by nitrogen fertilizer mainly occurred in the S2 and S3 stages during grain filling. Nitrogen fertilization inhibited glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch biosynthesis in grains, but increased starch degradation to maltose and dextrin and then to glucose. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization increased starch accumulation by upregulating the expression of SuS and malZ genes, thereby increasing the total starch content in grains. In contrast, nitrogen fertilization suppressed the expression of GBSS gene and decreased amylose content in PM grains, resulting in a relatively higher crystallinity, light transmittance, and breakdown viscosity in the two PM varieties. Overall, these results provided transcriptomics insights into the molecular mechanisms by which nitrogen fertilization regulates starch quality in PM, identified key genes that associated with the starch properties, and provided new insights into the quality cultivation of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglu Wang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Enguo Wu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinfeng Gao
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Baili Feng
- Northwest A&F University, College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Wan C, Wang J, Gao L, Lei X, Tao J, Gao X, Feng B, Gao J. Proteomics characterization of the synthesis and accumulation of starch and amino acid driven by high-nitrogen fertilizer in common buckwheat. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Development of Certified Reference Materials for the Determination of Apparent Amylose Content in Rice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144647. [PMID: 35889518 PMCID: PMC9322866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apparent amylose content (AAC) is one of the most important parameters in rice quality evaluation. In this study, four rice reference materials used to test rice AAC were developed. The AAC of rice reference materials were measured by a spectrophotometric method with a defatting procedure, calibrated from potato amylose and waxy rice amylopectin at the absorption wavelengths of 620 and 720 nm. Homogeneity test (n = 20) was judged by F-test based on the mean squares of among and within bottles, and short- and long-term stability monitoring was performed by T-test to check if there was significant degradation at the delivery temperature of under 40 °C (14 days) and at 0–4 °C storage condition (18 months), respectively. After joint evaluation by ten laboratories, Dixion and Cochran statistical analyses were presented. The expanded uncertainties were calculated based on the uncertainty of homogeneity, short- and long-term stability, and inter-laboratory validation containing factor k = 2. It found that the four reference materials were homogenous and stable, and had the AAC (g/100 g, k = 2) of 2.96 ± 1.01, 10.68 ± 0.66, 17.18 ± 1.04, and 16.09 ± 1.29, respectively, at 620 nm, and 1.46 ± 0.49, 10.44 ± 0.56, 16.82 ± 0.75, and 24.33 ± 0.52, respectively, at 720 nm. It was indicated that 720 nm was more suitable for the determination of rice AAC with lower uncertainties. The determinations of the AAC of 11 rice varieties were carried out by two methods, the method without defatting and with calibration from the four rice reference materials and the method with a defatting procedure and calibrating from potato amylose and waxy rice amylopectin. It confirmed that the undefatted rice reference materials could achieve satisfactory results to test the rice samples with the AAC ranging from 1 to 25 g/100 g. It would greatly reduce the time cost and improve testing efficiency and applicability, and provide technical support for the high-quality development of the rice industry.
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Elattar MA, Karikari B, Li S, Song S, Cao Y, Aslam M, Hina A, Abou-Elwafa SF, Zhao T. Identification and Validation of Major QTLs, Epistatic Interactions, and Candidate Genes for Soybean Seed Shape and Weight Using Two Related RIL Populations. Front Genet 2021; 12:666440. [PMID: 34122518 PMCID: PMC8195344 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.666440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic mechanism underlying seed size, shape, and weight is essential for enhancing soybean cultivars. High-density genetic maps of two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, LM6 and ZM6, were evaluated across multiple environments to identify and validate M-QTLs as well as identify candidate genes behind major and stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs). A total of 239 and 43 M-QTLs were mapped by composite interval mapping (CIM) and mixed-model-based composite interval mapping (MCIM) approaches, from which 180 and 18, respectively, are novel QTLs. Twenty-two QTLs including four novel major QTLs were validated in the two RIL populations across multiple environments. Moreover, 18 QTLs showed significant AE effects, and 40 pairwise of the identified QTLs exhibited digenic epistatic effects. Thirty-four QTLs associated with seed flatness index (FI) were identified and reported here for the first time. Seven QTL clusters comprising several QTLs for seed size, shape, and weight on genomic regions of chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 17, and 19 were identified. Gene annotations, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, and RNA-seq analyses of the genomic regions of those seven QTL clusters identified 47 candidate genes for seed-related traits. These genes are highly expressed in seed-related tissues and nodules, which might be deemed as potential candidate genes regulating the seed size, weight, and shape traits in soybean. This study provides detailed information on the genetic basis of the studied traits and candidate genes that could be efficiently implemented by soybean breeders for fine mapping and gene cloning, and for marker-assisted selection (MAS) targeted at improving these traits individually or concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Elattar
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Benjamin Karikari
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyu Song
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongce Cao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammed Aslam
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiman Hina
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Tuanjie Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (Ministry of Agriculture), State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Adegoke TV, Wang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Liu W, Liu X, Cheng YC, Tong X, Ying J, Zhang J. Posttranslational Modification of Waxy to Genetically Improve Starch Quality in Rice Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4845. [PMID: 34063649 PMCID: PMC8124582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The waxy (Wx) gene, encoding the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), is responsible for amylose biosynthesis and plays a crucial role in defining eating and cooking quality. The waxy locus controls both the non-waxy and waxy rice phenotypes. Rice starch can be altered into various forms by either reducing or increasing the amylose content, depending on consumer preference and region. Low-amylose rice is preferred by consumers because of its softness and sticky appearance. A better way of improving crops other than downregulation and overexpression of a gene or genes may be achieved through the posttranslational modification of sites or regulatory enzymes that regulate them because of their significance. The impact of posttranslational GBSSI modifications on extra-long unit chains (ELCs) remains largely unknown. Numerous studies have been reported on different crops, such as wheat, maize, and barley, but the rice starch granule proteome remains largely unknown. There is a need to improve the yield of low-amylose rice by employing posttranslational modification of Wx, since the market demand is increasing every day in order to meet the market demand for low-amylose rice in the regional area that prefers low-amylose rice, particularly in China. In this review, we have conducted an in-depth review of waxy rice, starch properties, starch biosynthesis, and posttranslational modification of waxy protein to genetically improve starch quality in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wanning Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xingyong Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yi-Chen Cheng
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiezheng Ying
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
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