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Liu R, Ren X, Wang J, Chen T, Sun X, Lin T, Huang J, Guo Z, Luo L, Ren C, Luo P, Hu C, Cao X, Yan A, Yuan L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the early body wall regeneration mechanism of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota after artificially induced transverse fission. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:766. [PMID: 38087211 PMCID: PMC10714614 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumbers exhibit a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues and organs, making them an outstanding model system for investigating processes and mechanisms of regeneration. They can also reproduce asexually by transverse fission, whereby the anterior and posterior bodies can regenerate independently. Despite the recent focus on intestinal regeneration, the molecular mechanisms underlying body wall regeneration in sea cucumbers still remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, transverse fission was induced in the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota, through constrainment using rubber bands. Histological examination revealed the degradation and loosening of collagen fibers on day-3, followed by increased density but disorganization of the connective tissue on day-7 of regeneration. An Illumina transcriptome analysis was performed on the H. leucospilota at 0-, 3- and 7-days after artificially induced fission. The differential expression genes were classified and enriched by GO terms and KEGG database, respectively. An upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling was observed, while a downregulation of pluripotency factors Myc, Klf2 and Oct1 was detected, although Sox2 showed an upregulation in expression. In addition, this study also identified progressively declining expression of transcription factors in the Wnt, Hippo, TGF-β, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, changes in genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton formation were observed. The localization of the related genes was further confirmed through in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION The early regeneration of H. leucospilota body wall is associated with the degradation and subsequent reconstruction of the extracellular matrix. Pluripotency factors participate in the regenerative process. Multiple transcription factors involved in regulating cell proliferation were found to be gradually downregulated, indicating reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cell cytoskeleton formation were also involved in this process. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of whole-body regeneration and uncover potential cross-species regenerative-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiehao Lin
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, 999040, Canada
| | - Aifen Yan
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihong Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Leong RZL, Lim LH, Chew YL, Teo SS. de novo transcriptome assembly for discovering gene expressed in Holothuria leucospilota with exposed to copper. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4474-4487. [PMID: 36576030 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2158094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumber is a bioremediator as it can composite organic matter and excrete inorganic matter. Sea cucumber has the potential to serve as a bioindicator in marine habitat as they provide an integrated insight into the status of their environment over long periods. Sea cucumbers are sensitive to the organic concentration in the marine environment and can effectively provide an early warning system for any organic contamination that can negatively impact the ecosystem. The availability of a reference transcriptome for sea cucumber would constitute an essential tool for identifying genes involved in crucial steps of the defence pathway. De novo assembly of RNA-seq data enables researchers to study the transcriptomes without needing a genome sequence. In this study, sea cucumbers fed with Kappaphycus alvarezii powder were treated with 0.20 mg/L copper concentration comprehensive transcriptome data containing 75,149 Unigenes, with a total length of 20,460,032 bp. A total of 8820 genes were predicted from the unigenes, annotated, and functionally categorized into 25 functional groups with approximately 20% cluster in signal transduction mechanism. The reference transcriptome presented and validated in this study is meaningful for identifying a wide range of gene(s) related to the bioindication of sea cucumber in a high copper environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lai Huat Lim
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, W. P. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yik Ling Chew
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, W. P. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Swee Sen Teo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, W. P. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Research for Advanced Aquaculture (CORAA), UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhao J, Dong Z, Zhu L, Song W, Qi P. An Interleukin-17 Isoform from Thick Shell Mussel Mytilus coruscus Serves as a Mediator of Inflammatory Response. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041806. [PMID: 36838794 PMCID: PMC9965057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (IL17) plays an important role in innate immunity by binding to its receptors (IL17Rs) to activate immune defense signals. To date, information on members of the IL17 family is still very limited in molluscan species. Here, a novel member of the IL17 family was identified and characterized from thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus, and this gene was designated as McIL17-1 by predicting structural domains and phylogenetic analysis. McIL17-1 transcripts existed in all examined tissues with high expression levels in gills, hemocytes and digestive glands. After the stimuli of different pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) for 72 h, transcriptional expression of McIL17-1 was significantly upregulated, except for poly I:C stimulation. Cytoplasm localization of McIL17-1 was shown in HEK293T cells by fluorescence microscopy. Further, in vivo and in vitro assays were performed to evaluate the potential function of McIL17-1 played in immune response. McIL17-1 was either knocked down or overexpressed in vivo through RNA inference (RNAi) and recombinant protein injection, respectively. With the infection of living Vibrio alginolyticus, a high mortality rate was exhibited in the McIL17-1 overexpressed group compared to the control group, while a lower mortality rate was observed in the McIL17-1 knocked down group than control group. In vitro, the flow cytometric analysis showed that the apoptosis rate of McIL17-1 inhibited hemocytes was significantly lower than that of the control group after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. These results collectively suggested that the newly identified IL17 isoform is involved in the inflammatory response to bacterial infection in M. coruscus.
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Li X, Chen T, Wu X, Li Z, Zhang X, Jiang X, Luo P, Hu C, Wong NK, Ren C. Evolutionarily Ancient Caspase-9 Sensitizes Immune Effector Coelomocytes to Cadmium-Induced Cell Death in the Sea Cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927880. [PMID: 35911686 PMCID: PMC9330033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy-metal pollution has increasingly jeopardized the habitats of marine organisms including the sea cucumber, a seafloor scavenger vital to seawater bio-decontamination, ocean de-acidification and coral-reef protection. Normal physiology including immune functions of sea cucumbers is toxicologically modulated by marine metal pollutants such as cadmium (Cd). The processes underpinning Cd's toxic effects on immune systems in the sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota, are still poorly understood. To this end, we cloned and characterized a full-length caspase-9 (Hl-CASP9) cDNA in the sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota. Hl-CASP9 mRNA levels evolved dynamically during embryonic development. Coelomocytes, a type of phagocytic immune effectors central to H. leucospilota immunity, were found to express Hl-CASP9 mRNA most abundantly. Hl-CASP9 protein structurally resembles caspases-2 and -9 in both invertebrate and vertebrate species, comprising a CARD domain and a CASc domain. Remarkably, Hl-CASP9 was transcriptionally sensitive to abiotic oxidative stress inducers including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (•NO) and cadmium (Cd), but insensitive to immunostimulants including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and poly(I:C). Overexpression of Hl-CASP9 augmented mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HEK293T cells, while knock-down of Hl-CASP9 blunted Cd-induced coelomocyte apoptosis in vivo. Overall, we illustrate that an evolutionarily ancient caspase-9-dependent pathway exists to sensitize coelomocytes to premature cell death precipitated by heavy metal pollutants, with important implications for negative modulation of organismal immune response in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, University of Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Zhuobo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University of Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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Li X, Chen T, Wu X, Jiang X, Luo P, E Z, Hu C, Ren C. Apoptosis-Inducing Factor 2 (AIF-2) Mediates a Caspase-Independent Apoptotic Pathway in the Tropical Sea Cucumber ( Holothuria leucospilota). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063008. [PMID: 35328428 PMCID: PMC8954137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a biological process that is critical for embryonic development, organic differentiation, and tissue homeostasis of organisms. As an essential mitochondrial flavoprotein, the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) can directly mediate the caspase-independent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel AIF-2 (HlAIF-2) from the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. HlAIF-2 contains a conserved Pyr_redox_2 domain and a putative C-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS) but lacks an N-terminal mitochondrial localization sequence (MLS). In addition, both NADH- and FAD-binding domains for oxidoreductase function are conserved in HlAIF-2. HlAIF-2 mRNA was ubiquitously detected in all tissues and increased significantly during larval development. The transcript expression of HlAIF-2 was significantly upregulated after treatment with CdCl2, but not the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in primary coelomocytes. In HEK293T cells, HlAIF-2 protein was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and tended to transfer into the nucleus by CdCl2 incubation. Moreover, there was an overexpression of HlAIF-2-induced apoptosis in HEK293T cells. As a whole, this study provides the first evidence for heavy metal-induced apoptosis mediated by AIF-2 in sea cucumbers, and it may contribute to increasing the basic knowledge of the caspase-independent apoptotic pathway in ancient echinoderm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (X.L.); (T.C.); (X.J.); (P.L.); (Z.E.); (C.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (X.L.); (T.C.); (X.J.); (P.L.); (Z.E.); (C.H.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, University of Paris-Saclay, 91198 Paris, France;
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (X.L.); (T.C.); (X.J.); (P.L.); (Z.E.); (C.H.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (X.L.); (T.C.); (X.J.); (P.L.); (Z.E.); (C.H.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zixuan E
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (X.L.); (T.C.); (X.J.); (P.L.); (Z.E.); (C.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (X.L.); (T.C.); (X.J.); (P.L.); (Z.E.); (C.H.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (X.L.); (T.C.); (X.J.); (P.L.); (Z.E.); (C.H.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China
- Correspondence:
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Identification and localization of growth factor genes in the sea cucumber , Holothuria scabra. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08370. [PMID: 34825084 PMCID: PMC8605306 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is both an economically important species in Asian countries and an emerging experimental model for research studies in regeneration and medicinal bioactives. Growth factors and their receptors are known to be key components that guide tissue repair and renewal, yet validation of their presence in H. scabra has not been established. We performed a targeted in silico search of H. scabra transcriptome data to elucidate conserved growth factor family and receptor genes. In total, 42 transcripts were identified, of which 9 were validated by gene cloning and sequencing. The H. scabra growth factor genes, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2A (BMP 2A), bone morphogenetic protein 5-like (BMP5-like), neurotrophin (NT) and fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18), were selected for further analyses, including phylogenetic comparison and spatial gene expression using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Expression of all genes investigated were widespread in multiple tissues. However, BMP 2A, BMP5-like and NT were found extensively in the radial nerve cord cells, while FGF18 was highly expressed in connective tissue layer of the body wall. Our identification and expression analysis of the H. scabra growth factor genes provided the molecular information of growth factors in this species which may ultimately complement the research in regenerative medicine.
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Li C, Zhao W, Qin C, Yu G, Ma Z, Guo Y, Pan W, Fu Z, Huang X, Chen J. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals changes in gene expression in sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota) in response to acute temperature stress. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100883. [PMID: 34303260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ambient temperature is an important abiotic factor that influences growth performance and physiological functions in sea cucumbers. To understand the molecular responses of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota to acute temperature stress, we performed a de novo transcriptome analysis of body wall tissue from H. leucospilota exposed to 2 hoursh of acute heat (35 ± 1 °C) and cold stress (15 ± 1 °C). A total of 99,015 unigenes were obtained after assembly of the sequenced reads. Compared with a control group maintained at 25.0 ± 1 °C, 1169 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were identified after heat stress, 781 were up-regulated and 388 were down-regulated. After cold stress, 1464 DEGs were identified; 900 were up-regulated and 564 were down-regulated. The annotation of DEGs revealed that heat shock proteins play important roles in protecting H. leucospilota from high temperature stress. Furthermore, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the categories: "Ribosome" and "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum" were strongly affected by heat stress. These two pathways are associated with biosynthesis and processing of proteins, and refolding of misfolded proteins. The lipid metabolism pathways "Sphingolipid metabolism" and "Ether lipid metabolism", were affected by cold stress. The RNA-Seq results for eight selected DEGs were verified the expression by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Our results will improve the understanding of the molecular response mechanisms of H. leucospilota to ambient temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Li
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Zhao
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
| | - Chuanxin Qin
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanni Pan
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
| | - Xingmei Huang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
| | - Jisheng Chen
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Fishery Resources and Environment Dapeng Observation and Experimental Station, Shenzhen, China
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Guo M, Li C. Current progress on identification of virus pathogens and the antiviral effectors in echinoderms. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103912. [PMID: 33129884 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms are important marine organisms that live in a wide range from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. Members of this phylum are prone to dramatic population fluctuations that may trigger dramatic shifts in ecosystem structure. Despite the extremely complex nature of the marine environment, the immune systems of echinoderms induce a complex innate immune response to prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. Previous studies showed that many echinoderm disease outbreaks were associated with specific bacteria, whereas recent scientific investigations using newly developed technologies revealed the amazing diversity of viruses in seawater. Viruses are potential pathogens of several infectious diseases of marine echinoderms. We reviewed the discovery of viruses in echinoderms and discussed the relationship between viruses and diseases for the first time. We further summarized the research progress of the potential immune-related genes and signal pathways induced by viruses and poly (I:C). Additionally, numbers of studies showed that active substances extracted from echinoderms, or the compounds synthesized from these substances, have significant antihuman virus ability. This result suggests that the active substances derived from echinoderms provide potential antiviral protection for the organism, which may provide future research directions for the antiviral immunity of echinoderms. Thus, this review also collected information on the antiviral activities of biologically active substances from echinoderms, which may pave the way for new trends in antiviral immunity for echinoderms and antiviral drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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