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Expression profiling and cellular localization of myxozoan minicollagens during nematocyst formation and sporogenesis. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:667-675. [PMID: 35970383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In free-living cnidarians, minicollagens are major structural components in the biogenesis of nematocysts. Recent sequence mining and proteomic analysis demonstrate that minicollagens are also expressed by myxozoans, a group of evolutionarily ancient cnidarian endoparasites. Nonetheless, the presence and abundance of nematocyst-associated genes/proteins in nematocyst morphogenesis have never been studied in Myxozoa. Here, we report the gene expression profiles of three myxozoan minicollagens, ncol-1, ncol-3, and the recently identified noncanonical ncol-5, during the intrapiscine development of Myxidium lieberkuehni, the myxozoan parasite of the northern pike, Esox lucius. Moreover, we localized the myxozoan-specific minicollagen Ncol-5 in the developing myxosporean stages by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunogold electron microscopy. We found that expression of minicollagens was spatiotemporally restricted to developing nematocysts within the myxospores during sporogenesis. Intriguingly, Ncol-5 is localized in the walls of nematocysts and predominantly in nematocyst tubules. Overall, we demonstrate that despite being significantly reduced in morphology, myxozoans retain structural components associated with nematocyst development in free-living cnidarians. Furthermore, our findings have practical implications for future functional and comparative studies as minicollagens are useful markers of the developmental phase of myxozoan parasites.
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Novosolov M, Yahalomi D, Chang ES, Fiala I, Cartwright P, Huchon D. The Phylogenetic Position of the Enigmatic, Polypodium hydriforme (Cnidaria, Polypodiozoa): Insights from Mitochondrial Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6648524. [PMID: 35867352 PMCID: PMC9380995 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypodium hydriforme is an enigmatic parasite that belongs to the phylum Cnidaria. Its taxonomic position has been debated: whereas it was previously suggested to be part of Medusozoa, recent phylogenomic analyses based on nuclear genes support the view that P. hydriforme and Myxozoa form a clade called Endocnidozoa. Medusozoans have linear mitochondrial (mt) chromosomes, whereas myxozoans, as most metazoan species, have circular chromosomes. In this work, we determined the structure of the mt genome of P. hydriforme, using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies reads, and showed that it is circular. This suggests that P. hydriforme is not nested within Medusozoa, as this would entail linearization followed by recirculation. Instead, our results support the view that P. hydriforme is a sister clade to Myxozoa, and mt linearization in the lineage leading to medusozoans occurred after the divergence of Myxozoa + P. hydriforme. Detailed analyses of the assembled P. hydriforme mt genome show that: (1) it is encoded on a single circular chromosome with an estimated size of ∼93,000 base pairs, making it one of the largest metazoan mt genomes; (2) around 78% of the genome encompasses a noncoding region composed of several repeat types; (3) similar to Myxozoa, no mt tRNAs were identified; (4) the codon TGA is a stop codon and does not encode for tryptophan as in other cnidarians; (5) similar to myxozoan mt genomes, it is extremely fast evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novosolov
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dayana Yahalomi
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - E Sally Chang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paulyn Cartwright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Dorothée Huchon
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and National Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Guo Q, Whipps CM, Zhai Y, Li D, Gu Z. Quantitative Insights into the Contribution of Nematocysts to the Adaptive Success of Cnidarians Based on Proteomic Analysis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:91. [PMID: 35053089 PMCID: PMC8773148 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nematocysts are secretory organelles in cnidarians that play important roles in predation, defense, locomotion, and host invasion. However, the extent to which nematocysts contribute to adaptation and the mechanisms underlying nematocyst evolution are unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the nematocyst in cnidarian evolution based on eight nematocyst proteomes and 110 cnidarian transcriptomes/genomes. We detected extensive species-specific adaptive mutations in nematocyst proteins (NEMs) and evidence for decentralized evolution, in which most evolutionary events involved non-core NEMs, reflecting the rapid diversification of NEMs in cnidarians. Moreover, there was a 33-55 million year macroevolutionary lag between nematocyst evolution and the main phases of cnidarian diversification, suggesting that the nematocyst can act as a driving force in evolution. Quantitative analysis revealed an excess of adaptive changes in NEMs and enrichment for positively selected conserved NEMs. Together, these findings suggest that nematocysts may be key to the adaptive success of cnidarians and provide a reference for quantitative analyses of the roles of phenotypic novelties in adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Christopher M Whipps
- SUNY-ESF, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 246 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yanhua Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
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