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Wang S, Chen Q, Wang F. Differences of Pine Wood Nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) Developmental Stages under High-Osmotic-Pressure Stress. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:123. [PMID: 38392341 PMCID: PMC10886877 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Under ion imbalance, water deficiency, and salt stress, the osmotic pressure of the tree sap increases, and pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWN) parasitizing in the trees may be subjected to high-osmotic-pressure stress. KCl, L-malic acid, sucrose, and glycerol solutions were used as osmolytes to explore the highest osmotic concentration that PWN can tolerate. Survival analysis showed that when the treatment concentration exceeded 90%, only a few nematodes in the glycerol group survived under 6 h treatment, and most of the survivors were third-stage dispersal juveniles (DJ3). Further examination revealed that under different concentrations of glycerol-induced high osmotic pressure, the survival rate and body length change rate were the highest in the DJ3 and the lowest in the second-stage propagative juveniles. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of resistance of DJ3 to high osmotic stress, transcriptome sequencing was performed at each developmental stage of PWN and differentially expressed genes that were up-regulated or down-regulated only in DJ3 were screened. The expression of genes related to CoA in DJ3, a key enzyme in metabolism, was significantly higher than the other developmental stages. In addition, the expression of the anti-reversal signal pathway-related gene AKT-1 in DJ3 was significantly lower than in the other development stages. Therefore, the specific expression of genes in DJ3 under high osmotic pressure may help them rapidly produce and accumulate energy-related compounds and activate the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to respond to damage caused by high-osmotic-pressure stress in time, thus promoting survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Aixia Y, Xiaolei D, Yuan F, Ruiwen Z, Jianren Y. Genetic diversity and genome-wide association analysis of pine wood nematode populations in different regions of China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183772. [PMID: 37426967 PMCID: PMC10327295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) was recently detected in Liaoning Province, which was previously considered an unfavourable area for B. xylophilus due to its low temperatures. This study aims to compare the reproductivity and genetic variations of B. xylophilus isolates from Liaoning Province and other parts of China to explore their phenotypic and genomic differences. Methods The samples from Liaoning, Anhui, Hubei, Henan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu were isolated and purified to obtain the strains. The reproductivity of the strains was determined at 15 °C. The genetic structure was analyzed by using SNP molecular markers, and the whole genome association analysis was carried out by integrating SNP information and feculence traits. Results A reproductivity experiment showed that Liaoning isolates have higher reproductive ability at 15 °C. Subsequent SNP profiling and population differentiation analysis revealed obvious genetic differentiation of Liaoning isolates from other isolates. A genome-wide association study showed that SNPs closely related to low-temperature tolerance were mainly located in GPCR, Acyl-CoA, and Cpn10, which are responsible for adaptation to environmental factors, such as temperature change. Discussion Pine wood nematodes likely adapted to the climate in Liaoning and maintained a certain reproductive capacity at low temperature via variants of adaptation-related genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the prevalence and diffusion status of B. xylophilus in China.
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Chen J, Hao X, Tan R, Li Y, Wang B, Pan J, Ma W, Ma L. Functional Study on Cytochrome P450 in Response to L(-)-Carvone Stress in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1956. [PMID: 36360193 PMCID: PMC9689654 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) causes pine wilt disease (PWD), which is one of the most devastating pine diseases worldwide. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes the biosynthetic metabolism of terpenoids and plays an important role in the modification of secondary metabolites in all living organisms. We investigated the molecular characteristics and biological functions of Bx-cyp29A3 in B. xylophilus. The bioinformatics analysis results indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 has a transmembrane domain and could dock with L(-)-carvone. The gene expression pattern indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 was expressed in 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL L(-)-carvone solutions. The Bx-cyp29A3 expression increased in a dose-dependent manner and peaked at 24 h of exposure when the L(-)-carvone solution concentration was 0.8 mg/mL. However, the gene expression peaked at 0.6 mg/mL after 36 h. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi) indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 played an essential role in the response to L(-)-carvone. The mortality rates of the Bx-cyp29A3 knockdown groups were higher than those of the control groups in the 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL carvone solutions after 24 h of exposure or 36 h of exposure. In summary, bioinformatics provided the structural characteristics and conserved sequence properties of Bx-cyp29A3 and its encoded protein, which provided a target gene for the study of the P450 family of B. xylophilus. Gene silencing experiments clarified the function of Bx-cyp29A3 in the immune defense of B. xylophilus. This study provides a basis for the screening of new molecular targets for the prevention and management of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Plant Science, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruina Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Cold Tolerance in Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Promoted Multiple Invasion Events in Mid-Temperate Zone of China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a highly destructive invasive species, causing extensive economic and ecological losses across Eurasia. It has recently invaded mid-temperate zone of northern China, threating large areas of coniferous forests. Herein, we evaluated the physiological and molecular basis of cold tolerance in pinewood nematode isolates from different temperature zones of China. After exposure to −5 °C and −10 °C, the survival rates of five pinewood nematode isolates from different temperature zones were 93.94%–94.77% and 43.26%–45.58% after 8 h, and 93.04%–94.85% and 9.93%–10.56% after 24 h, without significant differences among isolates. In a comparison of an isolate from a mid-temperate zone and an isolate from a subtropical zone under gradient cooling, the survival rates remained steady at nearly 95% when minimum temperature ranged from −5 °C to −15 °C, with no significant difference between isolates. In addition, phylogenetic and population structure analyses based on whole genome resequencing data suggested that isolates from mid-temperate and warm temperate zones are clustered with different isolates from subtropical zone, with no obvious geographic pattern. We did not detect significant variation in cold tolerance ability and selected gene among pinewood nematode isolates from different temperature zones. The recently invaded pinewood nematodes in the mid-temperate zone of northern China may spread by multiple invasion events from southern China, without adaptive revolution. Our research implies that it is important to reinforce quarantine inspection to control the rapid spread of pinewood nematode.
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Ding X, Guo Y, Ye J, Wu X, Lin S, Chen F, Zhu L, Huang L, Song X, Zhang Y, Dai L, Xi X, Huang J, Wang K, Fan B, Li D. Population differentiation and epidemic tracking of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in China based on chromosome-level assembly and whole-genome sequencing data. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1213-1226. [PMID: 34839581 PMCID: PMC9300093 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode, kills millions of pine trees worldwide every year, and causes enormous economic and ecological losses. Despite extensive research on population variation, there is little understanding of the population-wide variation spectrum in China. RESULTS We sequenced an inbred B. xylophilus strain using Pacbio+Illumina+Bionano+Hi-C and generated a chromosome-level assembly (AH1) with six chromosomes of 77.1 Mb (chromosome N50: 12 Mb). The AH1 assembly shows very high continuity and completeness, and contains novel genes with potentially important functions compared with previous assemblies. Subsequently, we sequenced 181 strains from China and the USA and found ~7.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analysis shows that the B. xylophilus population in China can be divided into geographically bounded subpopulations with severe cross-infection and potential migrations. In addition, distribution of B. xylophilus is dominated by temperature zones while geographically associated SNPs are mainly located on adaptation related GPCR gene families, suggesting the nematode has been evolving to adapt to different temperatures. A machine-learning based epidemic tracking method has been established to predict their geographical origins, which can be applied to any other species. CONCLUSION Our study provides the community with the first high-quality chromosome-level assembly which includes a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variations. It provides insights into population structure and effective tracking method for this invasive species, which facilitates future studies to address a variety of applied, genomic and evolutionary questions in B. xylophilus as well as related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ding
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Yunfei Guo
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jianren Ye
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Sixi Lin
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Fengmao Chen
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Lin Huang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjingChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Ling Dai
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Xiaotong Xi
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Jinsi Huang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - Kai Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Ben Fan
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive SpeciesNanjingChina
| | - De‐Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley LaboratoryWindsorCTUSA
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Faria JMS, Barbosa P, Vieira P, Vicente CSL, Figueiredo AC, Mota M. Phytochemicals as Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review on Essential Oils and Their Volatiles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122614. [PMID: 34961085 PMCID: PMC8706428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of a rapidly changing environment together with the growth in global trade activities has promoted new plant pest pandemic events in forest ecosystems. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes strong worldwide economic and ecological impacts. Direct control is performed through trunk injection of powerful nematicides, however many of these (hemi)synthetic compounds have raised ecological and human health concerns for affecting non-target species and accumulating in food products. As sustainable alternatives, essential oils (EOs) have shown very promising results. In this work, available literature on the direct activity of EOs against PWN is reviewed, as a contribution to advance the search for safer and greener biopesticides to be used in sustainable PWD pest management strategies. For the first time, important parameters concerning the bioassays performed, the PWNs bioassayed, and the EOs used are summarized and comparatively analyzed. Ultimately, an overview of the chemical composition of the most active EOs allowed to uncover preliminary guidelines for anti-PWN EO efficiency. The analysis of important information on the volatile phytochemicals composing nematicidal EOs provides a solid basis to engineer sustainable biopesticides capable of controlling the PWN under an integrated pest management framework and contributes to improved forest health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. S. Faria
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Paulo Vieira
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
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