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Cummings RD. A periodic table of monosaccharides. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad088. [PMID: 37935401 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to recognize the great diversity of monosaccharides commonly encountered in animals, plants, and microbes, as well as to organize them in a visually interesting style that also emphasizes their similarities and relatedness. This article discusses the nature of building blocks, monosaccharides, and monosaccharide derivatives-terms commonly used in discussing "glycomolecules" found in nature. To aid in awareness of monosaccharide diversity, here is presented a Periodic Table of Monosaccharides. The rationale is given for construction of the Table and the selection of 103 monosaccharides, which is largely based on those presented in the KEGG and SNFG websites of monosaccharides, and includes room to enlarge as new discoveries are made. The Table should have educational value and is intended to capture the attention and foster imagination of those not very familiar with glycosciences, and encourage researchers to delve deeper into this fascinating area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Ha EJ, Hong SM, Kim SJ, Ahn SM, Kim HW, Choi KS, Kwon HJ. Tracing the Evolutionary Pathways of Serogroup O78 Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1714. [PMID: 38136748 PMCID: PMC10740950 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry, and O78 serogroup APEC strains are prevalent in chickens. In this study, we aimed to understand the evolutionary pathways and relationships between O78 APEC and other E. coli strains. To trace these evolutionary pathways, we classified 3101 E. coli strains into 306 subgenotypes according to the numbers and types of single nucleotide polymorphisms (RST0 to RST63-1) relative to the consensus sequence (RST0) of the RNA polymerase beta subunit gene and performed network analysis. The E. coli strains showed four apparently different evolutionary pathways (I-1, I-2, I-3, and II). The thirty-two Korean O78 APEC strains tested in this study were classified into RST4-4 (45.2%), RST3-1 (32.3%), RST21-1 (12.9%), RST4-5 (3.2%), RST5-1 (3.2%), and RST12-6 (3.2%), and all RSTs except RST21-1 (I-2) may have evolved through the same evolutionary pathway (I-1). A comparative genomic study revealed the highest relatedness between O78 strains of the same RST in terms of genome sequence coverage/identity and the spacer sequences of CRISPRs. The early-appearing RST3-1 and RST4-4 prevalence among O78 APEC strains may reflect the early settlement of O78 E. coli in chickens, after which these bacteria accumulated virulence and antibiotic resistance genes to become APEC strains. The zoonotic risk of the conventional O78 APEC strains is low at present, but the appearance of genetically distinct and multiple virulence gene-bearing RST21-1 O78 APEC strains may alert us to a need to evaluate their virulence in chickens as well as their zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Ha
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.H.); (S.-M.H.); (S.-J.K.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.A.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.H.); (S.-M.H.); (S.-J.K.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.A.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Seung-Ji Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.H.); (S.-M.H.); (S.-J.K.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.A.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Sun-Min Ahn
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.A.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Ho-Won Kim
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.A.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.H.); (S.-M.H.); (S.-J.K.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.A.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.A.); (H.-W.K.)
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
- GeNiner Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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