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Liu XM, Yang L, Yang QB. Advanced Progress of Histone Deacetylases in Rheumatic Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:947-955. [PMID: 38370467 PMCID: PMC10870932 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s447811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic disease is a disease which is not yet fully clarified to etiology and also involved in a local pathological injury or systemic disease. With the continuous improvement of clinical medical research in recent years, the development process of rheumatic diseases has been gradually elucidated; with the intensely study of epigenetics, it is realized that environmental changes can affect genetics, among which histone acetylation is one of the essential mechanisms in epigenetics. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in regulating gene expression in various biological processes, including differentiation, development, stress response, and injury. HDACs are involved in a variety of physiological processes and are promising drug targets in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, cardiac and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, metabolic and immune disorders, and viral and parasitic infections. In this paper, we reviewed the roles of HDACs in rheumatic diseases in terms of their classification and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-Bin Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Soltani S, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M, Farhadi E. Potential Roles for B cells and Autoantibodies in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:157-164. [PMID: 37870058 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971243468231012044909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that predominantly affects young males. AS is a condition in which the spine and sacroiliac joints become inflamed. More specifically, most AS patients experience spine malformations over time, resulting in functional incapability. The etiopathogenesis of AS is a complex combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Extensive studies on AS have revealed the central role of genetics and immune reactions in its etiology. However, an utmost agreement has yet to be created. The available evidence suggests that both autoinflammation and T-cell-mediated autoimmune processes have significant roles in the disease process of AS. So far, B cells have obtained moderately little attention in AS pathogenesis, primarily because of the absence of disease-defining autoantibodies. However, against general dogma, evidence is mounting showing B cell involvement. Disruptions depict this in circulating B cell populations, the increased expression of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM, and B cell infiltration within the axial skeleton of AS patients. Meanwhile, compared to many other inflammatory autoimmune disorders, AS has no disease-specific autoantibodies that help disease diagnosis. This study has provided an overview of the B lymphocytes and antibodies' role in AS pathogenesis. It also introduces autoantibodies that can be the prognosis and diagnosis biomarkers of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Soltani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Fatica M, D’Antonio A, Novelli L, Triggianese P, Conigliaro P, Greco E, Bergamini A, Perricone C, Chimenti MS. How Has Molecular Biology Enhanced Our Undertaking of axSpA and Its Management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2023; 25:12-33. [PMID: 36308677 PMCID: PMC9825525 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-022-01092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims at investigating pathophysiological mechanisms in spondyloarthritis (SpA). Analysis of genetic factors, immunological pathways, and abnormalities of bone metabolism lay the foundations for a better understanding of development of the axial clinical manifestations in patients, allowing physician to choose the most appropriate therapeutic strategy in a more targeted manner. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the contribution of MHC system, findings emerged about the role of non-HLA genes (as ERAP1 and 2, whose inhibition could represent a new therapeutic approach) and of epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes involved in SpA pathogenesis. Increasing evidence of bone metabolism abnormalities secondary to the activation of immunological pathways suggests the development of various bone anomalies that are present in axSpA patients. SpA are a group of inflammatory diseases with a multifactorial origin, whose pathogenesis is linked to the genetic predisposition, the action of environmental risk factors, and the activation of immune response. It is now well known how bone metabolism leads to long-term structural damage via increased bone turnover, bone loss and osteoporosis, osteitis, erosions, osteosclerosis, and osteoproliferation. These effects can exist in the same patient over time or even simultaneously. Evidence suggests a cross relationship among innate immunity, autoimmunity, and bone remodeling in SpA, making treatment approach a challenge for rheumatologists. Specifically, treatment targets are consistently increasing as new drugs are upcoming. Both biological and targeted synthetic drugs are promising in terms of their efficacy and safety profile in patients affected by SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fatica
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna D’Antonio
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Novelli
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Triggianese
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Conigliaro
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Greco
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Bergamini
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Wirth T, Balandraud N, Boyer L, Lafforgue P, Pham T. Biomarkers in psoriatic arthritis: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054539. [PMID: 36532039 PMCID: PMC9749424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that frequently develops in patients with psoriasis (PsO) but can also occur spontaneously. As a result, PsA diagnosis and treatment is commonly delayed, or even missed outright due to the manifold of clinical presentations that patients often experience. This inevitably results in progressive articular damage to axial and peripheral joints and entheses. As such, patients with PsA frequently experience reduced expectancy and quality of life due to disability. More recently, research has aimed to improve PsA diagnosis and prognosis by identifying novel disease biomarkers. Methods Here, we conducted a systematic review of the published literature on candidate biomarkers for PsA diagnosis and prognosis in MEDLINE(Pubmed), EMBase and the Cochrane library with the goal to identify clinically applicable PsA biomarkers. Meta-analyses were performed when a diagnostic bone and cartilage turnover biomarker was reported in 2 or moredifferent cohorts of PsA and control. Results We identified 1444 publications and 124 studies met eligibility criteria. We highlighted bone and cartilage turnover biomarkers, genetic markers, and autoantibodies used for diagnostic purposes of PsA, as well as acute phase reactant markers and bone and cartilage turnover biomarkers for activity or prognostic severity purposes. Serum cartilage oligometrix metalloproteinase levels were significantly increased in the PsA sera compared to Healthy Control (HC) with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 2.305 (95%CI 0.795-3.816, p=0.003) and compared to osteoarthritis (OA) with a SMD of 0.783 (95%CI 0.015-1.551, p=0.046). The pooled serum MMP-3 levels were significantly higher in PsA patients than in PsO patients with a SMD of 0.419 (95%CI 0.119-0.719; p=0.006), but no significant difference was highlighted when PsA were compared to HC. While we did not identify any new genetic biomarkers that would be useful in the diagnosis of PsA, recent data with autoantibodies appear to be promising in diagnosis, but no replication studies have been published. Conclusion In summary, no specific diagnostic biomarkers for PsA were identified and further studies are needed to assess the performance of potential biomarkers that can distinguish PsA from OA and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Wirth
- Rheumatology Department, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, APHM, Marseille, France,*Correspondence: Theo Wirth,
| | - Nathalie Balandraud
- Rheumatology Department, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, APHM, Marseille, France,Autoimmune Arthritis Laboratory, INSERM UMRs1097, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- School of Medicine, EA 3279, CEReSS, Research Center on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Lafforgue
- Rheumatology Department, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Thao Pham
- Rheumatology Department, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, APHM, Marseille, France
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Wen J, Wan L, Dong X. Novel peripheral blood diagnostic biomarkers screened by machine learning algorithms in ankylosing spondylitis. Front Genet 2022; 13:1032010. [PMID: 36386830 PMCID: PMC9663919 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1032010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that is hard to diagnose early. Therefore, it is imperative to explore novel biomarkers that may contribute to the easy and early diagnosis of AS. Methods: Common differentially expressed genes between normal people and AS patients in GSE73754 and GSE25101 were screened by machine learning algorithms. A diagnostic model was established by the hub genes that were screened. Then, the model was validated in several data sets. Results: IL2RB and ZDHHC18 were screened using machine learning algorithms and established as a diagnostic model. Nomograms suggested that the higher the expression of ZDHHC18, the higher was the risk of AS, while the reverse was true for IL2RB in vivo. C-indexes of the model were no less than 0.84 in the validation sets. Calibration analyses suggested high prediction accuracy of the model in training and validation cohorts. The area under the curve (AUC) values of the model in GSE73754, GSE25101, GSE18781, and GSE11886 were 0.86, 0.84, 0.85, and 0.89, respectively. The decision curve analyses suggested a high net benefit offered by the model. Functional analyses of the differentially expressed genes indicated that they were mainly clustered in immune response-related processes. Immune microenvironment analyses revealed that the neutrophils were expanded and activated in AS while some T cells were decreased. Conclusion: IL2RB and ZDHHC18 are potential blood biomarkers of AS, which might be used for the early diagnosis of AS and serve as a supplement to the existing diagnostic methods. Our study deepens the insight into the pathogenesis of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wen
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,JXHC Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lijia Wan
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xieping Dong
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,JXHC Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,*Correspondence: Xieping Dong,
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Chen X, Wen J, Liu C, Guo D. KLF4 downregulates FGF21 to activate inflammatory injury and oxidative stress of LPS‑induced ATDC5 cells via SIRT1/NF‑κB/p53 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:164. [PMID: 35293599 PMCID: PMC8941512 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Transcriptional regulation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) by the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) serves an important role in chronic inflammatory disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of both these factors in AS has not been previously reported. In the present study, ATDC5 cells were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an AS inflammatory injury model. The expression levels of FGF21 and KLF4 were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Cell transfection was performed to alter the expression levels of KLF4 and FGF21. Subsequently, the regulatory effects and mechanisms underlying KLF4 and FGF21 on oxidative stress and inflammation in AS were investigated by performing Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, ELISAs, TUNEL staining and western blotting. Moreover, the expression levels of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/NF-κB/p53 pathway-related proteins were detected via western blotting. FGF21 overexpression promoted LPS-induced viability on ATDC5 cells, inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis, and decreased the LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress levels of ATDC5 cells. Overexpression of the transcription factor KLF4 reversed the protective effect of FGF21 overexpression on LPS-induced inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells. The results suggested that this process may be achieved via regulating the SIRT1/NF-κB/p53 signaling pathway. Overall, the present study demonstrated that KLF4 downregulates FGF21 to activate inflammatory injury and oxidative stress of LPS-induced ATDC5 cells via SIRT1/NF-κB/p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Wen
- Journal of Modern Clinical Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- Central Laboratory, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
| | - Donggeng Guo
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
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Feng HY, Chan CH, Chu YC, Qu XM, Wang YH, Wei JCC. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis have high risk of irritable bowel syndrome. A long-term nationwide population-based cohort study. Postgrad Med 2022; 134:290-296. [PMID: 35139724 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2041338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, might carry a high risk of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) due to abnormal gut microbiota or inflammatory reaction. METHODS We conducted a 14-year retrospective cohort study based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). A total of 4007 patients with newly diagnosed AS (outpatient visits≧3 times, or hospitalization≧1 time) and 988,084 non-AS comparisons were enrolled during 2000-2012. To ensure baseline comparability, the propensity score was matched by age, gender, comorbidities, and other possible confounders. The outcome was the incidence of IBS, followed up to the end of 2013. Cox proportional hazard model calculated adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and the cumulative incidence of both groups was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULT After propensity score matching, baseline demographic characteristics were comparable between AS patients and the comparison group. The crude HR for IBS in the AS group was significantly higher 2.41 (95%C.I. =1.84-3.16) than comparison group. After adjusting for possible confounders, adjusted HR was 2.50 (95%C.I.=1.91-3.29). The cumulative incidence of IBS in AS was significantly higher than non-AS comparisons during the 14-year follow-up (P<0.001). CONCLUSION This nationwide population-based cohort study showed that patients with AS have higher risks of IBS than those of the non-AS comparison group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Feng
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ho Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Xin-Man Qu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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8
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Laborde CM, Larzabal L, González-Cantero Á, Castro-Santos P, Díaz-Peña R. Advances of Genomic Medicine in Psoriatic Arthritis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010035. [PMID: 35055350 PMCID: PMC8780979 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a common type of inflammatory arthritis found in up to 40% of patients with psoriasis. Although early diagnosis is important for reducing the risk of irreversible structural damage, there are no adequate screening tools for this purpose, and there are no clear markers of predisposition to the disease. Much evidence indicates that PsA disorder is complex and heterogeneous, where genetic and environmental factors converge to trigger inflammatory events and the development of the disease. Nevertheless, the etiologic events that underlie PsA are complex and not completely understood. In this review, we describe the existing data in PsA in order to highlight the need for further research in this disease to progress in the knowledge of its pathobiology and to obtain early diagnosis tools for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Álvaro González-Cantero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Castro-Santos
- Immunology, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Roberto Díaz-Peña
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-981-955-073
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9
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B Cell Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413325. [PMID: 34948121 PMCID: PMC8703482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research into ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has suggested the major role of genetics, immune reactions, and the joint-gut axis in its etiology, although an ultimate consensus does not yet exist. The available evidence indicates that both autoinflammation and T-cell-mediated autoimmune processes are actively involved in the disease process of AS. So far, B cells have received relatively little attention in AS pathogenesis; this is largely due to a lack of conventional disease-defining autoantibodies. However, against prevailing dogma, there is a growing body of evidence suggestive of B cell involvement. This is illustrated by disturbances in circulating B cell populations and the formation of auto-reactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, along with B cell infiltrates within the axial skeleton of AS patients. Furthermore, the depletion of B cells, using rituximab, displayed beneficial results in a subgroup of patients with AS. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of B cells in AS, and discusses their potential role in its pathogenesis. An overarching picture portrays increased B cell activation in AS, although it is unclear whether B cells directly affect pathogenesis, or are merely bystanders in the disease process.
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10
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Gámez-García A, Vazquez BN. Nuclear Sirtuins and the Aging of the Immune System. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1856. [PMID: 34946805 PMCID: PMC8701065 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system undergoes major changes with age that result in altered immune populations, persistent inflammation, and a reduced ability to mount effective immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells. Aging-associated changes in the immune system are connected to other age-related diseases, suggesting that immune system rejuvenation may provide a feasible route to improving overall health in the elderly. The Sir2 family of proteins, also called sirtuins, have been broadly implicated in genome homeostasis, cellular metabolism, and aging. Sirtuins are key responders to cellular and environmental stress and, in the case of the nuclear sirtuins, they do so by directing responses to chromatin that include gene expression regulation, retrotransposon repression, enhanced DNA damage repair, and faithful chromosome segregation. In the immune system, sirtuins instruct cellular differentiation from hematopoietic precursors and promote leukocyte polarization and activation. In hematopoietic stem cells, sirtuins safeguard quiescence and stemness to prevent cellular exhaustion. Regulation of cytokine production, which, in many cases, requires NF-κB regulation, is the best-characterized mechanism by which sirtuins control innate immune reactivity. In adaptive immunity, sirtuins promote T cell subset differentiation by controlling master regulators, thereby ensuring an optimal balance of helper (Th) T cell-dependent responses. Sirtuins are very important for immune regulation, but the means by which they regulate immunosenescence are not well understood. This review provides an integrative overview of the changes associated with immune system aging and its potential relationship with the roles of nuclear sirtuins in immune cells and overall organismal aging. Given the anti-aging properties of sirtuins, understanding how they contribute to immune responses is of vital importance and may help us develop novel strategies to improve immune performance in the aging organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gámez-García
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Berta N. Vazquez
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Unitat de Citologia i d’Histologia, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Reveille JD. Biomarkers in axial spondyloarthritis and low back pain: a comprehensive review. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 41:617-634. [PMID: 34674081 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) (including both non-radiographic and radiographic AxSpA), also known as ankylosing spondylitis AS, has achieved growing recognition. With the development of treatments not only effective in controlling disease activity but also in slowing radiographic progression, and given the cost and risk profiles of these novel treatments and the limitations of current clinical criteria, imaging and peripheral blood biomarkers (C-reactive protein, HLA-B27 testing), the need for better biomarkers has never been greater. The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date information on the biomarkers for the diagnosis for assessing disease diagnosis, activity, treatment response, and radiographic progression of AxSpA, and entails multiple search strings used to identify articles of interest published in PubMed and the Cochrane database up to May 1, 2021. We present the current status of research in serologic biomarkers such as cytokines, adipokines, matrix metalloproteinases, calprotectin, CD74, antibodies, bone turnover markers, and circulating protein fragments of cartilage and connective tissue degradation and other biomarkers. Despite a great deal of work, most serologic results have been disappointing and to date none perform better than CRP. Recent promising preliminary data for some has been published, but require further confirmation. Transcriptomic biomarkers such as micro-RNAs and genetic biomarkers also show promise to assist in diagnosis and possibly for radiographic severity, including a recently developed panel of genetic risk markers used in a polygenic risk score instrument in AS diagnosis. These need further confirmation and application in AS as well as in nr-AxSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Reveille
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.270, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Carvalho AL, Hedrich CM. The Molecular Pathophysiology of Psoriatic Arthritis-The Complex Interplay Between Genetic Predisposition, Epigenetics Factors, and the Microbiome. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:662047. [PMID: 33869291 PMCID: PMC8047476 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.662047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a symmetric autoimmune/inflammatory disease that primarily affects the skin. In a significant proportion of cases, it is accompanied by arthritis that can affect any joint, the spine, and/or include enthesitis. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are multifactor disorders characterized by aberrant immune responses in genetically susceptible individuals in the presence of additional (environmental) factors, including changes in microbiota and/or epigenetic marks. Epigenetic changes can be heritable or acquired (e.g., through changes in diet/microbiota or as a response to therapeutics) and, together with genetic factors, contribute to disease expression. In psoriasis, epigenetic alterations are mainly related to cell proliferation, cytokine signaling and microbial tolerance. Understanding the complex interplay between heritable and acquired pathomechanistic factors contributing to the development and maintenance of psoriasis is crucial for the identification and validation of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers, and the introduction of individualized effective and tolerable new treatments. This review summarizes the current understanding of immune activation, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. Particular focus is on the interactions between these factors to propose a multifactorial disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Carvalho
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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