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Plum MTW, Cheung HC, Iscar PR, Chen Y, Gan YH, Basler M. Burkholderia thailandensis uses a type VI secretion system to lyse protrusions without triggering host cell responses. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:676-692.e5. [PMID: 38640929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
To spread within a host, intracellular Burkholderia form actin tails to generate membrane protrusions into neighboring host cells and use type VI secretion system-5 (T6SS-5) to induce cell-cell fusions. Here, we show that B. thailandensis also uses T6SS-5 to lyse protrusions to directly spread from cell to cell. Dynamin-2 recruitment to the membrane near a bacterium was followed by a short burst of T6SS-5 activity. This resulted in the polymerization of the actin of the newly invaded host cell and disruption of the protrusion membrane. Most protrusion lysis events were dependent on dynamin activity, caused no cell-cell fusion, and failed to be recognized by galectin-3. T6SS-5 inactivation decreased protrusion lysis but increased galectin-3, LC3, and LAMP1 accumulation in host cells. Our results indicate that B. thailandensis specifically activates T6SS-5 assembly in membrane protrusions to disrupt host cell membranes and spread without alerting cellular responses, such as autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoi Ching Cheung
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yahua Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Marek Basler
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Stockton JL, Khakhum N, Stevenson HL, Torres AG. Burkholderia pseudomallei BicA protein promotes pathogenicity in macrophages by regulating invasion, intracellular survival, and virulence. mSphere 2023; 8:e0037823. [PMID: 37768049 PMCID: PMC10597401 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00378-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) is the causative agent of melioidosis disease. Bpm is a facultative intracellular pathogen with a complex life cycle inside host cells. Pathogenic success depends on a variety of virulence factors with one of the most critical being the type 6 secretion system (T6SS). Bpm uses the T6SS to move into neighboring cells, resulting in multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) formation, a strategy used to disseminate from cell to cell. Our prior study using a dual RNA-seq analysis to dissect T6SS-mediated virulence on intestinal epithelial cells identified BicA as a factor upregulated in a T6SS mutant. BicA regulates both type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and T6SSs; however, the extent of its involvement during disease progression is unclear. To fully dissect the role of BicA during systemic infection, we used two macrophage cell lines paired with a pulmonary in vivo challenge murine model. We found that ΔbicA has a distinct intracellular replication defect in both immortalized and primary macrophages, which begins as early as 1 h post-infection. This intracellular defect is linked with the lack of cell-to-cell dissemination and MNGC formation as well as a defect in T3SS expression. The in vitro phenotype translated in vivo as ΔbicA was attenuated in a pulmonary model of infection, demonstrating a distinct macrophage activation profile and a lack of pathological features present in the wild type. Overall, these results highlight the role of BicA in regulating intracellular virulence and demonstrate that specific regulation of secretion systems has a significant effect on host response and Bpm pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Melioidosis is an understudied tropical disease that still results in ~50% fatalities in infected patients. It is caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm). Bpm is an intracellular pathogen that disseminates from the infected cell to target organs, causing disseminated disease. The regulation of secretion systems involved in entry and cell-to-cell spread is poorly understood. In this work, we characterize the role of BicA as a regulator of secretion systems during infection of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Understanding how these virulence factors are controlled will help us determine their influence on the host cells and define the macrophage responses associated with bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Stockton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nittaya Khakhum
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Heather L. Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Grund M, Choi SJ, Powell L, Lukomski S. Intranasal immunization with a Bucl8-based vaccine ameliorates bacterial burden and pathological inflammation, and promotes an IgG2a/b dominant response in an outbred mouse model of Burkholderia infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1177650. [PMID: 37545515 PMCID: PMC10399622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1177650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of the tropical disease melioidosis. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine for melioidosis, but numerous candidates are being tested for protective efficacy and characterization of the elicited immune response. Our lab has previously reported the immunogenicity of a Bucl8-protein-based peptide antigen, designated L1-CRM197 (Cross-reacting material 197). When given subcutaneously, this vaccine formulation promoted a strong Th2 (IgG1) antibody response, however immunization did not protect from death. In this study, we hypothesized that an intranasally administered L1-CRM197 vaccine would induce protective mucosal immunity. To evaluate vaccine efficacy, we developed a surrogate Burkholderia infection model that employs outbred CD-1 mice which imitates the immunogenetic diversity of humans. Mice were immunized with either L1-CRM197 adjuvanted with fluorinated cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (FCDG) or with FCDG-only control. These mice were then challenged intranasally with an infectious dose of a luminescent strain of B. thailandensis E264 two weeks post-immunization, and correlates of protection were assessed in euthanized mice on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 post-infection. Overall, intranasal vaccination, compared to subcutaneous administration, induced a stronger Th1 (IgG2a/2b) to Th2 (IgG1) antibody response and promoted anti-L1 nasal, pulmonary, and systemic IgA. Additionally, sera IgG from L1-CRM197-vaccinated mice recognized whole-cell B. thailandensis and B. pseudomallei, a select agent exempt strain Bp82. Vaccination ameliorated disease indicators, including luminescent signal and bacterial cell counts, weight and temperature loss, and organ weight, which negatively correlated with IgG2a antibody levels and mucosa-stimulating cytokines IL-13 and IL-9. L1-CRM197-vaccinated mice also had earlier resolution of inflammatory and tissue-damaging cytokines compared to the FCDG-only controls. These results suggest a balanced humoral and cell-mediated response, along with mucosa-based immunity are beneficial for protection. Future efforts should further assess mucosal cellular and humoral mechanisms of protection and test such protection, using aerosolized B. pseudomallei select agent strain(s).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Methodological tools to study species of the genus Burkholderia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9019-9034. [PMID: 34755214 PMCID: PMC8578011 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia genus are extremely versatile and diverse. They can be environmental isolates, opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised or chronic granulomatous disease patients, or cause disease in healthy people (e.g., Burkholderia pseudomallei) or animals (as in the case of Burkholderia mallei). Since the genus was separated from the Pseudomonas one in the 1990s, the methodological tools to study and characterize these bacteria are evolving fast. Here we reviewed the techniques used in the last few years to update the taxonomy of the genus, to study gene functions and regulations, to deepen the knowledge on the drug resistance which characterizes these bacteria, and to elucidate their mechanisms to establish infections. The availability of these tools significantly impacts the quality of research on Burkholderia and the choice of the most appropriated is fundamental for a precise characterization of the species of interest. Key points • Updated techniques to study the genus Burkholderia were reviewed. • Taxonomy, genomics, assays, and animal models were described. • A comprehensive overview on recent advances in Burkholderia studies was made.
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Wang HY, Chen XC, Yan ZH, Tu F, He T, Gopinath SCB, Rui XH, Cao FT. Human neutrophil peptide 1 promotes immune sterilization in vivo by reducing the virulence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and increasing the ability of macrophages. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:2091-2101. [PMID: 34664729 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By studying the expression in patients and cell modeling in vitro, antimicrobial peptides for Klebsiella were screened. Killing curve and membrane permeability experiments are used to study the antibacterial effect of antimicrobial peptides in vitro. Cytotoxicity-related indicators including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsule polysaccharide (CPS), and outer membrane protein expression were measured. Intranasal inoculation of pneumoconiosis was used to construct a mouse infection model, and the survival rate and cytokine expression level were tested. Human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP-1) showed a significant antibacterial effect, which improved the permeability of the outer membrane of K. pneumoniae. Moreover, HNP-1 decreased LPS, CPS content, and outer membrane proteins. K. pneumoniae infection decreased antimicrobial peptide, oxidative stress, and autophagy-related genes, while HNP-1 increased these genes. After coculture with macrophages, the endocytosis of macrophages is enhanced and the bacterial load is greater in the K. pneumoniae + peptide group. Besides, higher levels of pp38 and pp65 in the K. pneumoniae + peptide group. HNP-1 rescued the cytotoxicity induced by K. pneumoniae. The survival rate is significantly improved after K. pneumoniae is treated by HNP-1. All cytokines in the peptide group were significantly higher. HNP-1 promotes immune sterilization by reducing the virulence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and increasing the ability of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangyin Traditional Hospital, Wuxi 214005, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Jiangyan District, Taizhou City, China
| | - Zhi-Han Yan
- Hepatology Department, Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Fan Tu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Tian He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia.,Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Xiao-Hong Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Fu-Tao Cao
- Emergency Department, Wuxi Second People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
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Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Popkova TV, Starodubova AV, Orekhov AN. Immunity in Atherosclerosis: Focusing on T and B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168379. [PMID: 34445084 PMCID: PMC8395064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of the development of cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. From the point of view of pathogenesis, atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease. A huge variety of processes, such as violation of mitophagy, oxidative stress, damage to the endothelium, and others, are involved in atherogenesis; however, the main components of atherogenesis are considered to be inflammation and alterations of lipid metabolism. In this review, we want to focus on inflammation, and more specifically on the cellular elements of adaptive immunity, T and B cells. It is known that various T cells are widely represented directly in atherosclerotic plaques, while B cells can be found, for example, in the adventitia layer. Of course, such widespread and well-studied cells have attracted attention as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Various approaches have been developed and tested for their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Medical Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation as a Portal to Chronic Bacterial Infections. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111637. [PMID: 33113944 PMCID: PMC7690659 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a snapshot of chronic bacterial infections through the lens of Burkholderia pseudomallei and detailing its ability to establish multi-nucleated giant cells (MNGC) within the host, potentially leading to the formation of pyogranulomatous lesions. We explore the role of MNGC in melioidosis disease progression and pathology by comparing the similarities and differences of melioidosis to tuberculosis, outline the concerted events in pathogenesis that lead to MNGC formation, discuss the factors that influence MNGC formation, and consider how they fit into clinical findings reported in chronic cases. Finally, we speculate about future models and techniques that can be used to delineate the mechanisms of MNGC formation and function.
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8
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Amemiya K, Zeng X, Bearss JJ, Cote CK, Soffler C, Bernhards RC, Dankmeyer JL, Ribot WJ, Trevino SR, Welkos SL, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Was Used to Validate the Presence of Burkholderia Pseudomallei or B. Mallei in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissues. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020065. [PMID: 32365605 PMCID: PMC7345562 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Currently, there are no vaccines for these two diseases. Animal models have been developed to evaluate vaccines and therapeutics. Tissues from infected animals, however, must be fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) before analysis. A brownish staining material in infected tissues that represents the exopolysaccharide of the pathogen was seen by bright field microscopy but not the actual microorganism. Because of these results, FFPE tissue was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in an attempt to see the microorganism. Archival FFPE tissues were examined from ten mice, and five nonhuman primates after exposure to B. pseudomallei or B.mallei by LSCM. Additionally, a historical spleen biopsy from a human suspected of exposure to B. mallei was examined. B. pseudomallei was seen in many of the infected tissues from mice. Four out of five nonhuman primates were positive for the pathogen. In the human sample, B. mallei was seen in pyogranulomas in the spleen biopsy. Thus, the presence of the pathogen was validated by LSCM in murine, nonhuman primate, and human FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-619-2182
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Robert C. Bernhards
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Wilson J. Ribot
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
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