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Zenebe Y, Adem Y, Tulu B, Mekonnen D, Derbie A, Mekonnen Z, Biadglegne F. Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-infections among Lymphadenitis Patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 31:653-662. [PMID: 34483623 PMCID: PMC8365488 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i3.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are among the major health problems in Ethiopia. This study assessed the proportion of tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN), HIV infection and their co-infection among TBLN presumptive individuals at the selected hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS Institution based cross sectional study was carried out. Data on demographic and clinical variables were collected with standardized questionnaire. Microbiological culture was done on specimen obtained by fine needle aspirates. The HIV status was determined by rapid anti-HIV antibody test. Data was entered and scrutinized using SPSS version 20 statistical packages. A stepwise logistic regression model was used. The result was considered as statistically significant at P<0. 05. RESULTS A total of 381 lymphadenitis patients were included in the study. The overall prevalence of TBLN and HIV were at 250(65.6%) and 9(2.4%), respectively and their co-infection was at 6(2.4%). Based on the cytological examination, 301(79.0%) of them were diagnosed as TBLN. The age group, (P=0.01) and residency, (P=0.01) were found significantly associated with TBLN. Similarly, unsafe sex was also statistically significant for HIV infection (P=0.007). CONCLUSION Tuberculosis lymphadenitis is the leading cause of TB and lymphadenitis in the region. However, TBLN-HIV coinfection was promisingly low. High rate of discrepancy was noticed between cytological and culture results. Hence, the TBLN diagnostic criteria shall pursue revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Zenebe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yesuf Adem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Begna Tulu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Derbie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Mekonnen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Fantahun Biadglegne
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Leipzig university, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Germany
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2
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Diriba G, Kebede A, Tola HH, Yenew B, Moga S, Addise D, Alemu A, Mohammed Z, Getahun M, Fantahun M, Tadesse M, Dagne B, Amare M, Assefa G, Abera D, Desta K. Molecular characterization and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243493. [PMID: 33284842 PMCID: PMC7721190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is important to understand the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis (TB). However, there is limited information on molecular characteristics and drug-resistant patterns of MTB in patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and drug resistance patterns of MTB in patients with EPTB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods This study was conducted on frozen stored isolates of EPTB survey conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A drug susceptibility test was performed using BACTEC-MGIT 960. Species and strain identification were performed using the Geno-Type MTBC and spoligotyping technique, respectively. Data were entered into the MIRU-VNTRplus database to assess the spoligotype patterns of MTB. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 23, and participants’ characteristics were presented by numbers and proportions. Results Of 151 MTB isolates, 29 (19.2%) were resistant to at least one drug. The highest proportion of isolates was resistant to Isoniazid (14.6%) and Pyrazinamide (14.6%). Nine percent of isolates had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and 21.4% of them had pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB). Among the 151 MTB isolates characterized by spoligotyping, 142 (94.6%) had known patterns, while 9 (6.0%) isolates were not matched with the MIRU-VNTRplus spoligotype database. Of the isolates which had known patterns, 2% was M.bovis while 98% M. tuberculosis. Forty-one different spoligotype patterns were identified. The most frequently identified SpolDB4 (SIT) wereSIT149 (21.2%), SIT53 (14.6%) and SIT26 (9.6%). The predominant genotypes identified were T (53.6%), Central Asia Strain (19.2%) and Haarlem (9.9%). Conclusion The present study showed a high proportion of MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB among EPTB patients. The strains were mostly grouped into SIT149, SIT53, and SIT26. The T family lineage was the most prevalent genotype. MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB prevention is required to combat these strains in EPTB. A large scale study is required to describe the molecular characteristics and drug resistance patterns of MTB isolates in EPTB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Diriba
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Kebede
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Bazezew Yenew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shewki Moga
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ayinalem Alemu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Mengistu Fantahun
- St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Biniyam Dagne
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Misikir Amare
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dessie Abera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassu Desta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mokrousov I. Ubiquitous and multifaceted: SIT53 spoligotype does not correlate with any particular family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102024. [PMID: 33242765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Euro-American lineage (Lineage 4) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis comprises genetically and geographically diverse families that differ in their clinical and/or epidemiological capacities. Due to the characteristic structure of the CRISPR locus (presence of almost all 43 classical spacers except for deleted signals 33-36), spoligotype SIT53 takes the basal position in the evolution of this lineage. In the SITVIT database, it is assigned to the "ill-defined" T family and T1 subfamily. Here, I analyzed the phylogenetic diversity of SIT53 isolates and discussed interconnected terminological issues concerning M. tuberculosis population structure. The 24-MIRU-VNTR profiles of 266 SIT53 isolates from Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America were submitted to the phylogenetic analysis jointly with reference profiles of different families from MIRU-VNTRplus database. Under this analysis, SIT53 isolates were clustered within different and distant families such as Ghana, NEW-1 (L4.5), TUR (L4.2.2.1), etc whereas many remained unclassified within L4. This confirms the evolutionarily basal position of this spoligotype and in its turn, this demonstrates that SIT53 does not correspond to any particular family of M. tuberculosis. Instead, different SIT53 subpopulations with evolutionarily stable and unchanged CRISPR locus gave rise to different and distant families that in many instances evolved through long-term allopatric evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mokrousov
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Mira Street, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
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4
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Luciano SA, Roess A. Human zoonotic tuberculosis and livestock exposure in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review identifying challenges in laboratory diagnosis. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:97-111. [PMID: 31919980 PMCID: PMC7027859 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) accounts for 1.4% of the global tuberculosis burden, with the largest disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These populations have increased exposure to zTB due to livestock rearing practices and raw dairy consumption. This qualitative systematic literature review evaluates the quality of the literature that examines the association between human zTB in LMICs and frequent exposure to livestock and livestock products and summarizes current gaps in laboratory detection methods. METHODS The Navigation Guide, a systematic review framework utilized to assess environmental health exposures, was used to conduct this literature review. Peer-reviewed research articles were selected and evaluated for risk of bias and quality of evidence. Only studies conducted in LMICs that mentioned livestock or livestock product exposure and had a confirmed diagnosis were eligible. RESULTS Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Reported prevalence of human zTB ranged from 0% to 28%, with cattle and raw dairy the primary exposures. All confirmed zTB cases were Mycobacterium bovis. Eight of the 15 studies included livestock sampling, predominantly cattle and reported prevalence of zTB between 0% and 23%. Laboratory methods used included nearly a dozen different culture methods and a variety of molecular methods, some of which are not appropriate for zTB. CONCLUSIONS This review revealed the need for appropriate and standardized laboratory diagnostic methods, and large prospective studies of at-risk populations to determine exposures that lead to an increased risk of tuberculosis conversion/infection to better understand the true burden of disease. Standardized, easy to implement laboratory diagnostics is an imperative focus for this scientific field to better identify the burden of zTB. Future studies pairing livestock and human subjects will allow better characterization of the high zTB transmission areas for targeted control and prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Anne Luciano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Amira Roess
- Department of Global and Community HealthGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia
- Department of Global HealthThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
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Conceição EC, Refregier G, Gomes HM, Olessa-Daragon X, Coll F, Ratovonirina NH, Rasolofo-Razanamparany V, Lopes ML, van Soolingen D, Rutaihwa L, Gagneux S, Bollela VR, Suffys PN, Duarte RS, Lima KVB, Sola C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 1 genetic diversity in Pará, Brazil, suggests common ancestry with east-African isolates potentially linked to historical slave trade. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:337-341. [PMID: 31170529 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lineage 1 (L1) is one of seven Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) lineages. The objective of this study was to improve the complex taxonomy of L1 using phylogenetic SNPs, and to look for the origin of the main L1 sublineage prevalent in Para, Brazil. We developed a high-throughput SNPs-typing assay based on 12-L1-specific SNPs. This assay allowed us to experimentally retrieve SNP patterns on nine of these twelve SNPs in 277 isolates previously tentatively assigned to L1 spoligotyping-based sublineages. Three collections were used: Pará-Brazil (71); RIVM, the Netherlands (102), Madagascar (104). One-hundred more results were generated in Silico using the PolyTB database. Based on the final SNPs combination, the samples were classified into 11 clusters (C1-C11). Most isolates within a SNP-based cluster shared a mutual spoligotyping-defined lineage. However, L1/EAI1-SOM (SIT48) and L1/EAI6-BGD1 (SIT591) showed a poor correlation with SNP data and are not monophyletic. L1/EAI8-MDG and L1/EAI3-IND belonged to C5; this result suggests that they share a common ancestor. L1.1.3/SIT129, a spoligotype pattern found in SNPs-cluster C6, was found to be shared between Pará/Brazil and Malawi. SIT129 was independently found to be highly prevalent in Mozambique, which suggests a migration history from East-Africa to Brazil during the 16th-18th slave trade period to Northern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilyn Costa Conceição
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, I2BC, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; Pós-Graduação Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Guislaine Refregier
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, I2BC, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Harrison Magdinier Gomes
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, I2BC, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactéria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Xavier Olessa-Daragon
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, I2BC, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Francesc Coll
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, UK
| | - Noël Harijaona Ratovonirina
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, I2BC, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; Unité des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Maria Luiza Lopes
- Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua-PA, Brazil
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Liliana Rutaihwa
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valdes Roberto Bollela
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactéria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva Duarte
- Pós-Graduação Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Christophe Sola
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, I2BC, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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6
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Mekonnen D, Derbie A, Abeje A, Shumet A, Nibret E, Biadglegne F, Munshae A, Bobosha K, Wassie L, Berg S, Aseffa A. Epidemiology of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215647. [PMID: 31002716 PMCID: PMC6474617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most frequent form of extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) and accounts for a considerable proportion of all EPTB cases. We conducted a systematic review of articles that described the epidemiological features of TBLN in Africa. METHODS Any article that characterized TBLN cases with respect to demographic, exposure and clinical features were included. Article search was restricted to African countries and those published in English language irrespective of publication year. The articles were retrieved from the electronic database of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library and Lens.org. Random effect pooled prevalence with 95% CI was computed based on Dersimonian and Laird method. To stabilize the variance, Freeman-Tukey double arcsine root transformation was done. The data were analyzed using Stata 14. RESULTS Of the total 833 articles retrieved, twenty-eight articles from 12 African countries fulfilled the eligibility criteria. A total of 6746 TBLN cases were identified. The majority of the cases, 4762 (70.6%) were from Ethiopia. Over 77% and 88% of identified TBLN were cervical in type and naïve to TB drugs. Among the total number of TBLN cases, 53% were female, 68% were in the age range of 15-44 years, 52% had a history of livestock exposure, 46% had a history of consuming raw milk/meat and 24% had history of BCG vaccination. The proportion of TBLN/HIV co-infection was much lower in Ethiopia (21%) than in other African countries (73%) and the overall African estimate (52%). Fever was recorded in 45%, night sweating in 55%, weight loss in 62% and cough for longer than two weeks in 32% of the TBLN cases. CONCLUSIONS TBLN was more common in females than in males. The high prevalence of TBLN in Ethiopia did not show directional correlation with HIV. Population based prospective studies are warranted to better define the risk factors of TBLN in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Awoke Derbie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- The Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andargachew Abeje
- Geospatial Data and Technology Center, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Shumet
- Amhara Regional State Health Bureau, Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Fantahun Biadglegne
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshae
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Liya Wassie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, the United Kingdom
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Carrilho C, Ismail M, Lorenzoni C, Fernandes F, Alberto M, Akrami K, Funzamo C, Lunet N, Schmitt F. Fine needle aspiration cytology in Mozambique: Report of a 15-year experience. Diagn Cytopathol 2018; 47:166-171. [PMID: 30478961 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an important diagnostic tool in a range of medical settings. It is fast, quick and a highly accurate diagnostic method and can be used, in settings with minimal laboratory infrastructures. METHODS In this report, we describe the experience in the use of FNAC since it is introduction in 1996 in the Anatomical Pathology Service of the Maputo Central Hospital (MCH), along with more detailed data referring to 2009-2010. RESULTS The number of FNAC analyses increased gradually from 269 (4.1% of all pathologic tests of the Service) in 1996, when it was introduced in Mozambique, to 3234 (17% of all tests) in 2010. Lymph nodes were the organs most frequently biopsied, followed by breast and soft tissues. Inflammatory conditions, especially tuberculosis, were the most frequent diagnoses (22.2% of the cases), followed by hyperplastic conditions (20.6%), benign tumors (13.4%) and malignant tumors (12.3%). CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate that even in an environment with poor laboratory resources, it is possible to establish a FNAC clinic that can provide a quick and precise diagnosis for clinicians to aid in early treatment interventions, especially in inflammatory diseases which were the majority of our cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carrilho
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Moçambique.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - Mamudo Ismail
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Moçambique.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - Cesaltina Lorenzoni
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Moçambique.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique.,National Cancer Control Program Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Fabíola Fernandes
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Moçambique.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - Matos Alberto
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - Kevan Akrami
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Carlos Funzamo
- National Cancer Control Program Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nuno Lunet
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Genetic diversity and potential routes of transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in Mozambique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006147. [PMID: 29346413 PMCID: PMC5772998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease with largely unknown impact in Africa, with risk factors such as HIV and direct contact with animals or consumption of Mycobacterium bovis infected animal products. In order to understand and quantify this risk and design intervention strategies, good epidemiological studies are needed. Such studies can include molecular typing of M. bovis isolates. The aim of this study was to apply these tools to provide novel information concerning the distribution of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Mozambique and thereby provide relevant information to guide policy development and strategies to contain the disease in livestock, and reduce the risk associated with transmission to humans. A collection of 178 M. bovis isolates was obtained from cattle in Mozambique. Using spoligotyping and regions of difference analysis, we classified the isolates into clonal complexes, thus reporting the first characterisation of M. bovis strains in this region. Data from MIRU-VNTR typing was used to compare isolates from a number of African countries, revealing a deeply geographically structured diversity of M. bovis. Eastern Africa appears to show high diversity, suggesting deep evolution in that region. The diversity of M. bovis in Africa does not seem to be a function of recent importation of animals, but is probably maintained within each particular region by constant reinfection from reservoir animals. Understanding the transmission routes of M. bovis in Mozambique and elsewhere is essential in order to focus public health and veterinary resources to contain bovine tuberculosis. Bovine tuberculosis is a rather neglected zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis that is of global concern owing to the persistence of the bacillus in reservoirs that can spread bovine tuberculosis between animals and humans. Africa remains understudied regarding this pathogen, and should be an area of concern given that in many regions the consumption of raw milk or meat from infected animals persists and the presence of HIV infection renders the population more susceptible. In order to control the disease, we need to understand M. bovis epidemiology, which includes the sources of infection. The important conclusion drawn from the work presented here is that there is a strong association between M. bovis genetic characteristics and geography. This implies that the diversity of M. bovis isolates in Mozambique does not seem to be caused by recent introductions to the territory, but is probably maintained within reservoirs in each particular region.
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Gong W, Yang Y, Luo Y, Li N, Bai X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Chen M, Zhang C, Wu X. An alert of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of rhesus macaques in a wild zoo in China. Exp Anim 2017; 66:357-365. [PMID: 28659540 PMCID: PMC5682348 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB),
is becoming increasingly recognized as an important cause of fatal chronic illnesses in
China. In this study, we report an infectious disease among 84 rhesus macaques at a
Chinese zoo. Their clinical signs and symptoms were very similar with the manifestations
of TB in humans. To determine the potential pathogens of this outbreak, many methods were
used. First, tuberculin skin tests showed that none of the monkeys displayed significant
skin reactions. Subsequently, the sera were tested for specific antibody IgG; 29 (34.5%)
and 39 (46.4%) blood samples tested positive by TB-IgG and TB-DOT, respectively.
Radiographic examination showed characteristic imageology changes in 14 (16.7%) monkeys.
One individual determined as positive by the above three methods was euthanized, and
histopathological analysis demonstrated typical granulomas and caseous necrosis in the
lung, liver, spleen, and intestine. Furthermore, the pathogenic mycobacteria were isolated
from lung lobe, cultured on acidic Lowenstein-Jensen culture medium, and identified as
M. tuberculosis by real-time PCR and DNA sequencing. Nevertheless, the
origin of the infection remained unknown. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen
the management and training of staff, especially those working at animal shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yourong Yang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Xizhimen Street 137#, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pathology, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Xuejuan Bai
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Xizhimen Street 137#, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Heishanhu Road 17#, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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