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Nazeer N, Kooner N, Ghimire A, Rainey JK, Lubell WD, Meneksedag-Erol D, Ahmed M. Secondary Structure Stabilization of Macrocyclic Antimicrobial Peptides via Cross-Link Swapping. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8693-8707. [PMID: 38771638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Lactam cross-links have been employed to stabilize the helical secondary structure and enhance the activity and physiological stability of antimicrobial peptides; however, stabilization of β-sheets via lactamization has not been observed. In the present study, lactams between the side chains of C- and N-terminal residues have been used to stabilize the β-sheet conformation in a short ten-residue analogue of chicken angiogenin-4. Designed using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state models, the lactam cross-linked peptides are shown to adopt stabilized β-sheet conformations consistent with simulated structures. Replacement of the peptide side-chain Cys-Cys disulfide by a lactam cross-link enhanced the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity compared to the parent peptide and exhibited greater propensity to induce proinflammatory activity in macrophages. The combination of molecular simulations and conformational and biological analyses of the synthetic peptides provides a useful paradigm for the rational design of therapeutically active peptides with constrained β-sheet structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauman Nazeer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown C1A 4P3, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Navjote Kooner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal H4B 1R6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anupama Ghimire
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - William D Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 1375 Ave. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2 V 0B3, Québec, Canada
| | - Deniz Meneksedag-Erol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal H4B 1R6, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H4B 1R6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown C1A 4P3, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown C1A 4P3, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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2
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Han J, Wu P, Yang J, Weng Y, Lin Y, Chen Z, Yu F, Lü X, Ni L. Development of a novel hybrid antimicrobial peptide for enhancing antimicrobial spectrum and potency against food-borne pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae023. [PMID: 38337177 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To address the increasingly serious challenge of the transmission of foodbrone pathogens in the food chain. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we employed rational design strategies, including truncation, amino acid substitution, and heterozygosity, to generate seven engineered peptides with α-helical structure, cationic property, and amphipathic characteristics based on the original Abhisin template. Among them, as the hybird antimicrobial peptide (AMP), AM exhibits exceptional stability, minimal toxicity, as well as broad-spectrum and potent antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens. Besides, it was observed that the electrostatic incorporation demonstrates by AM results in its primary targeting and disruption of the cell wall and membrane of Escherichia coli O157: H7 (EHEC) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resulting in membrane perforation and enhanced permeability. Additionally, AM effectively counteracts the deleterious effects of lipopolysaccharide, eradicating biofilms and ultimately inducing the demise of both food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the significant potential of AM as a highly promising candidate for a novel food preservative and its great importance in the design and optimization of AMP-related agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Han
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, Fujian 362200, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Peifen Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yanlin Weng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yayi Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Fengfan Yu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xucong Lü
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, Fujian 362200, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Li Ni
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, Fujian 362200, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Fujian Research Center of Food Biotechnology and Innovation Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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3
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Yang J, Wu P, Weng Y, Lin Y, Chen Z, Yu F, Lv X, Ni L, Han J. Rational Design and Antimicrobial Potency Assessment of Abaecin Analogues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6698-6714. [PMID: 37988627 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The widespread and escalating emergence of multidrug resistance is now recognized as one of the most severe global threats to human health. To address the urgent issue of drug-resistant bacteria and the limitation of effective clinical treatments, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been developed as promising substituents of conventional antibiotics. In this study, rational design strategies were employed to acquire seven cationic and α-helical engineered peptides based on the original template of Abaecin. After investigation, we found that AC7 (LLRRWKKLFKKIIRWPRPLPNPGH) demonstrated potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Additionally, it demonstrated low cytotoxicity and hemolysis while maintaining good stability. Notably, AC7 displays the antibacterial mechanism with superior abilities in cell membrane disruption and potential DNA binding in vitro, as well as effectively disrupting biofilms. Moreover, the murine skin wound model infected with drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was employed to evaluate the anti-infective efficacy and therapeutic potential of AC7. It was observed that AC7 displays a remarkable capacity to inhibit wound colonization, reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) and inflammatory cells (white blood cells (WBC), monocytes (MONO), lymphocytes (LYMPH), neutrophils (GRAN)), promote the levels of IL-10 and VEGF, and enhance wound healing. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of AC7 as a viable alternative to traditional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Peifen Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yanlin Weng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yayi Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fengfan Yu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xucong Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, Fujian 362200, China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, Fujian 362200, China
| | - Jinzhi Han
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, Fujian 362200, China
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Lingamgunta LK, Aloor BP, Dasari S, Ramakrishnan R, Botlagunta M, Madikonda AK, Gopal S, Sade A. Identification of prognostic hub genes and therapeutic targets for selenium deficiency in chicks model through transcriptome profiling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8695. [PMID: 37248251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium deficiency is a prevalent micronutrient deficiency that poses a major health concern worldwide. This study aimed to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying selenium deficiency using a chick model. Chickens were divided into control and selenium deficient groups. Plasma samples were collected to measure selenium concentration and transcriptome analyse were performed on oviduct samples. The results showed that selenium deficiency led to a significant reduction in plasma selenium levels and altered the expression of 10,266 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These DEGs primarily regulated signal transduction and cell motility. The molecular function includes GTPase regulatory activity, and KEGG pathway analysis showed that they were mainly involved in the signal transduction. By using Cytoscape and CancerGeneNet tool, we identified 8 modules and 10 hub genes (FRK, JUN, PTPRC, ACTA2, MST1R, SDC4, SDC1, CXCL12, MX1 and EZR) associated with receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, Wnt and mTOR signaling pathways that may be closely related to cancer. These hub genes could be served as precise diagnostic and prognostic candidate biomarkers of selenium deficiency and potential targets for treatment strategies in both animals and humans. This study sheds light on the molecular basis of selenium deficiency and its potential impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindu Prasuna Aloor
- Department of Botany, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, 518002, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Dasari
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjani Ramakrishnan
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendran Botlagunta
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Bhopal, 466114, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Madikonda
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671316, Kerala, India
| | - Shankar Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ankanna Sade
- Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Jacobo-Delgado YM, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Serrano CJ, Rivas-Santiago B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell-wall and antimicrobial peptides: a mission impossible? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194923. [PMID: 37266428 PMCID: PMC10230078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most important infectious agents worldwide and causes more than 1.5 million deaths annually. To make matters worse, the drug resistance among Mtb strains has risen substantially in the last few decades. Nowadays, it is not uncommon to find patients infected with Mtb strains that are virtually resistant to all antibiotics, which has led to the urgent search for new molecules and therapies. Over previous decades, several studies have demonstrated the efficiency of antimicrobial peptides to eliminate even multidrug-resistant bacteria, making them outstanding candidates to counterattack this growing health problem. Nevertheless, the complexity of the Mtb cell wall makes us wonder whether antimicrobial peptides can effectively kill this persistent Mycobacterium. In the present review, we explore the complexity of the Mtb cell wall and analyze the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides to eliminate the bacilli.
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6
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van Dijk A, Guabiraba R, Bailleul G, Schouler C, Haagsman HP, Lalmanach AC. Evolutionary diversification of defensins and cathelicidins in birds and primates. Mol Immunol 2023; 157:53-69. [PMID: 36996595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Divergent evolution for more than 310 million years has resulted in an avian immune system that is complex and more compact than that of primates, sharing much of its structure and functions. Not surprisingly, well conserved ancient host defense molecules, such as defensins and cathelicidins, have diversified over time. In this review, we describe how evolution influenced the host defense peptides repertoire, its distribution, and the relationship between structure and biological functions. Marked features of primate and avian HDPs are linked to species-specific characteristics, biological requirements, and environmental challenge.
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7
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Yang M, Liu S, Zhang C. Antimicrobial peptides with antiviral and anticancer properties and their modification and nanodelivery systems. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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8
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Evolutionary and in silico guided development of novel peptide analogues for antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100183. [PMID: 37032813 PMCID: PMC10073642 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
According to WHO, to combat the resistant strains, new effective anti-microbial agents are needed on an urgent basis and global researchers should focus their efforts and discovery programs on developing them against antibiotic-resistant pathogens or priority pathogens like ESKAPE. In this context, Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are being explored extensively as promising next-generation antimicrobials due to their broad range, fast kinetics and multifunctional role. Despite recent advances, it is still a daunting challenge to identify and design a potent AMP with no cytotoxicity, but with broad specific antimicrobial activity, stability and efficacy under in vivo conditions in a cost-effective and robust manner. In this work, as a proof of concept, we designed novel potent AMPs using artificial intelligence based in silico programs. Shortlisted peptide sequences were synthesized using the fmoc chemistry approach, assessed their antimicrobial activity, cell selectivity, mode of action and in vivo efficacy using a series of experiments. The synthesized peptide analogues demonstrated their antimicrobial activity (MIC in the range of 2.5-80 μM) against bacteria. The identified potential lead molecules showed antibacterial activity in physiological conditions with no signs of cytotoxicity. We further tested the antimicrobial activity of peptide analogues for treating wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the mice burn wound model. In drug-development programs, the identification of lead antimicrobial agents is always challenging and involves screening a large number of molecules which is time-consuming and expensive. This work demonstrates the utility of artificial intelligence based in silico analysis programs in discovering novel antimicrobial agents in an economical, robust way.
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9
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Potential Probiotics Role in Excluding Antibiotic Resistance. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5590004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Antibiotic supplementation in feed has been continued for the previous 60 years as therapeutic use. They can improve the growth performance and feed efficiency in the chicken flock. A favorable production scenario could favor intestinal microbiota interacting with antibiotic growth promoters and alter the gut bacterial composition. Antibiotic growth promoters did not show any beneficial effect on intestinal microbes. Scope and Approach. Suitable and direct influence of growth promoters are owed to antimicrobial activities that reduce the conflict between host and intestinal microbes. Unnecessary use of antibiotics leads to resistance in microbes, and moreover, the genes can relocate to microbes including Campylobacter and Salmonella, resulting in a great risk of food poisoning. Key Findings and Conclusions. This is a reason to find alternative dietary supplements that can facilitate production, growth performance, favorable pH, and modulate gut microbial function. Therefore, this review focus on different nutritional components and immune genes used in the poultry industry to replace antibiotics, their influence on the intestinal microbiota, and how to facilitate intestinal immunity to overcome antibiotic resistance in chicken.
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10
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Ajayakumar N, Narayanan P, Anitha AK, R MK, Kumar S. Membrane disruptive action of cationic anti-bacterial peptide B1CTcu3. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200239. [PMID: 35713298 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A twenty-two-residue peptide Brevinin1 Clinotarsus curtipus-3 (B1CTcu3), identified from the skin secretion of frog Clinotarsus curtipes of the Western Ghats, exhibited a broad range of antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It showed anti-biofilm activity even at sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (sub-MIC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Analysis of the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, confocal images, flow cytometric data and the effect of salt concentration on antibacterial potency suggests that the killing action of the peptide is through the membranolytic process. Single channel electric recording confirmed that the peptide elicited pores on the bacterial cell membrane as it induces a heterogeneous channel in the lipid bilayer. It also showed cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell with IC50 of 25µM. B1CTcu3 peptide could serve as the template for next-generation antibacterial agents, particularly against antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Ajayakumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Chemical Biology Lab, RGCB-BIO innovation centre, Kinfra film and video park, Chandavila, kazhakoottam, 695523, trivandrum, INDIA
| | - Pratibha Narayanan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Chemical Biology Lab, rgcb-BIC Innovation Centre, Kinfra film and video park, Chandavila, Kazhakoottam, 695523, Trivandrum, INDIA
| | - Anju Krishnan Anitha
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Chemical Biology Lab, RGCB-BIC Innovation Centre, Kinfra film and video park, Chandavila, Kazhakoottam, 695523, Trivandrum, INDIA
| | - Mahendran Kozhinjampara R
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Membrane biology lab, RGCB-BIC Innovation centre, Kinfra film and video park, chandavila, kazhakoottam, 695523, rivandrum, INDIA
| | - Santhosh Kumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Chemical Biology, Poojappura, 695014, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
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Jafari A, Babajani A, Sarrami Forooshani R, Yazdani M, Rezaei-Tavirani M. Clinical Applications and Anticancer Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides: From Bench to Bedside. Front Oncol 2022; 12:819563. [PMID: 35280755 PMCID: PMC8904739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted global health issue and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In recent years, medical science has achieved great advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Despite the numerous advantages of conventional cancer therapies, there are major drawbacks including severe side effects, toxicities, and drug resistance. Therefore, the urgency of developing new drugs with low cytotoxicity and treatment resistance is increasing. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various cancers, targeting tumor cells with less toxicity to normal tissues. In this review, we present the structure, biological function, and underlying mechanisms of AMPs. The recent experimental studies and clinical trials on anticancer peptides in different cancer types as well as the challenges of their clinical application have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhesam Babajani
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Sarrami Forooshani
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Zhang C, Yang M. Antimicrobial Peptides: From Design to Clinical Application. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030349. [PMID: 35326812 PMCID: PMC8944448 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, brings public health issues and causes economic burden. Pathogenic bacteria develop several methods to resist antibiotic killing or inhibition, such as mutation of antibiotic function sites, activation of drug efflux pumps, and enzyme-mediated drug degradation. Antibiotic resistance components can be transferred between bacteria by mobile genetic elements including plasmids, transposons, and integrons, as well as bacteriophages. The development of antibiotic resistance limits the treatment options for bacterial infection, especially for MDR bacteria. Therefore, novel or alternative antibacterial agents are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) display multiple killing mechanisms against bacterial infections, including directly bactericidal activity and immunomodulatory function, as potential alternatives to antibiotics. In this review, the development of antibiotic resistance, the killing mechanisms of AMPs, and especially, the design, optimization, and delivery of AMPs are reviewed. Strategies such as structural change, amino acid substitution, conjugation with cell-penetration peptide, terminal acetylation and amidation, and encapsulation with nanoparticles will improve the antimicrobial efficacy, reduce toxicity, and accomplish local delivery of AMPs. In addition, clinical trials in AMP studies or applications of AMPs within the last five years were summarized. Overall, AMPs display diverse mechanisms of action against infection of pathogenic bacteria, and future research studies and clinical investigations will accelerate AMP application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ishige T, Hara H, Hirano T, Kono T, Hanzawa K. Analysis of the Diversity of the AvBD Gene Region in Japanese Quail. J Hered 2021; 111:436-443. [PMID: 32852036 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian β-defensin (AvBD) gene region is an important component of the innate immune system, encoding a variety of antimicrobial peptides. The AvBD region forms a multigene cluster in a specific chromosomal region. Comparison of the AvBD region among various birds suggests the presence of defects, duplications, and pseudogenization at many loci. The AvBD region in certain galliform birds, namely chicken, turkey, and bobwhite quail, includes AvBD3, -6, and -7, with the latter exhibiting copy number variants (CNVs) in chickens. DNA for genomic analysis was extracted from the peripheral blood of 99 randomly selected quail (Coturnix japonica) from 6 inbred lines. Nine CjAvBD1 and 8 CjAvBD12 alleles were detected. Ten haplotypes, including three that were strain specific, were found in alleles from the quail AvBD1 (CjAvBD1) and -12 (CjAvBD12) loci. Next-generation sequencing was used to determine the nucleotide sequences of the CjAvBD gene region (56-70 kb) for 7 homozygous diplotypes of these 10 haplotypes. These 7 haplotypes contained between 12 and 16 CjAvBD genes and were composed of 11 common loci: CjAvBD1, -2, -4, -5, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, and -14, but lacked CjAvBD3 and -7. Furthermore, up to 5 CjAvBD101 (AvBD6 ortholog) CNVs were observed among the 7 haplotypes. In addition, we detected amino acid substitutions causing net charge mutations that could affect antimicrobial activity in CjAvBD4, -13, -14, and -101. These results suggest that the CjAvBD region is unique among the Galliformes and that its diversity results in potential functional variation in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Ishige
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hara
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kono
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Hanzawa
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan
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14
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Immunomodulatory effects of avian β-defensin 5 in chicken macrophage cell line. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Zhang C, Yang M. The Role and Potential Application of Antimicrobial Peptides in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:859. [PMID: 32457759 PMCID: PMC7225298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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16
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Antimicrobial efficacy and toxicity of novel CAMPs against P. aeruginosa infection in a murine skin wound infection model. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:293. [PMID: 31842727 PMCID: PMC6915932 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of P. aeruginosa wound infection is challenging due to its inherent and acquired resistance to many conventional antibiotics. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) with distinct modes of antimicrobial action have been considered as the next-generation therapeutic agents. In the present study, a murine skin surgical wound infection model was used to evaluate the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of two newly designed antimicrobial peptides (CAMP-A and CAMP-B), as chemotherapeutic agents to combat P. aeruginosa infection. Results In the first trial, topical application of CAMPs on the wounds at a dose equivalent to 4 × MIC for 7 consecutive days did not cause any significant changes in the physical activities, hematologic and plasma biochemical parameters, or histology of systemic organs of the treated mice. Daily treatment of infected wounds with CAMP-A and CAMP-B for 5 days at a dose equivalent to 2× MIC resulted in a significant reduction in wound bacterial burden (CAMP-A: 4.3 log10CFU/g of tissue and CAMP-B: 5.8 log10CFU/g of tissue), compared to that of the mock-treated group (8.1 log10CFU/g of tissue). Treatment with CAMPs significantly promoted wound closure and induced epidermal cell proliferation. Topical application of CAMP-A on wounds completely prevented systemic dissemination of P. aeruginosa while CAMP-B blocked systemic infection in 67% of mice and delayed the onset of systemic infection by at least 2 days in the rest of the mice (33%). In a second trial, daily application of CAMP-A at higher doses (5× MIC and 50× MIC) didn’t show any significant toxic effect on mice and the treatments with CAMP-A further reduced wound bacterial burden (5× MIC: 4.5 log10CFU/g of tissue and 50× MIC: 3.8 log10CFU/g of tissue). Conclusions The data collectively indicated that CAMPs significantly reduced wound bacterial load, promoted wound healing, and prevented hepatic dissemination. CAMP-A is a promising alternative to commonly used antibiotics to treat P. aeruginosa skin infection.
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Effect of tracheal antimicrobial peptide on the development of Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225533. [PMID: 31770402 PMCID: PMC6879128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia causes significant economic loss to the beef industry and occurs at times of stress and viral infection. Administering antibiotics to at-risk calves is often used to prevent the disease, but alternatives to mass treatment with antibiotics are needed. Tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP), a β-defensin naturally produced by bovine airways, has bactericidal activity against the pathogens that cause pneumonia in cattle. However, TAP expression is suppressed by glucocorticoid (stress) and viral infection. We hypothesized that delivering TAP to the respiratory tract would prevent development of pneumonia in calves infected with Mannheimia haemolytica. Clean-catch calves (i.e. obtained prior to contact with the dam) were challenged by aerosol with M. haemolytica, and TAP or water was delivered to the respiratory tract at 0.3, 2 and 6 hours post-infection. TAP treatment did not protect against development of disease. Calves treated with TAP had similar bacterial loads in the nasal cavity and lung compared to calves treated with water. Similarly, TAP treatment did not affect the development of clinical signs, elevated rectal temperatures, or increased levels of blood neutrophils, haptoglobin and fibrinogen that occurred after bacterial challenge. Postmortem gross and histologic lung lesions were also similar in the two groups. To determine why there was a lack of protective effect, we tested the effect of substances in respiratory lining fluid on the bactericidal activity of TAP. Physiologic concentrations of sodium chloride inhibited TAP bactericidal activity in vitro, as did serum at concentrations of 0.62 to 2.5%, but concentrated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid had no consistent effect. These findings suggest that TAP does not have in vivo bactericidal activity against M. haemolytica because of interference by physiological sodium chloride levels and by serum. Thus, administration of TAP may not be effective for prevention of M. haemolytica pneumonia.
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Zhang C, Yang M, Ericsson AC. Antimicrobial Peptides: Potential Application in Liver Cancer. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1257. [PMID: 31231341 PMCID: PMC6560174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including size, net charge, amphipathic structure, hydrophobicity, and mode-of-action together determine their broad-spectrum activities against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Recent studies show that some AMPs have both antimicrobial and anticancer activities, suggesting a new strategy for cancer therapy. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the primary liver cancer, is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, and lacks effective treatment. Anticancer peptides (ACPs) derived from AMPs or natural resources could be applied to combat HCC directly or as a synergistic treatment. However, the number of known ACPs is low compared to the number of antibacterial and antifungal peptides, and very few of them can be applied clinically for HCC treatment. In this review, we first summarize recent studies related to ACPs for HCC, followed by a description of potential modes-of-action including direct killing, anti-inflammation, immune modulation, and enhanced wound healing. We then describe the structures of AMPs and methods to design and modify these peptides to improve their anticancer efficacy. Finally, we explore the potential application of ACPs as vaccines or nanoparticles for HCC treatment. Overall, ACPs display several attractive properties as therapeutic agents, including broad-spectrum anticancer activity, ease-of-design and modification, and low production costs. As this is an emerging and novel area of cancer therapy, additional studies are needed to identify existing candidate AMPs with ACP activity, and assess their anticancer activity and specificity, and immunomodulatory effects, using in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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19
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Overexpressing ovotransferrin and avian β-defensin-3 improves antimicrobial capacity of chickens and poultry products. Transgenic Res 2018; 28:51-76. [PMID: 30374651 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic and foodborne diseases pose a significant burden, decreasing both human and animal health. Modifying chickens to overexpress antimicrobials has the potential to decrease bacterial growth on poultry products and boost chicken innate immunity. Chickens overexpressing either ovotransferrin or avian β-defensin-3 (AvβD3) were generated using Tol-2 transposons. Transgene expression at the RNA and protein level was seen in egg white, breast muscle, and serum. There were significant differences in the immune cell populations in the blood, bursa, and spleen associated with transgene expression including an increased proportion of CD8+ cells in the blood of ovotransferrin and AvβD3 transgenic birds. Expression of the antimicrobials inhibited the in vitro growth of human and chicken bacterial pathogens and spoilage bacteria. For example, transgene expression significantly reduced growth of aerobic and coliform bacteria in breast muscle and decreased the growth of Salmonella enterica in egg white. Overall these results indicate that overexpression of antimicrobials in the chicken can impact the immune system and increase the antimicrobial capacity of poultry products.
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Hong Y, Truong AD, Lee J, Lee K, Kim GB, Heo KN, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Identification of duck liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 and characterization of its bactericidal activity. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:1052-1061. [PMID: 30381731 PMCID: PMC6601062 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to identify duck liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) and demonstrate its antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Methods Tissue samples were collected from 6 to 8-week-old Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), total RNA was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized. To confirm the duck LEAP-2 transcript expression levels, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted. Two kinds of peptides (a linear peptide and a disulfide-type peptide) were synthesized to compare the antimicrobial activity. Then, antimicrobial activity assay and fluorescence microscopic analysis were conducted to demonstrate duck LEAP-2 bactericidal activity. Results The duck LEAP-2 peptide sequence showed high identity with those of other avian species (>85%), as well as more than 55% of identity with mammalian sequences. LEAP-2 mRNA was highly expressed in the liver with duodenum next, and then followed by lung, spleen, bursa and jejunum and was the lowest in the muscle. Both of LEAP-2 peptides efficiently killed bacteria, although the disulfide-type LEAP-2 showed more powerful bactericidal activity. Also, gram-positive bacteria was more susceptible to duck LEAP-2 than gram-negative bacteria. Using microscopy, we confirmed that LEAP-2 peptides could kill bacteria by disrupting the bacterial cell envelope. Conclusion Duck LEAP-2 showed its antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Disulfide bonds were important for the powerful killing effect by disrupting the bacterial cell envelope. Therefore, duck LEAP-2 can be used for effective antibiotics alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Dong Da, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Janggeun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kyungbaek Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Geun-Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kang-Nyeong Heo
- Poultry Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25342, Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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21
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Yang M, Zhang C, Zhang MZ, Zhang S. Beta-defensin derived cationic antimicrobial peptides with potent killing activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:54. [PMID: 29871599 PMCID: PMC5989455 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian β-defensins (AvBD) are cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMP) with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, chemotactic property, and low host cytotoxicity. However, their bactericidal activity is greatly compromised under physiological salt concentrations which limits the use of these peptides as therapeutic agents. The length and the complex structure involving three conserved disulfide bridges are additional drawbacks associated with high production cost. In the present study, short linear CAMPs (11 to 25 a.a. residues) were developed based on the key functional components of AvBDs with additional modifications. Their biological functions were characterized. Results CAMP-t1 contained the CCR2 binding domain (N-terminal loop and adjacent α-helix) of AvBD-12 whereas CAMP-t2 comprised the key a.a. residues responsible for the concentrated positive surface charge and hydrophobicity of AvBD-6. Both CAMP-t1 and CAMP-t2 demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. However, CAMP-t1 failed to show chemotactic activity and CAMP-t2, although superior in killing Staphylococcus spp., remained sensitive to salts. Using an integrated design approach, CAMP-t2 was further modified to yield CAMP-A and CAMP-B which possessed the following characteristics: α-helical structure with positively and negatively charged residues aligned on the opposite side of the helix, lack of protease cutting sites, C-terminal poly-Trp tail, N-terminal acetylation, and C-terminal amidation. Both CAMP-A and CAMP-B demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains. These peptides were resistant to major proteases and fully active at physiological concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2. The peptides were minimally cytotoxic to avian and murine cells and their therapeutic index was moderate (≥ 4.5). Conclusions An integrated design approach can be used to develop short and potent antimicrobial peptides, such as CAMP-A and CAMP-B. The advantageous characteristics, including structural simplicity, resistance to salts and proteases, potent antimicrobial activity, rapid membrane attacking mode, and moderate therapeutic index, suggest that CAMP-A and CAMP-B are excellent candidates for development as therapeutic agents against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michael Z Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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22
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Jiang H, Hu Y, Wei X, Xiao X, Jakovlić I, Liu X, Su J, Yuan G. Chemotactic effect of β-defensin 1 on macrophages in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:35-42. [PMID: 29246811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Besides their function as a physical barrier against pathogens, β-defensins possess the ability to induce direct or indirect chemotaxis in leukocytes of mammals. However little is known about the ability of defensins to guide the migration of macrophages in fish. The objective of our study was to investigate whether β-defensin 1 (maBD1) can recruit leukocytes (specifically macrophages) in vivo and in vitro in a farmed cyprinid fish Megalobrama amblycephala. The M. amblycephala β-defensin 1 (maBD1) gene was amplified from the head-kidney transcriptome. Synthetic maBD1 polypeptide (as well as its N-terminus half, but not the C-terminus half) was capable of inducing the migration of leukocytes (specifically macrophages) at concentrations from 26.0 μg/mL to 52.0 μg/mL in head kidney tissue in vitro. When injected intraperitoneally in vivo, the number of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity was in positive correlation with the maBD1 concentration. maBD1 also induced the expression of two proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) in spleen, head and body kidney, and hepatopancreas. These results strongly indicate that BD1 has a chemoattractant capacity for macrophages, as well as the ability to modulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yazhen Hu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xun Xiao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Ivan Jakovlić
- Bio-Transduction Lab, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, China.
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