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Dan J, Wei W, Ou W, Gao G, Song W, Ye L, Liang H, Guo X, Tan L, Jiang J. Excavation of Biomarker Candidates for the Diagnosis of Talaromyces marneffei Infection via Genome-Wide Prediction and Functional Annotation of Secreted Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27093-27103. [PMID: 38947822 PMCID: PMC11209904 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Talaromyces marneffei is the third most common infectious pathogen in AIDS patients and leads to the highest death rate in Guangxi, China. The lack of reliable biomarkers is one of the major obstacles in current clinical diagnosis, which largely contributes to this high mortality. Here, we present a study that aimed at identifying diagnostic biomarker candidates through genome-wide prediction and functional annotation of Talaromyces marneffei secreted proteins. A total of 584 secreted proteins then emerged, including 382 classical and 202 nonclassical ones. Among them, there were 87 newly obtained functional annotations in this study. The annotated proteins were further evaluated by combining RNA profiling and a homology comparison. Three proteins were ultimately highlighted as biomarker candidates with robust expression and remarkable specificity. The predicted phosphoinositide phospholipase C and the galactomannoprotein were suggested to play an interactive immune game through metabolism of arachidonic acid. Therefore, they hold promise in developing new tools for clinical diagnosis of Talaromyces marneffei and also possibly serve as molecular targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dan
- Collaborative
Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource
Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Biosafety III
Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Center
for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and
Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wudi Wei
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Biosafety III
Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Weijie Ou
- Center
for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and
Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangshi Gao
- Geekgene
Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wanjun Song
- Geekgene
Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100091, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Biosafety III
Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Collaborative
Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource
Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Biosafety III
Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xuzhen Guo
- Center
for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and
Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Center
for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and
Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College
of Life Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department
of Cardiology, Shenzhen Guangming District
People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Collaborative
Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource
Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Biosafety III
Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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Fang H, Li M, Yu S, Sun J, Qin Z. Codon usage bias of secretory protein in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300310. [PMID: 38358951 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Banana Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc-TR4) is a highly destructive pathogen that infects nearly all major banana cultivars and has a tendency to spread further. Secreted proteins play a crucial role in the process of Fusarium wilt infection in bananas. In this study, we analyzed the codon usage bias (CUB) of the Foc-TR4 classical secretory protein genome for the first time and observed a strong bias toward codons ending with C. We found that 572 out of the 14,543 amino acid sequences in the Foc-TR4 genome exhibited characteristics of classical secretory proteins. The CUB was largely influenced by selection optimization pressure, as indicated by the ENC value and neutral plot analysis. Among the identified codons, such as UCC and CCC, 11 were found to be optimal for Foc-TR4 gene expression. Codons with higher GC content and a C base in the third position showed greater selectivity. The CUB in the secretory proteins encoded by Foc-TR4 provides insights into their evolutionary patterns, contributing to the development and screening of novel and effective antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- Agricultural Science and Technology Information Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Medical College, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Min Li
- Agricultural Science and Technology Information Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Shenxin Yu
- Agricultural Science and Technology Information Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaman Sun
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Zelin Qin
- Agricultural Science and Technology Information Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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Liu C, Jia Y, He L, Li H, Song J, Ji L, Wang C. Integrated transcriptome and DNA methylome analysis reveal the biological base of increased resistance to gray leaf spot and growth inhibition in interspecific grafted tomato scions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:130. [PMID: 38383283 PMCID: PMC10880203 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is widely used as an important agronomic approach to deal with environmental stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of grafted tomato scions in response to biotic stress and growth regulation has yet to be fully understood. RESULTS This study investigated the resistance and growth performance of tomato scions grafted onto various rootstocks. A scion from a gray leaf spot-susceptible tomato cultivar was grafted onto tomato, eggplant, and pepper rootstocks, creating three grafting combinations: one self-grafting of tomato/tomato (TT), and two interspecific graftings, namely tomato/eggplant (TE) and tomato/pepper (TP). The study utilized transcriptome and DNA methylome analyses to explore the regulatory mechanisms behind the resistance and growth traits in the interspecific graftings. Results indicated that interspecific grafting significantly enhanced resistance to gray leaf spot and improved fruit quality, though fruit yield was decreased compared to self-grafting. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that, compared to self-grafting, interspecific graftings triggered stronger wounding response and endogenous immune pathways, while restricting genes related to cell cycle pathways, especially in the TP grafting. Methylome data revealed that the TP grafting had more hypermethylated regions at CHG (H = A, C, or T) and CHH sites than the TT grafting. Furthermore, the TP grafting exhibited increased methylation levels in cell cycle related genes, such as DNA primase and ligase, while several genes related to defense kinases showed decreased methylation levels. Notably, several kinase transcripts were also confirmed among the rootstock-specific mobile transcripts. CONCLUSIONS The study concludes that interspecific grafting alters gene methylation patterns, thereby activating defense responses and inhibiting the cell cycle in tomato scions. This mechanism is crucial in enhancing resistance to gray leaf spot and reducing growth in grafted tomato scions. These findings offer new insights into the genetic and epigenetic contributions to agronomic trait improvements through interspecific grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanhong Jia
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300380, China
| | - Lixia He
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jian Song
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300380, China
| | - Lizhu Ji
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300380, China.
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Liu C, Guo H, Liu H, Yu J, Li S, Zhu T, Owusu AM, Li S. Differential Metabolomics Reveals Pathogenesis of Pestalotiopsis kenyana Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Zanthoxylum schinifolium. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1208. [PMID: 36422029 PMCID: PMC9698000 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepper leaf spot is a common disease of Zanthoxylum schinifolium. When it is serious, it directly affects the growth of Z. schinifolium, making the plant unable to blossom and bear fruit, which seriously restricts the development of the Z. schinifolium industry. Therefore, the pathogenic mechanism of leaf spots should be explored to provide a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the disease. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology combined with the data-dependent acquisition, the full spectrum analysis of pathogen mycelium samples was carried out. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to reveal the differences in metabolic patterns among different groups. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and PLS-DA were used to reveal the relationship between samples and metabolites, which reflected the metabolomics changes of Pestalotiopsis kenyana in the logarithmic growth phase of mycelia, the stable growth phase of mycelia, the massive spore stage, the induction culture conditions of PDA and Z. schinifolium leaves, and the possible pathogenic substances were selected for pathogenicity detection. PLS-DA had a strong predictive ability, indicating a clear analysis trend between different groups. The results of the metabolomics analysis showed that the differential metabolites of pathogenic bacteria were abundant at different stages and under different medium conditions, and the content of metabolites changed significantly. There were 3922 differential metabolites in nine groups under positive and negative ion modes, including lipids and lipid molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic oxygen compounds, carbohydrate polyketides, nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogs. The results of the pathogenicity test showed that the leaves treated with 3,5-dimethoxy benzoic acid, S-(5-adenosy)-l-homocysteine, 2-(1H-indol-3-yl) acetic acid, l-glutamic acid, and 2-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxy phenyl) acetic acid showed different degrees of yellowish-brown lesions. This indicated that these substances may be related to the pathogenicity of P. kenyana, and the incidence was more serious when treated with 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid and S-(5-adenosy)- l -homocysteine. This study provides a basis for further analysis of differential metabolites and provides a theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of Z. schinifolium leaf spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haiyao Guo
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Han Liu
- Ganzi Institute of Forestry Research, Kangding 626700, China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuying Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Adjei Mark Owusu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
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Pathogenic Process-Associated Transcriptome Analysis of Stemphylium lycopersici from Tomato. Int J Genomics 2022; 2022:4522132. [PMID: 35634482 PMCID: PMC9142275 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4522132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) gray leaf spot disease is a predominant foliar disease of tomato in China that is caused mainly by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Stemphylium lycopersici. Little is known regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of this broad-host-range pathogen. In this study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed and more genetic information on the pathogenicity determinants of S. lycopersici during the infection process in tomato were obtained. Through an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, 1,642 and 1,875 genes upregulated during the early infection and necrotrophic phases, respectively, were identified and significantly enriched in 44 and 24 pathways, respectively. The induction of genes associated with pectin degradation, adhesion, and colonization was notable during the early infection phase, whereas during the necrotrophic phase, some structural molecule activity-related genes were prominently induced. Additionally, some genes involved in signal regulation or encoding hemicellulose- and cellulose-degrading enzymes and extracellular proteases were commonly upregulated during pathogenesis. Overall, we present some putative key genes and processes that may be crucial for S. lycopersici pathogenesis. The abilities to adhere and colonize a host surface, effectively damage host cell walls, regulate signal transduction to manage infection, and survive in a hostile plant environment are proposed as important factors for the pathogenesis of S. lycopersici in tomato. The functional characterization of these genes provides an invaluable resource for analyses of this important pathosystem between S. lycopersici and tomato, and it may facilitate the generation of control strategies against this devastating disease.
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Lian J, Han H, Chen X, Chen Q, Zhao J, Li C. Stemphylium lycopersici Nep1-like Protein (NLP) Is a Key Virulence Factor in Tomato Gray Leaf Spot Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050518. [PMID: 35628773 PMCID: PMC9144795 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Stemphylium lycopersici (S. lycopersici) is an economically important plant pathogen that causes grey leaf spot disease in tomato. However, functional genomic studies in S. lycopersici are lacking, and the factors influencing its pathogenicity remain largely unknown. Here, we present the first example of genetic transformation and targeted gene replacement in S. lycopersici. We functionally analyzed the NLP gene, which encodes a necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP). We found that targeted disruption of the NLP gene in S. lycopersici significantly compromised its virulence on tomato. Moreover, our data suggest that NLP affects S. lycopersici conidiospore production and weakly affects its adaptation to osmotic and oxidative stress. Interestingly, we found that NLP suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tomato leaves during S. lycopersici infection. Further, expressing the fungal NLP in tomato resulted in constitutive transcription of immune-responsive genes and inhibited plant growth. Through gene manipulation, we demonstrated the function of NLP in S. lycopersici virulence and development. Our work provides a paradigm for functional genomics studies in a non-model fungal pathogen system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (J.L.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Hongyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (J.L.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Xizhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (J.L.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (J.L.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Jiuhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Chuanyou Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (C.L.)
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Severn-Ellis AA, Schoeman MH, Bayer PE, Hane JK, Rees DJG, Edwards D, Batley J. Genome Analysis of the Broad Host Range Necrotroph Nalanthamala psidii Highlights Genes Associated With Virulence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:811152. [PMID: 35283890 PMCID: PMC8914235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.811152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guava wilt disease is caused by the fungus Nalanthamala psidii. The wilt disease results in large-scale destruction of orchards in South Africa, Taiwan, and several Southeast Asian countries. De novo assembly, annotation, and in-depth analysis of the N. psidii genome were carried out to facilitate the identification of characteristics associated with pathogenicity and pathogen evolution. The predicted secretome revealed a range of CAZymes, proteases, lipases and peroxidases associated with plant cell wall degradation, nutrient acquisition, and disease development. Further analysis of the N. psidii carbohydrate-active enzyme profile exposed the broad-spectrum necrotrophic lifestyle of the pathogen, which was corroborated by the identification of putative effectors and secondary metabolites with the potential to induce tissue necrosis and cell surface-dependent immune responses. Putative regulatory proteins including transcription factors and kinases were identified in addition to transporters potentially involved in the secretion of secondary metabolites. Transporters identified included important ABC and MFS transporters involved in the efflux of fungicides. Analysis of the repetitive landscape and the detection of mechanisms linked to reproduction such as het and mating genes rendered insights into the biological complexity and evolutionary potential of N. psidii as guava pathogen. Hence, the assembly and annotation of the N. psidii genome provided a valuable platform to explore the pathogenic potential and necrotrophic lifestyle of the guava wilt pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A. Severn-Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Aquaculture Research and Development, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Watermans Bay, WA, Australia
| | - Maritha H. Schoeman
- Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Philipp E. Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - James K. Hane
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - D. Jasper G. Rees
- Agricultural Research Council, Biotechnology Platform, Pretoria, South Africa
- Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Cao Z, Banniza S. Cross-Kingdom Gene Coexpression Analysis Using a Stemphylium botryosum-Lens ervoides System Revealed Plasticity of Intercommunication Between the Pathogen Secretome and the Host Immune Systems. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1365-1377. [PMID: 34890251 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0112-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic pathogens are responsible for significant declines in crop yield and quality worldwide. During the infection process, a pathogen releases a series of secretory proteins to counteract the plant immune system, and this interaction of pathogen and host molecules determines whether the pathogen will successfully invade the host plant tissues. In this study, we adopted co-transcriptomic approaches to analyze the Lens ervoides-Stemphylium botryosum system, with a focus on 1,216 fungal genes coding for secretory proteins and 8,810 disease-responsive genes of the host 48, 96, and 144 h postinoculation, captured in two F9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) displaying contrasting disease responses. By constructing in planta gene coexpression networks (GCNs) for S. botryosum, we found that the pathogen tended to co-upregulate genes regulating cell wall degradation enzymes, effectors, oxidoreductases, and peptidases to a much higher degree in the susceptible host LR-66-577 than in the resistant RIL LR-66-637, indicating that the promotion of these digestive enzymes and toxins increased S. botryosum virulence. Construction of cross-kingdom GCNs between pathogen and plant for the two RILs revealed that the co-upregulation of these fungal digestive enzymes and toxins simultaneously promoted a series of defense responses such as redox change, expression of membrane-related genes and serine/threonine kinase, and stress and disease responses in the susceptible RIL which was not observed in the resistant RIL, indicating that these activities exacerbated susceptibility to S. botryosum.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cao
- Crop Development Centre/Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sabine Banniza
- Crop Development Centre/Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Vakili O, Khatami SH, Maleksabet A, Movahedpour A, Fana SE, Sadegh R, Salmanzadeh AH, Razeghifam H, Nourdideh S, Tehrani SS, Taheri-Anganeh M. Finding Appropriate Signal Peptides for Secretory Production of Recombinant Glucarpidase: An In SilicoMethod. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:302-315. [PMID: 34547999 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666210921095420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate (MTX) is a general chemotherapeutic agent utilized to treat a variety of malignancies, woefully, its high doses can cause nephrotoxicity and subsequent defect in the process of MTX excretion. The recombinant form of glucarpidase is produced by engineered E. coli and is a confirmed choice to overcoming this problem. OBJECTIVE In the present study, in silico analyses were performed to select suitable SPs for the secretion of recombinant glucarpidase in E. coli. METHODS The signal peptide website and UniProt database were employed to collect the SPs and protein sequences. In the next step, SignalP-5.0 helped us to predict the SPs and the position of cleavage sites. Moreover, physicochemical properties and solubility were evaluated using Prot- Param and Protein-sol online software, and finally, ProtCompB was used to predict the final subcellular localization. RESULTS Luckily, all SPs could form soluble fusion proteins. At last, it was found that PPB and TIBA could translocate the glucarpidase into the extracellular compartment. CONCLUSION This study showed that there are only 2 applicable SPs for the extracellular translocation of glucarpidase. Although the findings were remarkable with high degrees of accuracy and precision based on the utilization of bioinformatics analyses, additional experimental assessments are required to confirm and validate it. Recent patents revealed several inventions related to the clinical aspects of vaccine peptides against human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Maleksabet
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi Fana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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He Y, Zhou X, Li J, Li H, Li Y, Nie Y. In Vitro Secretome Analysis Suggests Differential Pathogenic Mechanisms between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1 and Race 4. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1353. [PMID: 34572566 PMCID: PMC8466104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is a devastating disease that causes tremendous reductions in banana yield worldwide. Secreted proteins can act as pathogenicity factors and play important roles in the Foc-banana interactions. In this study, a shotgun-based proteomic approach was employed to characterize and compare the secretomes of Foc1 and Foc4 upon banana extract treatment, which detected 1183 Foc1 and 2450 Foc4 proteins. Comprehensive in silico analyses further identified 447 Foc1 and 433 Foc4 proteins in the classical and non-classical secretion pathways, while the remaining proteins might be secreted through currently unknown mechanisms. Further analyses showed that the secretomes of Foc1 and Foc4 are similar in their overall functional characteristics and share largely conserved repertoires of CAZymes and effectors. However, we also identified a number of potentially important pathogenicity factors that are differentially present in Foc1 and Foc4, which may contribute to their different pathogenicity against banana hosts. Furthermore, our quantitative PCR analysis revealed that genes encoding secreted pathogenicity factors differ significantly between Foc1 and Foc4 in their expression regulation in response to banana extract treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental secretome analysis that focused on the pathogenicity mechanism in different Foc races. The results of this study provide useful resources for further exploration of the complicated pathogenicity mechanisms in Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jieling Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huaping Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanfang Nie
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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11
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Kavousipour S, Mohammadi S, Eftekhar E, Barazesh M, Morowvat MH. In Silico Investigation of Signal Peptide Sequences to Enhance Secretion of CD44 Nanobodies Expressed in Escherichia coli. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:1192-1205. [PMID: 33045964 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666201012162904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selection of a suitable signal peptide that can direct recombinant proteins from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space is an important criterion affecting the production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, a widely used host. Nanobodies are currently attracting the attention of scientists as antibody alternatives due to their specific properties and feasibility of production in E. coli. OBJECTIVE CD44 nanobodies constitute a potent therapeutic agent that can block CD44/HA interaction in cancer and inflammatory diseases. This molecule may also function as a drug against cancer cells and has been produced previously in E. coli without a signal peptide sequence. The goal of this project was to find a suitable signal peptide to direct CD44 nanobody extracellular secretion in E. coli that will potentially lead to optimization of experimental methods and facilitate downstream steps such as purification. METHODS We analyzed 40 E. coli derived signal peptides retrieved from the Signal Peptide database and selected the best candidate signal peptides according to relevant criteria including signal peptide probability, stability, and physicochemical features, which were evaluated using signalP software version 4.1 and the ProtParam tool, respectively. RESULTS In this in silico study, suitable candidate signal peptide(s) for CD44 nanobody secretory expression were identified. CSGA, TRBC, YTFQ, NIKA, and DGAL were selected as appropriate signal peptides with acceptable D-scores, and appropriate physicochemical and structural properties. Following further analysis, TRBC was selected as the best signal peptide to direct CD44 nanobody expression to the extracellular space of E. coli. CONCLUSION The selected signal peptide, TRBC is the most suitable to promote high-level secretory production of CD44 nanobodies in E. coli and potentially will be useful for scaling up CD44 nanobody production in experimental research as well as in other CD44 nanobody applications. However, experimental work is needed to confirm the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Kavousipour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Shiva Mohammadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barazesh
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Morowvat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Yang M, Zhu Z, Bai Y, Zhuang Z, Ge F, Li M, Wang S. A novel phosphoinositide kinase Fab1 regulates biosynthesis of pathogenic aflatoxin in Aspergillus flavus. Virulence 2020; 12:96-113. [PMID: 33315533 PMCID: PMC7781676 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1859820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is one of the most important model environmental fungi which can produce a potent toxin and carcinogen known as aflatoxin. Aflatoxin contamination causes massive agricultural economic loss and a critical human health issue each year. Although a functional vacuole has been highlighted for its fundamental importance in fungal virulence, the molecular mechanisms of the vacuole in regulating the virulence of A. flavus remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a novel vacuole-related protein in A. flavus, the ortholog of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-5-kinase (Fab1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This kinase was located at the vacuolar membrane, and loss of fab1 function was found to affect the growth, conidia and sclerotial development, cellular acidification and metal ion homeostasis, aflatoxin production and pathogenicity of A. flavus. Further functional analysis revealed that Fab1 was required to maintain the vacuole size and cell morphology. Additional quantitative proteomic analysis suggested that Fab1 was likely to play an important role in maintaining vacuolar/cellular homeostasis, with vacuolar dysregulation upon fab1 deletion leading to impaired aflatoxin synthesis in this fungus. Together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which this pathogen produces aflatoxin and mediates its pathogenicity, and may facilitate dissection of the vacuole-mediated regulatory network in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Youhuang Bai
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
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13
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Zhai X, Wang W, Ma Y, Zeng Y, Dou D, Fan H, Song J, Yu X, Xin D, Du G, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Zhang X, Jin B. Serum KIAA1199 is an advanced-stage prognostic biomarker and metastatic oncogene in cholangiocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23761-23777. [PMID: 33197891 PMCID: PMC7762501 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell proliferation and migration are the determinants of malignant tumor progression, and a better understanding of related genes will lead to the identification of new targets aimed at preventing the spread of cancer. Some studies have shown that KIAA1199 (CEMIP) is a transmembrane protein expressed in many types of noncancerous cells and cancer cells. However, the potential role of KIAA1199 in the progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains unclear. RESULTS Analysis of cancer-related databases showed that KIAA1199 is overexpressed in CCA. ELISA, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and qPCR indicated high expression levels of KIAA1199 in serum, CCA tissues and CCA cell lines. In the serum (n = 41) and large sample validation (n = 177) cohorts, higher KIAA1199 expression was associated with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival times. At the cellular level, KIAA1199 overexpression (OE) promoted CCA growth and metastasis. Subcutaneous tumor xenograft experiments showed that KIAA1199 enhances CCA cell proliferation. Additionally, the expression levels of components in the EMT-related TGF-β pathway changed significantly after KIAA1199 upregulation and silencing. CONCLUSION KIAA1199 is a promising new diagnostic molecule and therapeutic target in CCA. The serum KIAA1199 level can be used as a promising clinical tool for predicting the overall postoperative outcomes of patients with CCA. METHODS CCA-related KIAA1199 data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. To assess the prognostic impact of KIAA1199, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum level of KIAA1199 in 41 patients who underwent surgical resection. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and qPCR were used to verify and retrospectively review the expression levels of KIAA1199 in cancer tissue specimens from 177 CCA patients. The effect of KIAA1199 on CCA was evaluated by cell-based functional assays and subcutaneous tumor xenograft experiments. The expression levels of proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of relevant signaling pathways were measured via Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhai
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yijia Zeng
- Radiology Department, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Dou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haoning Fan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Du
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengchen Jiang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Bin Jin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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14
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Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Chen YJ, Papp V, Palla B, Papp D, Bhunjun CS, Hurdeal VG, Senwanna C, Manawasinghe IS, Harischandra DL, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Chuankid B, Goonasekara ID, Hongsanan S, Zeng X, Liyanage KK, Liu N, Karunarathna A, Hapuarachchi KK, Luangharn T, Raspé O, Brahmanage R, Doilom M, Lee HB, Mei L, Jeewon R, Huanraluek N, Chaiwan N, Stadler M, Wang Y. One stop shop IV: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 76–100 (2020). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
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16
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Liu Y, Xin J, Liu L, Song A, Liao Y, Guan Z, Fang W, Chen F. Ubiquitin E3 Ligase AaBre1 Responsible for H2B Monoubiquitination Is Involved in Hyphal Growth, Conidiation and Pathogenicity in Alternaria alternata. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020229. [PMID: 32098172 PMCID: PMC7074354 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of several post-transcriptional modifications of histone 2B (H2B) which affect the chromatin structure and, hence, influence gene transcription. This study focuses on Alternaria alternata, a fungal pathogen responsible for leaf spot in many plant species. The experiments show that the product of AaBRE1, a gene which encodes H2B monoubiquitination E3 ligase, regulates hyphal growth, conidial formation and pathogenicity. Knockout of AaBRE1 by the homologous recombination strategy leads to the loss of H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1), as well as a remarkable decrease in the enrichment of trimethylated lysine 4 on histone 3 (H3K4me3). RNA sequencing assays elucidated that the transcription of genes encoding certain C2H2 zinc-finger family transcription factors, cell wall-degrading enzymes and chitin-binding proteins was suppressed in the AaBRE1 knockout cells. GO enrichment analysis showed that these proteins encoded by the set of genes differentially transcribed between the deletion mutant and wild type were enriched in the functional categories “macramolecular complex”, “cellular metabolic process”, etc. A major conclusion was that the AaBRE1 product, through its effect on histone 2B monoubiquitination and histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation, makes an important contribution to the fungus’s hyphal growth, conidial formation and pathogenicity.
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Yang Y, Fang A, Yu Y, Bi C, Zhou C. Integrated transcriptomic and secretomic approaches reveal critical pathogenicity factors in Pseudofabraea citricarpa inciting citrus target spot. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1260-1273. [PMID: 31162831 PMCID: PMC6801157 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Target spot is a newly emerging citrus disease caused by Pseudofabraea citricarpa. Outbreaks of this disease result in massive economic losses to citrus production. Here, an integrated study involving comparative transcriptomic and secretomic analyses was conducted to determine the critical pathogenicity factors of P. citricarpa involved in the induction of citrus target spot. A total of 701 transcripts and their cognate proteins were quantified and integrated. Among these transcripts and proteins, 99 exhibited the same expression patterns. Our quantitative integrated multi-omic data highlight several potentially pivotal pathogenicity factors, including 16 unigenes that were annotated as plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes, 13 unigenes homologous to virulence factors from various fungi, and one unigene described as a small cysteine-rich secreted protein, were screened and analysed. The screening of differentially expressed genes that encode secondary metabolism core enzymes implicated terpene metabolism in the pathogenicity of P. citricarpa. Overall, results indicated that plant cell wall degradation, plant-pathogen protein/polyribonucleotide interaction, and terpene biosynthesis have critical roles in the pathogenicity of P. citricarpa. This work demonstrated that integrated omic approaches enable the identification of pathogenicity/virulence factors and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of fungi. These insights would aid the development of effective disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqing400712China
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18
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Zeng R, Gao S, Xu L, Liu X, Dai F. Correction to: Prediction of pathogenesis-related secreted proteins from Stemphylium lycopersici. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:19. [PMID: 30665346 PMCID: PMC6340169 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protection Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201,403, China
| | - Shigang Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protection Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201,403, China
| | - Lihui Xu
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protection Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201,403, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protection Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201,403, China
| | - Fuming Dai
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protection Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201,403, China.
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