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Pérez-Quintero AL, Rodriguez-R LM, Cuesta-Morrondo S, Hakalová E, Betancurt-Anzola D, Valera LCC, Cardenas LAC, Matiz-Céron L, Jacobs JM, Roman-Reyna V, Muñoz AR, Giraldo AJB, Koebnik R. Comparative Genomics Identifies Conserved and Variable TAL Effectors in African Strains of the Cotton Pathogen Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1387-1393. [PMID: 37081724 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0477-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum cause bacterial blight of cotton, a potentially serious threat to cotton production worldwide, including in sub-Saharan countries. Development of disease symptoms, such as water soaking, has been linked to the activity of a class of type 3 effectors, called transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors, which induce susceptibility genes in the host's cells. To gain further insight into the global diversity of the pathogen, to elucidate their repertoires of TAL effector genes, and to better understand the evolution of these genes in the cotton-pathogenic xanthomonads, we sequenced the genomes of three African strains of X. citri pv. malvacearum using nanopore technology. We show that the cotton-pathogenic pathovar of X. citri is a monophyletic lineage containing at least three distinct genetic subclades, which appear to be mirrored by their repertoires of TAL effectors. We observed an atypical level of TAL effector gene pseudogenization, which might be related to resistance genes that are deployed to control the disease. Our work thus contributes to a better understanding of the conservation and importance of TAL effectors in the interaction with the host plant, which can inform strategies for improving resistance against bacterial blight in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro L Pérez-Quintero
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (PHIM), University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luis M Rodriguez-R
- Department of Microbiology and Digital Science Center (DiSC), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara Cuesta-Morrondo
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio Bacteriología, Centro Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniela Betancurt-Anzola
- Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Carolina Camelo Valera
- Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Alberto Chica Cardenas
- Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luisa Matiz-Céron
- Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Veronica Roman-Reyna
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Alejandro Reyes Muñoz
- Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Ralf Koebnik
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (PHIM), University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Haq F, Xu X, Ma W, Shah SMA, Liu L, Zhu B, Zou L, Chen G. A Xanthomonas transcription activator-like effector is trapped in nonhost plants for immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100249. [PMID: 35059629 PMCID: PMC8760140 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight in rice, delivers transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins into host cells to activate susceptibility or resistance (R) genes that promote disease or immunity, respectively. Nonhost plants serve as potential reservoirs of R genes; consequently, nonhost R genes may trap TALEs to trigger an immune response. In this study, we screened 17 Xoo TALEs for their ability to induce a hypersensitive response (HR) in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb); only AvrXa10 elicited an HR when transiently expressed in Nb. The HR generated by AvrXa10 required both the central repeat region and the activation domain, suggesting a specific interaction between AvrXa10 and a potential R-like gene in nonhost plants. Evans blue staining and ion leakage measurements confirmed that the AvrXa10-triggered HR was a form of cell death, and the transient expression of AvrXa10 in Nb induced immune responses. Genes targeted by AvrXa10 in the Nb genome were identified by transcriptome profiling and prediction of effector binding sites. Using several approaches (in vivo reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, targeted designer TALEs, and on-spot gene silencing), we confirmed that AvrXa10 targets NbZnFP1, a C2H2-type zinc finger protein that resides in the nucleus. Functional analysis indicated that overexpression of NbZnFP1 and its rice orthologs triggered cell death in rice protoplasts. An NbZnFP1 ortholog was also identified in tomato and was specifically activated by AvrXa10. These results demonstrate that NbZnFP1 is a nonhost R gene that traps AvrXa10 to promote plant immunity in Nb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Haq
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiameng Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Syed Mashab Ali Shah
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Corresponding author
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