1
|
Chi Y, Wei F, Tang D, Mu C, Ma H, Wang Z, Al-Rasheid KAS, Hines HN, Chen X. Exploring the biogeography, morphology, and phylogeny of the condylostomatid ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Heterotrichea), with establishment of four new Condylostoma species and a revision including redescriptions of five species found in China. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:365-404. [PMID: 39219685 PMCID: PMC11358585 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-024-00223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Species of the ciliate class Heterotrichea Stein, 1859 are a cosmopolitan group of unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms, many of which have been widely used as models in various fields of research such as regenerative biology, functional ecology, environmental toxicology, and symbiotic behavior. However, species identification in the heterotrich family Condylostomatidae, especially the most species-rich and type genus Condylostoma Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1824, remains challenging due to incomplete original descriptions, few reliable distinguishing characters, and overlapping features between different species. This study presents an updated revision of Condylostoma and its related genus Condylostomides da Silva Neto, 1994 based on descriptions of five species, including nine populations collected from China, using both morphological and molecular methods. The main findings are as follows: (1) 43 nominal species and about 130 populations are reviewed, resulting in the recognition of 30 valid species of Condylostoma and eight valid species of Condylostomides; (2) keys, synonyms, biogeographic distributions and amended/improved diagnoses of all valid species are provided; (3) based on the available data, four new Condylostoma species (C. marinum sp. nov., C. petzi sp. nov., C. villeneuvei sp. nov., and C. microstomum sp. nov.), one new combination (Condylostomides minimus (Dragesco, 1954) comb. nov. & nom. corr.), and two corrected names (Condylostoma ancestrale Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940 nom. corr. and Condylostomides nigrus (Dragesco, 1960) nom. corr.) are suggested; (4) cryptic species are detected and proposed for the first time to form the Condylostoma curvum species complex; (5) three highly confusing Condylostoma species, C. kris, C. spatiosum, and C. minutum, are redefined for the first time based on modern taxonomic methods; (6) a 'flagship' species, Condylostomides coeruleus, is recorded for the first time from the continent of Asia, substantially expanding its biogeography; (7) ciliature adjacent to the distal end of the paroral membrane within the family Condylostomatidae is uniformly defined as frontal membranelles and is classified into three patterns according to the arrangement of kinetosomes, which serve as important key features. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-024-00223-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chi
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, and Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Education Ministry), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Fan Wei
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, and Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Education Ministry), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Danxu Tang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Changjun Mu
- Weishan Special Aquaculture Base, Jining, 277600 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, and Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Education Ministry), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, and Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Education Ministry), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | | | - Hunter N. Hines
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Florida, 34946 USA
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Chi Y, Li T, Song W, Wang Y, Wu T, Zhang G, Liu Y, Ma H, Song W, Al-Rasheid KAS, Warren A, Lu B. Biodiversity of freshwater ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) in the Lake Weishan Wetland, China: the state of the art. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:429-451. [PMID: 37078082 PMCID: PMC10077249 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates are core components of the structure of and function of aquatic microbial food webs. They play an essential role in the energy flow and material circulation within aquatic ecosystems. However, studies on the taxonomy and biodiversity of freshwater ciliates, especially those in wetlands in China are limited. To address this issue, a project to investigate the freshwater ciliates of the Lake Weishan Wetland, Shandong Province, commenced in 2019. Here, we summarize our findings to date on the diversity of ciliates. A total of 187 ciliate species have been found, 94 of which are identified to species-level, 87 to genus-level, and six to family-level. These species show a high morphological diversity and represent five classes, i.e., Heterotrichea, Litostomatea, Prostomatea, Oligohymenophorea, and Spirotrichea. The largest number of species documented are oligohymenophoreans. A comprehensive database of these ciliates, including morphological data, gene sequences, microscope slide specimens and a DNA bank, has been established. In the present study, we provide an annotated checklist of retrieved ciliates as well as information on the sequences of published species. Most of these species are recorded in China for the first time and more than 20% are tentatively identified as new to science. Additionally, an investigation of environmental DNA revealed that the ciliate species diversity in Lake Weishan Wetland is higher than previously supposed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00154-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Yong Chi
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wenya Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Gongaote Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | | | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Borong Lu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye T, Jiang Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Li L, Shin MK, Chen X. The widely reported but poorly studied ciliate family Folliculinidae (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Heterotrichea): a revision with notes on its taxonomy, morphology and phylogenetic relationships. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:471-492. [PMID: 37078084 PMCID: PMC10077228 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates of the heterotrich family Folliculinidae are widespread in various habitats and are distinguished by their transparent loricae of various shapes, conspicuous peristomial lobes, and dimorphic life cycles. They usually attach firmly to the surface of substrates, feed on bacteria and microalgae, and play a significant role in energy flow and material cycling in the microbial food web. However, little is known regarding their biodiversity and systematics. In this work, we establish the terminology of the family Folliculinidae and select six crucial features for genus recognition. Based on previous studies, we revise the classification of Folliculinidae, supply improved diagnoses for each of the 33 folliculinid genera, and provide a key to their identification. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences revealed that the family is monophyletic and comprises two subclades (subclades I II) which can be identified by the flexibility of their peristomial lobes and the sculpturing of their necks. Furthermore, we investigate the evolutionary relationships of folliculinids using the six chosen generic features. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00152-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ye
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Yaohan Jiang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Shuchang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Mann Kyoon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hao T, Li B, Song Y, Warren A, Pan X. Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two new Blepharisma species (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea) from northeastern china. Eur J Protistol 2022; 85:125908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
5
|
Morphology, Life Cycle, and SSU rDNA-based Phylogeny of Two Folliculinid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea, Folliculinidae) Collected from Subtropical Coastal Wetlands of China. Protist 2021; 172:125844. [PMID: 34916151 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most ciliates of the heterotrich family Folliculinidae are flagship periphytic species. They are characterized by their transparent lorica, conspicuous peristomial lobes, and dimorphic life cycle. However, the understanding of their biodiversity and systematics is relatively poor. In the present study, we investigate the morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Ampullofolliculina lageniformis Hadži, 1951 and Metafolliculina producta (Wright, 1859) Dons, 1934, collected from subtropical coastal wetlands in China. An integrative approach combining investigations of their morphology, life cycle and ecology was used. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences showed that: all folliculinid genera form a monophyletic clade; the two genera with flexible peristomial lobes, Metafolliculina and Eufolliculina, are closely related; the other three genera with inflexible peristomial lobes, Ampullofolliculina, Diafolliculina and Folliculina, group together.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang G, Chi Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Liu R, Warren A, Zhao Y, Pan H. Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on two new freshwater Amphileptus species (Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida), from Lake Weishan, northern China. Eur J Protistol 2021; 82:125854. [PMID: 34922136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and phylogeny of two new species of pleurostomatid ciliates, Amphilepus weishanensis sp. nov. and A. parapleurosigma sp. nov., collected from Lake Weishan in northern China, were studied using live observation, protargol staining and phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data. In both species, extrusomes form an apical group and contractile vacuoles are distributed along both the dorsal and the ventral margin. Amphileptus weishanensis sp. nov. is characterized by its body size (560-780 × 60-100 μm in vivo) and the possession of five left and 56-61 right somatic kineties, filiform extrusomes and 3-9 macronuclear nodules. Amphileptus parapleurosigma sp. nov. is characterized by possessing 4-6 left and 19-24 right somatic kineties and clavate extrusomes. The SSU rDNA sequences differ among ten similar species by 3-60 bp. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rDNA sequences indicate that the family Amphileptidae is monophyletic while Amphileptus is paraphyletic with Pseudoamphileptus nesting within this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongaote Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong Chi
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Weishan Fishery Development Service Center, Jining 277600, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Weishan Fishery Development Service Center, Jining 277600, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Hongbo Pan
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jin D, Zhao X, Ye T, Huang J, Warren A, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X. Taxonomy and SSU rDNA-Based Phylogeny of Two Heterotrich Ciliates (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea) Collected From Subtropical Wetlands of China, Including the Description of a New Species, Linostomella pseudovorticella n. sp. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719360. [PMID: 34557172 PMCID: PMC8453171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Heterotrichea Stein, 1859 are a group of ciliated protists (single-celled eukaryotes) that occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitat where they play important roles in the flow of nutrients and energy within the microbial food web. Many species are model organisms for research in cytology and regenerative biology. In the present study, the morphology and phylogeny of two heterotrich ciliates, namely, Linostomella pseudovorticella n. sp. and Peritromus kahli Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940, collected from subtropical wetlands of China, were investigated using morphological and molecular methods. L. pseudovorticella n. sp. differs from its only known congener, Linostomella vorticella Ehrenberg, 1833 Aescht in Foissner et al., 1999, by having more ciliary rows (48-67, mean about 56 vs. 26-51, mean about 42) and its small-subunit (SSU) rDNA sequence, which shows a 15-bp divergence. Although P. kahli has been reported several times in recent decades, its infraciliature has yet to be described. A redescription and improved diagnosis of this species based on a combination of previous and present data are here supplied. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences revealed that the genus Linostomella is positioned within Condylostomatidae, and Peritromidae is sister to Climacostomidae with relatively low support, and the family Spirostomidae is the root branch of the class Heterotrichea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didi Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuetong Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|