The 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing correlation analysis of milk and gut microbial communities in mastitis Holstein cows

Revealing microbial diversity in buffalo milk with high somatic cell counts: implications for mastitis diagnosis and treatment

Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases that threatens the health of dairy animals. The somatic cell count (SCC) in milk is widely used to monitor mastitis. This study aimed to reveal the diversity of microorganisms in buffalo milk with high somatic cell count (SCC ≥ 3 × 105 cells/mL, n = 30) and low somatic cell count (SCC ≤ 5 × 104 cells/mL, n = 10), and identify the dominant bacteria that cause mastitis in a local buffalo farm. We also investigated the potential method to treat bacterial mastitis. The V3-V4 region of 16 S rDNA was sequenced. Results showed that, compared to the milk with low SCC, the high SCC samples showed lower microbial diversity, but a high abundance of bacteria and operational taxonomic units (OTUs). By in vitro isolation and culture, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found to be the leading pathogens, which is consistent with the 16 S rDNA sequencing data. We further isolated 3 of the main pathogens and established a pathogen detection method based on ELISA. In addition, the antibacterial effects of 10 antimicrobials and 15 Chinese herbal extracts were also investigated. Results showed that the microbial has developed tolerance to several of the antimicrobials. While the water extracts of Chinese herbal medicine such as Galla Chinensis, Coptis chinensis Franch, Terminalia chebula Retz, and Sanguisorba officinalis L can effectively inhibit the growth of main pathogens. This study provides novel insight into the microbial diversity in buffalo milk and a reference for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mastitis.

Milk microbiota of Holstein Friesian cattle reared in Lahore: Association with mastitis

The dairy industry is reshaping itself and becoming commercialized in Pakistan due to the increased demand for milk to overcome the shortage. Exotic breeds such as Holstein Friesian, a high milk producing breed have started being reared more on farms in Pakistan. Along with other issues, mastitis does affects the milk production of this breed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the milk composition in terms of bacterial communities in Holstein Friesian reared in Punjab, Pakistan and alteration in microbial composition with healthy and mastitic udder. Milk samples (n = 36) from farms rearing Holstein Friesian were collected. Among these samples, 05 samples from each three groups, HHF(healthy), CHF (clinical mastitis) and SHF (subclinical mastitis), based on their udder health condition, were processed using the 16 S r=RNA gene based technique. Diversity assessment as carried out by alpha diversity indices showed that milk samples from the udder infected with clinical mastitis were the least diverse and those from the healthy udder were more diverse. Beta diversity across samples showed a scattered pattern suggesting overlap amongst bacterial communities across different groups samples as depicted by PCA plots of beta diversity indices. The taxonomic profile revealed that Proteobacteria Firmicutes, Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota were the major phyla detected across all groups. Proteobacteria dominated the HHF and SHF group while abundance of Firmicutes was higher in CHF group. Differences at other levels including order, genus and species were also recorded. The overall picture concludes that diverse microbiota is associated with different udder health conditions.

Role of the intestinal microbiome and its therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorder

The gut microbiome is a heterogeneous population of microbes comprising viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Such a microbiome is essential for sustaining host equilibrium, and its impact on human health can be altered by a variety of factors such as external variables, social behavior, age, nutrition, and genetics. Gut microbes' imbalances are related to a variety of chronic diseases including cancer, obesity, and digestive disorders. Globally, recent findings show that intestinal microbes have a significant role in the formation of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is still the primary cause of fatalities. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and some inherited variables are all cardiovascular risk variables. However, studies found correlations between metabolism, intestinal flora, and dietary intake. Variations in the diversity of gut microbes and changes in their activity are thought to influence CVD etiology. Furthermore, the gut microbiota acts as an endocrine organ, producing bioactive metabolites such as TMA (trimethylamine)/TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), SCFA (short-chain fatty acids), and bile acids, which have a substantial impact on host wellness and disease by multiple mechanisms. The purpose of this overview is to compile current evidence highlighting the intricate links between gut microbiota, metabolites, and the development of CVD. It focuses on how intestinal dysbiosis promotes CVD risk factors such as heart failure, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. This review explores the normal physiology of intestinal microbes and potential techniques for targeting gut bacteria for CVD treatment using various microbial metabolites. It also examines the significance of gut bacteria in disease treatment, including supplements, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotic therapies, and fecal transplantation, which is an innovative approach to the management of CVD. As a result, gut bacteria and metabolic pathways become increasingly attractive as potential targets for CVD intervention.