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Tan J, Zhu H, Zeng Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Li M. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Neuroscience 2024; 546:118-142. [PMID: 38574799 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common and fatal cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, mortality and very poor prognosis worldwide. SAH can induce a complex series of pathophysiological processes, and the main factors affecting its prognosis are early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). The pathophysiological features of EBI mainly include intense neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction and brain edema, while DCI is characterized by delayed onset ischemic neurological deficits and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). Despite much exploration in people to improve the prognostic outcome of SAH, effective treatment strategies are still lacking. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that natural compounds of plant origin have unique neuro- and vascular protective effects in EBI and DCI after SAH and long-term neurological deficits, which mainly include inhibition of inflammatory response, reduction of oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and improvement of blood-brain barrier and cerebral vasospasm. The aim of this paper is to systematically explore the processes of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in SAH, and to summarize natural compounds as potential targets for improving the prognosis of SAH and their related mechanisms of action for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacong Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Huaxin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yanyang Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yeyu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Vidhya R, Anbumani VI, Dinakara Rao A, Anuradha CV. Identification of novel human neutrophil elastase inhibitors from dietary phytochemicals using in silico and in vitro studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:3451-3461. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1847685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vidhya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ampasala Dinakara Rao
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Tawfeek SE, Shalaby AM, Alabiad MA, Albackoosh AAAA, Albakoush KMM, Omira MMA. Metanil yellow promotes oxidative stress, astrogliosis, and apoptosis in the cerebellar cortex of adult male rat with possible protective effect of scutellarin: A histological and immunohistochemical study. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101624. [PMID: 34419739 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metanil yellow is a food dye that has harmful impacts on different body systems. Scutellarin has antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of the current research was to study the effect of chronic administration of metanil yellow on the cerebellar cortex of rats and to evaluate the protective effect of scutellarin. Forty adult male rats were allocated into four groups: group I acted as control, group II was administrated scutellarin (100 mg/kg/day), group III was administrated metanil yellow (200 mg/kg/day), and group IV was administrated scutellarin and metanil yellow as in group II and group III. The agents were administered via oral gavage for 8 weeks. Metanil yellow induced a significant rise in the malondialdehyde coupled with a significant reduction in the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The Purkinje cells were irregular and shrunken with condensed nuclei. A significant elevation in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cleaved caspase-3 as well as a significant reduction of synaptophysin expression were revealed in comparison with the control group. Interestingly, few changes were noticed in rats given metanil yellow concomitant with scutellarin. In conclusion, scutellarin could protect against metanil yellow-induced alterations in the cerebellar cortex by reducing oxidative stress and minimizing gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Elsayed Tawfeek
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt; Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Scutellarin ameliorates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy associated with GAP43-dependent signaling pathway. Chin Med 2021; 16:105. [PMID: 34663387 PMCID: PMC8524967 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) refers to the perinatal asphyxia caused by the cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury. The current study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic efficacy of Scutellarin (Scu) administration on neurological impairments induced by hypoxic-ischemic injury and exploring the underlying mechanisms. Methods Primary cortical neurons were cultured and subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD), and then treated with Scu administration. The growth status of neurons was observed by immunofluorescence staining of TUJ1 and TUNEL. Besides, the mRNA level of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) in OGD neurons with Scu treatment was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To further verify the role of GAP43 in Scu treatment, GAP43 siRNA and knockout were applied in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, behavioral evaluations were performed to elucidate the function of GAP43 in the Scu-ameliorated long-term neurological impairments caused by HI insult. The underlying biological mechanism of Scu treatment was further elucidated via network pharmacological analysis. Finally, the interactive genes with GAP43 were identified by Gene MANIA and further validated by qRT-PCR. Results Our data demonstrated that Scu treatment increased the number of neurons and axon growth, and suppressed cell apoptosis in vitro. And the expression of GAP43 was downregulated after OGD, but reversed by Scu administration. Besides, GAP43 silencing aggravated the Scu-ameliorated neuronal death and axonal damage. Meanwhile, GAP43 knockout enlarged brain infarct area and deteriorated the cognitive and motor dysfunctions of HI rats. Further, network pharmacological analysis revealed the drug targets of Scu participated in such biological processes as neuronal death and regulation of neuronal death, and apoptosis-related pathways. GAP43 exhibited close relationship with PTN, JAK2 and STAT3, and GAP43 silencing upregulated the levels of PTN, JAK2 and STAT3. Conclusions Collectively, our findings revealed Scu treatment attenuated long-term neurological impairments after HI by suppressing neuronal death and enhancing neurite elongation through GAP43-dependent pathway. The crucial role of Scutellarin in neuroprotection provided a novel possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of neonatal HIE. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00517-z.
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He XY, Xu Y, Xia QJ, Zhao XM, Li S, He XQ, Wang RR, Wang TH. Combined Scutellarin and C 18H 17NO 6 Imperils the Survival of Glioma: Partly Associated With the Repression of PSEN1/PI3K-AKT Signaling Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:663262. [PMID: 34568005 PMCID: PMC8460401 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.663262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma, the most common intracranial tumor, harbors great harm. Since the treatment for it has reached the bottleneck stage, the development of new drugs becomes a trend. Therefore, we focus on the effect of scutellarin (SCU) and its combination with C18H17NO6 (abbreviated as combination) on glioma and its possible mechanism in this study. Firstly, SCU and C18H17NO6 both suppressed the proliferation of U251 and LN229 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and C18H17NO6 augmented the inhibition effect of SCU on U251 and LN229 cells in vitro. Moreover, there was an interactive effect between them. Secondly, SCU and C18H17NO6 decreased U251 cells in G2 phase and LN229 cells in G2 and S phases but increased U251 cells in S phase, respectively. Meanwhile, the combination could further reduce U251 cells in G2 phase and LN229 cells in G2 and S phases. Thirdly, SCU and C18H17NO6 both induced the apoptosis of U251 and LN229. The combination further increased the apoptosis rate of both cells compared with the two drugs alone. Furthermore, SCU and C18H17NO6 both inhibited the lateral and vertical migration of both cells, which was further repressed by the combination. More importantly, the effect of SCU and the combination was better than positive control-temozolomide, and the toxicity was low. Additionally, SCU and C18H17NO6 could suppress the growth of glioma in vivo, and the effect of the combination was better. Finally, SCU and the combination upregulated the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) level but inactivated the phosphatidylinositol 3−kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) signaling in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, we concluded that scutellarin and its combination with C18H17NO6 suppressed the proliferation/growth and migration and induced the apoptosis of glioma, in which the mechanism might be associated with the repression of PSEN1/PI3K-AKT signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying He
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xia
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong He
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ru-Rong Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Neuroprotective Phytochemicals in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6687386. [PMID: 34007405 PMCID: PMC8102108 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6687386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a challenging disease with high mortality and disability rates, causing a great economic and social burden worldwide. During ischemic stroke, ionic imbalance and excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are developed in a relatively certain order, which then activate the cell death pathways directly or indirectly via the promotion of organelle dysfunction. Neuroprotection, a therapy that is aimed at inhibiting this damaging cascade, is therefore an important therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Notably, phytochemicals showed great neuroprotective potential in preclinical research via various strategies including modulation of calcium levels and antiexcitotoxicity, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and BBB protection, mitochondrial protection and antiapoptosis, autophagy/mitophagy regulation, and regulation of neurotrophin release. In this review, we summarize the research works that report the neuroprotective activity of phytochemicals in the past 10 years and discuss the neuroprotective mechanisms and potential clinical applications of 148 phytochemicals that belong to the categories of flavonoids, stilbenoids, other phenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Among them, scutellarin, pinocembrin, puerarin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, salvianolic acids, rosmarinic acid, borneol, bilobalide, ginkgolides, ginsenoside Rd, and vinpocetine show great potential in clinical ischemic stroke treatment. This review will serve as a powerful reference for the screening of phytochemicals with potential clinical applications in ischemic stroke or the synthesis of new neuroprotective agents that take phytochemicals as leading compounds.
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Xie Q, Li H, Lu D, Yuan J, Ma R, Li J, Ren M, Li Y, Chen H, Wang J, Gong D. Neuroprotective Effect for Cerebral Ischemia by Natural Products: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:607412. [PMID: 33967750 PMCID: PMC8102015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. Stroke is a disease with high prevalence and incidence, the pathogenesis is a complex cascade reaction. In recent years, it’s reported that a vast number of natural products have demonstrated beneficial effects on stroke worldwide. Natural products have been discovered to modulate activities with multiple targets and signaling pathways to exert neuroprotection via direct or indirect effects on enzymes, such as kinases, regulatory receptors, and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the established pharmacological effects and multiple target mechanisms of natural products for cerebral ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications. In addition, the biological activity of natural products is closely related to their structure, and the structure-activity relationship of most natural products in neuroprotection is lacking, which should be further explored in future. Overall, we stress on natural products for their role in neuroprotection, and this wide band of pharmacological or biological activities has made them suitable candidates for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Jiang T, Luo J, Pan X, Zheng H, Yang H, Zhang L, Hu X. Physical exercise modulates the astrocytes polarization, promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. Life Sci 2021; 278:119526. [PMID: 33894268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS White matter damage is the main pathological feature of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) and glial activation is crucial in this process. Physical exercise has protective effects on CCH, but the mechanism is unclear. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the influence of physical exercise on activated astrocytes polarization and its role in CCH. MAIN METHODS Rats were given wheel running 48 h after 2VO (2 vessel occlusion) surgery. The cognitive function was evaluated by Morris water maze and novel object recognition test. Inflammatory cytokines expressions were detected by ELISA. Astrocytes polarization was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Myelin debris clearance and remyelination were detected by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. KEY FINDINGS Astrocytes were activated and mainly switched to A1 phenotype in rats 2 and 3 months after 2VO. Myelin debris deposition and limited remyelination can be observed at the corresponding time. Whereas physical exercise can improve the cognitive function of 2VO rats, downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1α, C1q and TNF, upregulate the release of TGFβ, and promote activated astrocytes transformation from A1 to A2 phenotype. In addition, it can also enhance myelin debris removal and remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that the benefits of physical exercise on white matter repair and cognition improvement may be related to its regulation of astrocytes polarization, which contributes to myelin debris clearance and effective remyelination in CCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Neurorehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiaona Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Huaichun Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Xiquan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Fan H, Lin P, Kang Q, Zhao ZL, Wang J, Cheng JY. Metabolism and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Active Ingredients in Erigeron breviscapus. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:24-39. [PMID: 33334284 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201217093255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz. is a plant species in the Compositae family. More than ten types of compounds-such as flavonoids, caffeinate esters, and volatile oils-have been identified in Erigeron breviscapus; however, it remains unknown as to which compounds are associated with clinical efficacy. In recent years, flavonoids and phenolic acids have been considered as the main effective components of Erigeron breviscapus. The metabolism and mechanisms of these compounds in vivo have been extensively studied to improve our understanding of the drug. METHODS In the present review, we summarize the relationships among these compounds, their metabolites, and their pharmacodynamics. Many methods have been implemented to improve the separation and bioavailability of these compounds from Erigeron breviscapus. RESULTS In China, Erigeron breviscapus has been used for many years. In recent years, through the study of its metabolism and the mechanisms of its effective components, the effects of Erigeron breviscapus in the treatment of various diseases have been extensively studied. Findings have indicated that Erigeron breviscapus improves cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function and that one of its ingredients, scutellarin, has potential value in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetic vascular complications, and other conditions. In addition, phenolic acid compounds and their metabolites also play an important role in anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and improving blood lipids. CONCLUSION Erigeron breviscapus plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular/ cerebrovascular diseases, neuroprotection, and cancer through many different mechanisms of action. Further investigation of its efficacious components and metabolites may provide more possibilities for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine and the development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Qiang Kang
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Zhi-Long Zhao
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Jia-Yi Cheng
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang110847, China
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Xiong LL, Tan YX, Du RL, Peng Y, Xue LL, Liu J, Al-Hawwas M, Bobrovskaya L, Liu DH, Chen L, Wang TH, Zhou XF. Effect of Sutellarin on Neurogenesis in Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia Rat Model: Potential Mechanisms of Action. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:677-703. [PMID: 33704029 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Scutellarin (SCU) on neurite growth and neurological functional recovery in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) rats. Primary cortical neurons were cultured to detect the effect of SCU on cell viability of neurons under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Double immunofluorescence staining of Tuj1 and TUNEL then observed the neurite growth and cell apoptosis in vitro,and double immunofluorescence staining of NEUN and TUNEL was performed to examine the neuronal apoptosis and cell apoptosis in brain tissues after HI in vivo. Pharmacological efficacy of SCU was also evaluated in HI rats by neurobehavioral tests, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining. Astrocytes and microglia expression in damaged brain tissues were detected by immunostaining of GFAP and Iba1. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were applied to investigate the genetic expression changes and the protein levels of autophagy-related proteins in the injured cortex and hippocampus after HI. We found that SCU administration preserved cell viability, promoted neurite outgrowth and suppressed apoptosis of neurons subjected to OGD both in vitroand in vivo. Meanwhile, 20 mg/kg SCU treatment improved neurological functions and decreased the expression of astrocytes and microglia in the cortex and hippocampus of HI rats. Additionally, SCU treatment depressed the elevated levels of autophagy-related proteins and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in both cortex and hippocampus. This study demonstrated the potential therapeutic efficacy of SCU by enhancing neurogenesis and restoring long-term neurological dysfunctions, which might be associated with p75NTR depletion in HI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Lin Xiong
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 550000, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Xin Tan
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Mohammed Al-Hawwas
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong-Hui Liu
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
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Tao J, Yin S, Song Y, Zeng L, Li S, Liu N, Sun H, Fu Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun J, Wang Y, Yang X. Novel scorpion venom peptide HsTx2 ameliorates cerebral ischemic brain injury in rats via the MAPK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:442-449. [PMID: 33248693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe threat to human health due to its high recurrence, mortality, and disability rates. As such, how to prevent and treat ischemic stroke effectively has become a research hotspot in recent years. Here, we identified a novel peptide, named HsTx2 (AGKKERAGSRRTKIVMLKCIREHGH, 2 861.855 Da), derived from the scorpion Heterometrus spinifer, which showed obvious anti-apoplectic effects in rats with ischemic stroke. Results further demonstrated that HsTx2 significantly reduced formation of infarct area and improved behavioral abnormalities in ischemic stroke rats. These protective effects were likely exerted via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, i.e., up-regulation of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in both rat cerebral cortex and activated microglia (AM); up-regulation of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) in the cerebral cortex; and inhibition of phosphorylated JNK and p-p38 levels in the AM. In conclusion, this study highlights HsTx2 as a potential neuroprotective agent for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China
| | - Saige Yin
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongli Song
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Public Technical Service Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Naixin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Huiling Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhe Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinglei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China.
| | - Xinwang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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12
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Inflammatory factors and amyloid β-induced microglial polarization promote inflammatory crosstalk with astrocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22538-22549. [PMID: 33196457 PMCID: PMC7746366 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunological responses are a key pathological factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that microglial polarization alters microglia-astrocyte immune interactions in AD. M1 and M2 microglia were isolated from primary rat microglia and were confirmed to secrete pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, respectively. Primary rat astrocytes were co-cultured with M1 or M2 microglial medium. M1 microglial medium increased astrocyte production of pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor α and IL-6), while M2 microglial medium enhanced astrocyte production of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4 and IL-10). To analyze the crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes after microglial polarization specifically in AD, we co-cultured astrocytes with medium from microglia treated with amyloid-β (Aβ) alone or in combination with other inflammatory substances. Aβ alone and Aβ combined with lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ induced pro-inflammatory activity in M1 microglia and astrocytes, whereas IL-4/IL-13 inhibited Aβ-induced pro-inflammatory activity. Nuclear factor κB p65 was upregulated in M1 microglia and pro-inflammatory astrocytes, while Stat6 was upregulated in M2 microglia and anti-inflammatory astrocytes. These results provide direct evidence that microglial polarization governs communication between microglia and astrocytes, and that AD debris alters this crosstalk.
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13
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Yao YY, Ling EA, Lu D. Microglia mediated neuroinflammation - signaling regulation and therapeutic considerations with special reference to some natural compounds. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1229-1250. [PMID: 32662061 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebral ischemic injury etc. In this connection, microglia, the key players in the central nervous system, mediate the inflammatory response process. In brain injuries, activated microglia can clear the cellular debris and invading pathogens and release neurotrophic factors; however, prolonged microglia activation may cause neuronal death through excessive release of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of microglia activation to design an effective therapeutic strategy to alleviate neuronal injury. Recent studies have shown that some natural compounds and herbal extracts possess anti-inflammatory properties that may suppress microglial activation and ameliorate neuroinflammation and hence are neuroprotective. In this review, we will update some of the common signaling pathways that regulate microglia activation. Among the various signaling pathways, the Notch-1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) have been reported to exacerbate microglia mediated neuroinflammation that is implicated in different neuropathological diseases. The search for natural compounds or agents, specifically those derived from natural herbal extracts such as Gastrodin, scutellarin, RG1 etc. has been the focus of many of our recent studies because they have been found to regulate microglia activation. The pharmacological effects of these agents and their potential mechanisms for regulating microglia activation are systematically reviewed here for a fuller understanding of their biochemical action and therapeutic potential for treatment of microglia mediated neuropathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yi Yao
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Young Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Di Lu
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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14
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Wang QS, Ding HG, Chen SL, Liu XQ, Deng YY, Jiang WQ, Li Y, Huang LQ, Han YL, Wen MY, Wang MQ, Zeng HK. Hypertonic saline mediates the NLRP3/IL-1β signaling axis in microglia to alleviate ischemic blood-brain barrier permeability by downregulating astrocyte-derived VEGF in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1045-1057. [PMID: 32529750 PMCID: PMC7539845 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to explore whether the antibrain edema of hypertonic saline (HS) is associated with alleviating ischemic blood‐brain barrier (BBB) permeability by downregulating astrocyte‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is mediated by microglia‐derived NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Methods The infarct volume and BBB permeability were detected. The protein expression level of VEGF in astrocytes in a transient focal brain ischemia model of rats was evaluated after 10% HS treatment. Changes in the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL‐1β protein expression, and the interleukin‐1 receptor (IL1R1)/pNF‐кBp65/VEGF signaling pathway were determined in astrocytes. Results HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulates IL‐1β expression by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulates VEGF expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes. Conclusions HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulated IL‐1β expression via inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulated VEGF expression through inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Sheng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Guang Ding
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Long Chen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Liu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yu Deng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Qiang Huang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Li Han
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-Yun Wen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Qiu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Ke Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Chumsakul O, Wakayama K, Tsuhako A, Baba Y, Takai Y, Kurose T, Honma Y, Watanabe S. Apigenin Regulates Activation of Microglia and Counteracts Retinal Degeneration. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:311-319. [PMID: 32379991 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Photoreceptor degeneration is a major cause of blindness. Microglia are known to play key roles in the pathogenesis and progression of neural degeneration. We examined the possible use of apigenin, which is a naturally occurring flavonoid, for the treatment of photoreceptor degeneration through regulation of microglial activities. Methods: As in vitro analyses, BV2 and MG5 mouse microglia cell lines were stimulated in the presence or absence of apigenin, and their activation profile was examined. In vivo study was done using rd1 photoreceptor degeneration model, and apigenin was administered by intravitreal injection, and pathological feature was examined. Results: Cell survival was not affected by apigenin in either BV2 and MG5. Apigenin suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chemokine production in both BV2 and MG5 cells, but phagocytosis was suppressed in MG5 cells but not in BV2 cells. Apigenin inhibited LPS-induced M1 activation but could not drive microglia toward the M2 phenotype. Apigenin suppressed the expression of miR-155 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the Ets protein level was suppressed by treatment of BV2 cells with apigenin. When rd1 mice were treated with apigenin by intravitreal injection, the expression of inflammatory chemokines in the retina was reduced, and activation of microglia and Müller glia was suppressed. Furthermore, the thickness of the outer nuclear layer of the retina of rd1 mice was thicker in apigenin-treated retinas. Conclusions: Taken together, local administration of apigenin to the retina is a potential therapeutic treatment for photoreceptor degeneration, which involves downregulation of microglia in the retina when photoreceptors are damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onuma Chumsakul
- Pharmacological Research Group, Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanaho Wakayama
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asano Tsuhako
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Baba
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takai
- Pharmacological Research Group, Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kurose
- Pharmacological Research Group, Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honma
- Pharmacological Research Group, Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Zhào H, Wang R, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Huang Y. Neuroprotective effects of troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate injection on the neurovascular unit in a rat model of Middle cerebral artery occlusion. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:264-278. [PMID: 32125198 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1738431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Cerebral ischemic stroke, caused by obstruction of the blood flow to the brain, initiates a complex cascade of pathophysiological changes. The aim of the present study was to assess the protective role and the underlying mechanism of troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate (TCH) injections for five days in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with either TCH or a vehicle (0.9% saline) via intraperitoneal injection were examined one or three days after MCAO.Results: TCH alleviated neurological deficits and reduced infarct volume, innate immune response, blood-brain barrier destruction, and suppressed cell apoptosis. The therapeutic effects of TCH were achieved by diminished neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Furthermore, L-NAME showed an inhibitory effect against TCH after MCAO on eNOS expression, NO and peroxynitrite production, neurobehavioral score, and infarct volume.Conclusions: The results indicate that injection of TCH has multifaceted neuroprotective effects against MCAO via regulation of the various NOS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hóngyi Zhào
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, NO 984 Hospital of the PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, the Seventh Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, NO 984 Hospital of the PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Wang P, Zhang J, Guo F, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li D, Xu H, Yang H. Lipopolysaccharide worsens the prognosis of experimental cerebral ischemia via interferon gamma-induced protein 10 recruit in the acute stage. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:64. [PMID: 31881846 PMCID: PMC6935231 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is an important clinical complication facing stroke-patients and triples the risk of death within 30 days post-stroke via mechanisms which are poorly understood. AIMS We tried to explore the mechanisms that inflammation caused by infections aggravated the ischemic brain injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as systemic inflammatory stimuli to explore the mechanisms of aggravated ischemic brain injury after Sprague-Dawley male rats subjected to MCAO. Brain damage was evaluated by cerebral blood perfusion, Longa-5 scores, infarct volume and edema degree. Systemic cytokine responses and inflammatory changes in the plasma and brain were analyzed by ELISA kit, RT2 Profiler™ PCR array, and quantitative real-time PCR. The differential genes were subjected to Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide profoundly aggravated the brain damage after 24 h post-MCAO. At the acute stage (ischemia/reperfusion 90 min/3 h), the brain homogenate gene expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) was significantly up-regulated and the contents in plasma and brain homogenate were significantly increased in MCAO and MCAO + LPS group. IP-10 was the only gene with significant difference between MCAO and MCAO + LPS group, which was also in an important position with degrees of ≥ 14 in PPI network. CONCLUSIONS It was possible that trace LPS aggravated the ischemic brain injury by induction of excessive IP-10 secretion in the acute stage, leading to excessive inflammatory response, which consequently increased the infarct volume and edema degree 24 h post-MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Haiyu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China. .,Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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18
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Scutellarin Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Activated Microglia/Brain Macrophage in Cerebral Ischemia and in Activated BV-2 Microglia Through Regulation of MAPKs Signaling Pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:264-277. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Guo Y, Xie JP, Deng K, Li X, Yuan Y, Xuan Q, Xie J, He XM, Wang Q, Li JJ, Luo HR. Prophylactic Effects of Bifidobacterium adolescentis on Anxiety and Depression-Like Phenotypes After Chronic Stress: A Role of the Gut Microbiota-Inflammation Axis. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:126. [PMID: 31275120 PMCID: PMC6591489 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress disturbs the balance of the gut microbiota and stimulates inflammation-to-brain mechanisms. Moreover, stress leads to anxiety and depressive disorders. Bifidobacterium adolescentis displays distinct anti-inflammatory effects. However, no report has focused on the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of B. adolescentis related to the gut microbiome and the inflammation on chronic restraint stress (CRS) in mice. We found that pretreatment with B. adolescentis increased the time spent in the center of the open field apparatus, increased the percentage of entries into the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the EPM, and decreased the immobility duration in the tail suspension test as well as the forced swimming test (FST). Moreover, B. adolescentis increased the sequence proportion of Lactobacillus and reduced the sequence proportion of Bacteroides in feces. Furthermore, B. adolescentis markedly reduced the protein expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), p-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and Iba1 and elevated brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. We conclude that the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of B. adolescentis are related to reducing inflammatory cytokines and rebalancing the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ke Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qun Xuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huai-Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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In vitro and in vivo activities of flavonoids – apigenin, baicalin, chrysin, scutellarin – in regulation of hypertension – a review for their possible effects in pregnancy-induced hypertension. HERBA POLONICA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Summary
Flavonoids and their conjugates are the most important group of natural chemical compounds in drug discovery and development. The search for pharmacological activity and new mechanisms of activity of these chemical compounds, which may inhibit mediators of inflammation and influence the structure and function of endothelial cells, can be an interesting pharmacological strategy for the prevention and adjunctive treatments of hypertension, especially induced by pregnancy. Because cardiovascular diseases have multi-factorial pathogenesis these natural chemical compounds with wide spectrum of biological activities are the most interesting source of new drugs. Extracts from one of the most popular plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi could be a very interesting source of flavonoids because of its exact content in quercetin, apigenin, chrysin and scutellarin as well as in baicalin. These flavonoids exert vasoprotective properties and many activities such as: anti-oxidative via several pathways, anti-in-flammatory, anti-ischaemic, cardioprotective and anti-hypertensive. However, there is lack of summaries of results of studies in context of potential and future application of flavonoids with determined composition and activity. Our review aims to provide a literature survey of in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo pharmacological studies of selected flavonoids (apigenin, chrysin and scutellarin, baicalin) in various models of hypertension carried out in 2008–2018.
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21
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Gao X, Wu D, Dou L, Zhang H, Huang L, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Yang C, Li H, Liu L, Ma B, Yuan Q. Protective effects of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing extracellular regulating kinase 1/2 against stroke in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:42-52. [PMID: 31002912 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has shown beneficial effects on stroke, lower survival of MSCs limits effects. Extracellular regulating kinase 1/2 signaling (ERK1/2) is crucial for cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation. This study was designed to explore whether MSCs modified by over-expressing ERK1/2 may reinforce beneficial effects on stroke in rats. METHODS rat MSCs transfected with ERK1/2 and empty lentivirus to generate MSCs overexpressing ERK1/2 (ERK/MSCs) and MSCs (as a control), respectively. In vitro, ERK/MSCs were plated and exposed to glutamate-induced condition, and viability of ERK/MSCs was measured. Furthermore, neural induction of ERK/MSCs was investigated in vitro. Cerebral ischemic rats were induced by occluding middle cerebral artery, and then were stereotaxically injected into ipsilateral right lateral ventricle with ERK/MSCs or MSCs 3 days after stroke and survived for 7 or 14 days after injection. RESULTS ERK/MSCs showed better viability in physiological and glutamate-induced neurotoxic conditions compared to MSCs. After neural induction, more neurons were be differentiated from ERK/MSCs than from MSCs. After transplantation, more numbers of grafted cells and improved functional recovery were observed in ERK/MSCs-treated rats compared with MSCs-treated rats. Compared with MSCs treatment, ERK/MSCs treatment significantly increased proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricle zone (SVZ) and the MAP2/nestin double-labeled cells adjacent to the SVZ, enhanced the numbers of reactive astrocytes while suppressed microglial activation. Besides, TNF-α level was elevated in ERK/MSCs-treated rats. CONCLUSION ERK/MSCs transplantation showed better functional recovery after stroke in rats, likely in part through enhancing survival of MSCs and possibly by modulating the proliferation, neuronal de-differentiation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ling Dou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yiiie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chaoxian Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Qionglan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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22
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Sheng-Jiang Powder Ameliorates High Fat Diet Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Inhibiting Activation of Akt/mTOR/S6 Pathway in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6190254. [PMID: 30402130 PMCID: PMC6193319 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6190254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an alarming public health problem that directly contributes to increased prevalence of liver cirrhosis and hepatic cell cancer, but without any specific pharmacological option. Sheng-jiang powder (SJP), an empirical Chinese medicine formula to treat NAFLD, showed great efficacy but the specific mechanisms have never been reported. Therefore, we performed this study to explore the effect of SJP on NAFLD and the potential mechanism. Methods NAFLD was induced by high fat diet (HFD) feeding. Rats were treated with SJP/normal saline daily for 10 weeks and all rats were euthanized after 12 weeks' feeding. Liver tissue samples were obtained for biochemistry test and pathological evaluation. Additionally, oleic acid induced LO2 cells were employed to simulate a cell model of NAFLD. Cells were subjected to western blotting for Akt, mTOR, S6, SREBP1-c, and FASN detection after coincubated with SJP, LY294002 (a selective PI3K inhibitor), or the combination for 24h. Results HFD significantly induced hepatic steatosis. Plenty of lipid droplets were observed under transmission electron microscope. The ultrastructure of liver cells showed distinct changes with obvious endoplasmic reticulum expansion, mitochondrial contraction, and cell matrix solidification. Although no difference was detected in serum hepatic enzymes and tissue proinflammatory cytokines, the tissue level of SOD and GSH-px was much lower and the pathologic injuries were much severe in HFD feeding rats. However, SJP treatment significantly attenuated the ultrastructure changes and protected rat liver against inflammatory injury. Abundant of lipid droplets and high expression of pAkt, pmTOR, pS6, and FASN were observed in oleic acid treated LO2 cells, while these changes were restored by SJP treatment. Conclusions SJP is efficient in attenuating HFD induced NAFLD in rats and this effect might be partly related to the inhibition of Akt/mTOR/S6 pathway.
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23
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Wang L, Ma Q. Clinical benefits and pharmacology of scutellarin: A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:105-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Li XH, Liu SJ, Liu XY, Zhao HY, Yang MG, Xu DX, Guo J, Li JH, Li JJ. Expression of SIRT3 in various glial cell types in the periventricular white matter in the neonatal rat brain after hypoxia. Tissue Cell 2018; 52:1-8. [PMID: 29857817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) mediates cellular resistance toward various forms of stress. SIRT3 expression in the developing brain, especially its localization in various glial cell types, has not been fully explored. This study aimed to determine SIRT3 expression in the brain of neonatal rats subjected to hypoxia. By immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting, we show here that SIRT3 expression in the periventricular white matter was up-regulated in hypoxia group compared with the control group at the corresponding time points. Intense SIRT3 expression was detected in microglia at early time points after hypoxia whose cell number was increased with reduced ramifications in hypoxia group compared with the control group. Furthermore, SIRT3 immunoreactivity was obviously enhanced at 24 h, 3 and 7d, but was declined at 14d after hypoxia so that SIRT3 expression between the two groups was comparable. SIRT3 immunofluorescence was also localized in astrocytes labeled with GFAP which was augmented at different time points in hypoxia group. GPAP positive astrocytes exhibited long extending processes being most pronounced at 3d. SIRT3 was moderately expressed at 24 h, 3 and 7d, but was markedly increased at 14d after hypoxia. Moderate SIRT3 expression was also localized in oligodendrocytes labeled with CNPase in the control group. The incidence of CNPase positive oligodendrocytes showing colocalization of SIRT3 increased significantly at 24 h, 3 and 7d after hypoxia. In conclusion, SIRT3 expression was differentially up-regulated in all three major glial cell types following hypoxia. It is suggested that increased SIRT3 expression in the respective glial cell types following hypoxia is involved in different signaling pathways that protect against hypoxic stress in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hua Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China
| | - Shun-Jin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China
| | - Hai-Yu Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China
| | - Mao-Geng Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China
| | - De-Xin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China
| | - Jing-Hui Li
- Second Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 295 Xichang Road, 650032, PR China.
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 1168 West Chunrong Road, 650500, PR China.
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Shin JW, Kweon KJ, Kim DK, Kim P, Jeon TD, Maeng S, Sohn NW. Scutellarin Ameliorates Learning and Memory Deficit via Suppressing β-Amyloid Formation and Microglial Activation in Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1203-1223. [PMID: 30149759 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is considered as a pivotal factor of cognitive impairment that occurs in cerebrovascular diseases. This study investigated the ameliorating effect of scutellarin (SCT) on spatial cognitive impairment and β-amyloid (Aβ) formation in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO). SCT is a flavonoid in medicinal herb of Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand. Mazz. known to have neuroprotective, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the beneficial effect and pivotal mechanism of SCT on cognitive impairment are still unclear. SCT was treated orally with two doses (10 or 30 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Results of Morris water maze test performed on the ninth week after pBCAO revealed that SCT (30 mg/kg)-treated rats had significantly shortened escape latencies in acquisition training trials, significantly prolonged swimming time at the platform and its surrounding zone, significant increase in memory score, significant reduction in the number of target heading, and significant reduction in the time required for the first target heading during the retention trial compared to rats in the sham-control group. SCT significantly inhibited the production of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1–42) in brain tissues. However, SCT significantly upregulated the expression levels of amyloid precursor protein and β-site APP-converting enzyme-1 in the hippocampus. In addition, SCT significantly inhibited the activation of Iba1-expressing microglia in brain tissues. The results suggest that SCT can exert ameliorating effect on spatial cognitive impairment caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through suppressing Aβ formation and microglial activation in brain tissues. Therefore, SCT can be used as a beneficial drug for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Shin
- 1 Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17404, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jung Kweon
- 1 Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17404, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- 1 Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17404, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyungsoo Kim
- 1 Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17404, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Dong Jeon
- 1 Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17404, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- 1 Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17404, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak-Won Sohn
- 1 Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17404, Republic of Korea
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Sun JB, Li Y, Cai YF, Huang Y, Liu S, Yeung PK, Deng MZ, Sun GS, Zilundu PL, Hu QS, An RX, Zhou LH, Wang LX, Cheng X. Scutellarin protects oxygen/glucose-deprived astrocytes and reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1396-1407. [PMID: 30106052 PMCID: PMC6108207 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellarin, a bioactive flavone isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-neurotoxic, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects and has been used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. However, the mechanisms by which scutellarin mediates neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia remain unclear. The interaction between scutellarin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) was assessed by molecular docking study, which showed that scutellarin selectively binds to NOX2 with high affinity. Cultures of primary astrocytes isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 2, 10 or 50 μM scutellarin for 30 minutes. The astrocytes were then subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation by incubation for 2 hours in glucose-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium in a 95% N2/5% CO2 incubator, followed by simulated reperfusion for 22 hours. Cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8 assay. Expression levels of NOX2, connexin 43 and caspase-3 were assessed by western blot assay. Reactive oxygen species were measured spectrophotometrically. Pretreatment with 10 or 50 μM scutellarin substantially increased viability, reduced the expression of NOX2 and caspase-3, increased the expression of connexin 43, and diminished the levels of reactive oxygen species in astrocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. We also assessed the effects of scutellarin in vivo in the rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were given intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg scutellarin 2 hours before surgery. The Bederson scale was used to assess neurological deficit, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to measure infarct size. Western blot assay was used to assess expression of NOX2 and connexin 43 in brain tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and 3-nitrotyrosin (3-NT) in brain tissue. Immunofluorescence double staining was used to determine the co-expression of caspase-3 and NeuN. Pretreatment with scutellarin improved the neurological function of rats with focal cerebral ischemia, reduced infarct size, diminished the expression of NOX2, reduced levels of 8-OHdG, 4-HNE and 3-NT, and reduced the number of cells co-expressing caspase-3 and NeuN in the injured brain tissue. Furthermore, we examined the effect of the NOX2 inhibitor apocynin. Apocynin substantially increased connexin 43 expression in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, our findings suggest that scutellarin protects against ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo by downregulating NOX2, upregulating connexin 43, decreasing oxidative damage, and reducing apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Sun
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Department of Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Department of Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Department of Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Department of Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, An Hui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Patrick Kk Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Min-Zhen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Department of Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Shun Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Prince Lm Zilundu
- Guangzhou Department of Anatomy, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian-Sheng Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui-Xin An
- Guangzhou Department of Anatomy, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhou
- Guangzhou Department of Anatomy, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Department of Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Department of Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Fan H, Ma X, Lin P, Kang Q, Zhao Z, Wang L, Sun D, Cheng J, Li Y. Scutellarin Prevents Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Hyperlipidemia via PI3K/AKT-Dependent Activation of Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2 (Nrf2) in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5599-5612. [PMID: 29172017 PMCID: PMC5712520 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the form of triglycerides. The incidence of NAFLD and hyperlipidemia, with their associated risks of end-stage liver and cardiovascular diseases, is increasing rapidly. This study aimed to investigate the effects of scutellarin on the experimental NAFLD in high-fat diet fed and chronic stress rats, and its possible mechanism. Material/Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet and subjected to chronic stress for 12 weeks, and administered orally with scutellarin for 4 weeks (n=8), and then blood and livers were harvested for analyzing. Enzyme activity assay, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to analyze the factors of the oxidant/antioxidant system and pathway. Results After the high-fat diet and chronic stress administration for 12 weeks, serum and liver lipid metabolism of treatment groups with the different doses of SCU effectively improved and the degree of oxidative damage reduced. Using Western blot assay and immunofluorescence (IF) staining assay, Nrf2, HO-1, and PI3K, and AKT proteins significantly increased after SCU treatment for 4 weeks (P<0.01). The hepatic mRNA expression of HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2 in SCU treatment groups was upregulated significantly through quantitative RT-PCR assay (P<0.05). However, compared to the positive control group, no difference was detected in the SCU (100 or 300 mg/kg) groups (P>0.05). These results indicate that SCU protects against NAFLD in rats via attenuation of oxidative stress. Conclusions The antioxidant effects of SCU on NAFLD are possibly dependent on PI3K/AKT activation with subsequent Nrf2 nuclear translocation, which increases expression of HO-1 and NQO1. We therefore suggest that breviscapine may be a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for NAFLD and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xiande Ma
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Peng Lin
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Kang
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Zhilong Zhao
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Lina Wang
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Sun
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Jiayi Cheng
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yajun Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Zhong JH, Zhou HJ, Tang T, Cui HJ, Yang AL, Zhang QM, Zhou JH, Zhang Q, Gong X, Zhang ZH, Mei ZG. Activation of the Notch-1 signaling pathway may be involved in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced reactive astrogliosis in rats. J Neurosurg 2017; 129:732-739. [PMID: 29076782 DOI: 10.3171/2016.11.jns162121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reactive astrogliosis, a key feature that is characterized by glial proliferation, has been observed in rat brains after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the mechanisms that control reactive astrogliosis formation remain unknown. Notch-1 signaling plays a critical role in modulating reactive astrogliosis. The purpose of this paper was to establish whether Notch-1 signaling is involved in reactive astrogliosis after ICH. METHODS ICH was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats via stereotactic injection of autologous blood into the right globus pallidus. N-[ N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]- S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) was injected into the lateral ventricle to block Notch-1 signaling. The rats' brains were perfused to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive/GFAP-positive nuclei. The expression of GFAP, Notch-1, and the activated form of Notch-1 (Notch intracellular domain [NICD]) and its ligand Jagged-1 was assessed using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses, respectively. RESULTS Notch-1 signaling was upregulated and activated after ICH as confirmed by an increase in the expression of Notch-1 and NICD and its ligand Jagged-1. Remarkably, blockade of Notch-1 signaling with the specific inhibitor DAPT suppressed astrocytic proliferation and GFAP levels caused by ICH. In addition, DAPT improved neurological outcome after ICH. CONCLUSIONS Notch-1 signaling is a critical regulator of ICH-induced reactive astrogliosis, and its blockage may be a potential therapeutic strategy for hemorrhagic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua-Jun Zhou
- 2Institute of Neurology, and.,3Department of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences
| | - Tao Tang
- 4Institute of Integrative Medicine and
| | | | - A-Li Yang
- 5Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Mei Zhang
- 2Institute of Neurology, and.,3Department of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences
| | - Jing-Hua Zhou
- 2Institute of Neurology, and.,3Department of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences
| | - Qiang Zhang
- 2Institute of Neurology, and.,3Department of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Zhi-Gang Mei
- 6Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei; and
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PD149163 induces hypothermia to protect against brain injury in acute cerebral ischemic rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 135:105-113. [PMID: 29113791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising strategy for acute cerebral ischemia via physical or pharmacological methods. In this study, we pharmacologically induced hypothermia on Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneally injecting PD149163. We found that mild hypothermia was induced by PD149163 treatment without local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) alteration. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of PD149163, TTC staining, HE staining and Nissl's staining were performed in our study. We found that PD149163 could prevent neuronal damage, and inhibit proliferation and activation of glial cells induced by ischemia. Simultaneously, we observed PD149163 ameliorated apoptosis characterized by down-regulated caspase-3 and Bax, but elevated Bcl-2. Moreover, PD149163 dramatically reduced JNK and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway activation, and thereby inhibited autophagy by increased P62 expression, decreased the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ to LC3-Ⅰ and the expression of Beclin. Taken together, the present findings reveal the therapeutic effects of PD149163-induced hypothermia in brain ischemia, and provide a new strategy for stroke treatment.
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Wang SL, Duan L, Xia B, Liu Z, Wang Y, Wang GM. Dexmedetomidine preconditioning plays a neuroprotective role and suppresses TLR4/NF-κB pathways model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1337-1342. [PMID: 28753906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine has been reported to play an efficient role on multi-organ protection. Our study aims to investigate the neuroprotective of dexmedetomidine preconditioning on cerebral ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury and investigate the underlining signaling mechanisms. METHODS Cerebral I/R models were established with SD rats through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 2h of ischemia followed by 7days of reperfusion, the degree of cerebral tissue injury was detected by HE, Nissl and TUNEL staining. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive and TNF-α positive cells were stained by immunohistochemistry and counted under microscope. TLR4, NF-κB and TIR-domain containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) expression were detected by real time PCR and western blot. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine preconditioning markedly prevented the ischemia-induced cellular damage observed from HE and Nissl staining in hippocampus and cortex. Dexmedetomidine observably decreased the number of apoptotic cells in TUNEL staining. Besides, yohimbine could specifically suppress the protective effect of dexmedetomidine. GFAP expression was distinctly inhibited by dexmedetomidine preconditioning (10μg/kg, 20μg/kg) in cerebral ischemia area. Dexmedetomidine preconditioning inhibited the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB and increased that of TRIF. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that dexmedetomidine preconditioning plays a neuroprotective role against I/R injury. Dexmedetomidine might suppress TLR4/NF-??B pathway and drive TLR4/TRIF signaling pathway to reduce the inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Liang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhifei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gong-Ming Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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Bertrand L, Dygert L, Toborek M. Induction of Ischemic Stroke and Ischemia-reperfusion in Mice Using the Middle Artery Occlusion Technique and Visualization of Infarct Area. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190061 DOI: 10.3791/54805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is highly prevalent in the global population and encompasses several types of conditions, including stroke. To study the impact of stroke on tissue injury and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, several experimental models in a variety of species were developed. They include complete global cerebral ischemia, incomplete global ischemia, focal cerebral ischemia, and multifocal cerebral ischemia. The model described in this protocol is based on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and is related to the focal ischemia category. This technique produces consistent focal ischemia in a strictly defined region of the hemisphere and is less invasive than other methods. The procedure described is performed on mice, given the availability of several genetic variants and the high number of tests standardized for mice to aid in the behavioral and neurodeficit evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Levi Dygert
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami; Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education;
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Cai Z, Zhao B, Deng Y, Shangguan S, Zhou F, Zhou W, Li X, Li Y, Chen G. Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2883-98. [PMID: 27574001 PMCID: PMC5042775 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a crucial regulator of numerous fundamental cellular processes. Increasing evidence suggests that Notch signaling is involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, and thus in the progress of cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases is associated with apoptosis, angiogenesis and the function of blood-brain barrier. Despite the contradictory results obtained to date as to whether Notch signaling is harmful or beneficial, the regulation of Notch signaling may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Shouqin Shangguan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Faming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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Scutellarin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:264-73. [PMID: 27103430 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral ischemia is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous system that causes progressive disability or even death. In this connection, the inflammatory response mediated by the activated microglia is believed to play a central role in this pathogenesis. In the event of brain injury, activated microglia can clear the cellular debris and invading pathogens, release neurotrophic factors, etc., but in chronic activation microglia may cause neuronal death through the release of excessive inflammatory mediators. Therefore, suppression of microglial over-reaction and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is deemed to be a therapeutic strategy of choice for cerebral ischemic damage. In the search for potential herbal extracts that are endowed with the property in suppressing the microglial activation and amelioration of neuroinflammation, attention has recently been drawn to scutellarin, a Chinese herbal extract. Here, we review the roles of activated microglia and the effects of scutellarin on activated microglia in pathological conditions especially in ischemic stroke. We have further extended the investigation with special reference to the effects of scutellarin on Notch signaling, one of the several signaling pathways known to be involved in microglial activation. Furthermore, in light of our recent experimental evidence that activated microglia can regulate astrogliosis, an interglial "cross-talk" that was amplified by scutellarin, it is suggested that in designing of a more effective therapeutic strategy for clinical management of cerebral ischemia both glial types should be considered collectively.
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Fang M, Yuan Y, Lu J, Li HE, Zhao M, Ling EA, Wu CY. Scutellarin promotes microglia-mediated astrogliosis coupled with improved behavioral function in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:154-71. [PMID: 27105682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scutellarin, an anti-inflammatory agent, has been reported to suppress microglia activation. It promotes astrocytic reaction but through activated microglia. Here we sought to determine more specifically the outcomes of scutellarin treatment in reactive astrocytes in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). GFAP, MAP-2 and PSD-95 expression was assessed in reactive astrocytes in scutellarin injected MCAO rats. Expression of BDNF, NT-3 and IGF-1, and cell cycle markers cyclin-D1/B1 was also evaluated. In vitro, the above-mentioned proteins were also investigated in TNC 1 and primary astrocytes, treated respectively with conditioned medium from BV-2 microglia with or without pretreatment of scutellarin and lipopolysaccharide. Behavioral study was conducted to ascertain if scutellarin would improve the neurological functions of MCAO rats. In MCAO, reactive astrocytes in the penumbral areas were hypertrophic bearing long extending processes; expression of all the above-mentioned markers was markedly augmented. When compared to the controls, TNC1/primary astrocytes responded vigorously to conditioned medium derived from BV-2 microglia treated with scutellarin + lipopolysaccharide as shown by enhanced expression of all the above markers by Western and immunofluorescence analysis. By electron microscopy, hypertrophic TNC1 astrocytes in this group showed abundant microfilaments admixed with microtubules. In MCAO rats given scutellarin treatment, neurological scores were significantly improved coupled with a marked decrease in infarct size when compared with the matching controls. It is concluded that scutellarin is neuroprotective and that it can amplify astrogliosis but through activated microglia. Scutellarin facilitates tissue remodeling in MCAO that maybe linked to improvement of neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore; Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, 117510, Singapore.
| | - Hong E Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
| | - Chun-Yun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
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