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Chen Q, Min A, Luo S, He J, Wu R, Lin X, Wang Y, He W, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Tang H, Wang X. Metabolomic Analysis Revealed Distinct Physiological Responses of Leaves and Roots to Huanglongbing in a Citrus Rootstock. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169242. [PMID: 36012507 PMCID: PMC9409271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is an obstinate disease in the citrus industry. No resistant citrus resources were currently available, but various degrees of Huanglongbing tolerance exist in different germplasm. Citrus junos is emerging as one of the popular rootstocks widely used in the citrus production. However, its responses to the HLB causal agent, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), were still elusive. In the current study, we investigated the physiological, anatomical, and metabolomic responses of a C. junos rootstock ‘Pujiang Xiangcheng’ by a controlled CLas grafting inoculation. The summer flushes and roots were impaired at 15 weeks after inoculation, although typical leaf symptomatic phenotypes were not obvious. The chlorophyll pigments and the photosynthetic rate were compromised. The phloem sieve tubes were still working, despite the fact that the callose was deposited and the starch granules were accumulated in the phloem cells. A wide, targeted metabolomic analysis was carried out to explore the systematic alterations of the metabolites at this early stage of infection in the leaves and root system. The differentially accumulated metabolites in the CLas-affected leaves and roots compared with the mock-inoculation control tissues revealed that distinct responses were obvious. Besides the commonly observed alteration of sugar and amino acids, the active break down of starch in the roots was discovered. The different types of fatty acids were altered in the two tissues, with a more pronounced content decline in the roots. Our results not only provided fundamental knowledge about the response of the C. junos rootstock to the HLB disease, but also presented new insights into the host–pathogen interaction in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ailing Min
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shu Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinwei He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Runqin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ximeng Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural Universtiy, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural Universtiy, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural Universtiy, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural Universtiy, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural Universtiy, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural Universtiy, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (X.W.)
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2
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Yang C, Ancona V. An Overview of the Mechanisms Against " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus": Virulence Targets, Citrus Defenses, and Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:850588. [PMID: 35391740 PMCID: PMC8982080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.850588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening, is the most destructive disease for citrus worldwide. It is caused by the psyllid-transmitted, phloem-limited bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas). To date, there are still no effective practical strategies for curing citrus HLB. Understanding the mechanisms against CLas can contribute to the development of effective approaches for combatting HLB. However, the unculturable nature of CLas has hindered elucidating mechanisms against CLas. In this review, we summarize the main aspects that contribute to the understanding about the mechanisms against CLas, including (1) CLas virulence targets, focusing on inhibition of virulence genes; (2) activation of citrus host defense genes and metabolites of HLB-tolerant citrus triggered by CLas, and by agents; and (3) we also review the role of citrus microbiome in combatting CLas. Finally, we discuss novel strategies to continue studying mechanisms against CLas and the relationship of above aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Agribusiness, and Environmental Sciences, Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Department of Agriculture, Agribusiness, and Environmental Sciences, Citrus Center, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Weslaco, TX, United States
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Pandey SS, Hendrich C, Andrade MO, Wang N. Candidatus Liberibacter: From Movement, Host Responses, to Symptom Development of Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:55-68. [PMID: 34609203 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0354-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter spp. are fastidious α-proteobacteria that cause multiple diseases on plant hosts of economic importance, including the most devastating citrus disease: Huanglongbing (HLB). HLB was reported in Asia a century ago but has since spread worldwide. Understanding the pathogenesis of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. remains challenging as they are yet to be cultured in artificial media and infect the phloem, a sophisticated environment that is difficult to manipulate. Despite those challenges, tremendous progress has been made on Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Here, we first reviewed recent studies on genetic information of flagellar and type IV pili biosynthesis, their expression profiles, and movement of Ca. Liberibacter spp. inside the plant and insect hosts. Next, we reviewed the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies of susceptible and tolerant plant genotypes to Ca. Liberibacter spp. infection and how Ca. Liberibacter spp. adapt in plants. Analyses of the interactions between plants and Ca. Liberibacter spp. imply the involvement of immune response in the Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Lastly, we reviewed how Ca. Liberibacter spp. movement inside and interactions with plants lead to symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Maxuel O Andrade
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
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Hu B, Rao MJ, Deng X, Pandey SS, Hendrich C, Ding F, Wang N, Xu Q. Molecular signatures between citrus and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010071. [PMID: 34882744 PMCID: PMC8659345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the most prevalent strain associated with HLB, which is yet to be cultured in vitro. None of the commercial citrus cultivars are resistant to HLB. The pathosystem of Ca. Liberibacter is complex and remains a mystery. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in genomic research on the pathogen, the interaction of host and CLas, and the influence of CLas infection on the transcripts, proteins, and metabolism of the host. We have also focused on the identification of candidate genes for CLas pathogenicity or the improvements of HLB tolerance in citrus. In the end, we propose potentially promising areas for mechanistic studies of CLas pathogenicity, defense regulators, and genetic improvement for HLB tolerance/resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Sun H, Zhang H, Xu Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Tian B, Sun G, Zhang H. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the effects of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst) infection on photosynthetic function and the response of the MAPK signaling pathway in tobacco leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:657-667. [PMID: 34214776 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the mechanism of photosynthesis inhibition by infection and the response of the MAPK signaling pathway to pathogen infection, tobacco leaves were inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst), and the effects of Pst infection on photosynthesis of tobacco leaves were studied by physiological and proteomic techniques, with a focus on MAPK signaling pathway related proteins. Pst infection was observed to lead to the degradation of chlorophyll (especially Chl b) in tobacco leaves and the down-regulation of light harvesting antenna proteins expression, thus limiting the light harvesting ability. The photosystem II and I (PSII and PSI) activities were also decreased, and Pst infection inhibited the utilization of light and CO2. Proteomic analyses showed that the number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) under Pst infection at 3 d were significantly higher than at 1 d, especially the number of down-regulated proteins. The KEGG enrichment of DEPs was mainly enriched in the energy metabolism processes such as photosynthesis antenna proteins and photosynthesis. The down-regulation of chlorophyll a-b binding protein, photosynthetic electron transport related proteins (e.g., PSII and PSI core proteins, the Cytb6/f complex, PC, Fd, FNR), ATP synthase subunits, and key enzymes in the Calvin cycle were the key changes associated with Pst infection that may inhibit tobacco photosynthesis. The effect of Pst infection on the PSII electron acceptor side was significantly greater than that on the PSII donor side. The main factor that decreased the photosynthetic ability of tobacco leaves with Pst infection at 1 d may be the inhibition of photochemical reactions leading to an insufficient supply of ATP, rather than decreased expression of enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle. At 1 d into Pst infection, the PSII regulated energy dissipation yield Y(NPQ) may play a role in preventing photosynthetic inhibition in tobacco leaves, but the long-term Pst infection significantly inhibited Y(NPQ) and the expression of PsbS proteins. Proteins involved in the MAPK signaling pathway were up-regulated, suggesting the MAPK signaling pathway was activated to respond to Pst infection. However, at the late stage of Pst infection (at 3 d), MAPK signaling pathway proteins were degraded, and the defense function of the MAPK signaling pathway in tobacco leaves was damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sun
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zisong Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bei Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Thapa N, Danyluk MD, Gerberich KM, Johnson EG, Dewdney MM. Assessment of the Effect of Thermotherapy on ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Viability in Woody Tissue of Citrus via Graft-Based Assays and RNA Assays. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:808-818. [PMID: 32976056 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, citrus production in Florida declined by more than 70%, mostly because of Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas). Thermotherapy for HLB-affected trees was proposed as a short-term management solution to maintain field productivity. It was hypothesized that thermotherapy could eliminate HLB from affected branches; therefore, the study objectives were to show which time-temperature combinations eliminated CLas from woody tissues. Hardening, rounded Valencia twigs collected from HLB-affected field trees were treated in a steam chamber at different time-temperature combinations (50°C for 60 s; 55°C for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s; 60°C for 30 s; and an untreated control). Three independent repetitions of 13 branches per treatment were grafted onto healthy rootstocks and tested to detect CLas after 6, 9, and 12 months. For the RNA-based CLas viability assay, three branches per treatment were treated and bark samples were peeled for RNA extraction and subsequent gene expression analyses. During the grafting study, at 12 months after grafting, a very low frequency of trees grafted with twigs treated at 55°C for 90 s and 55°C for 120 s had detectable CLas DNA. In the few individuals with CLas, titers were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.0001) and could have been remnants of degrading DNA. Additionally, there was a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.0001) in CLas 16S rRNA expression at 55°C for 90 s, 55°C for 120 s, and 60°C for 30 s (3.4-fold change, 3.4-fold change, and 2.3-fold change, respectively) in samples 5 days after treatment. Heat injury, not total CLas kill, could explain the limited changes in transcriptional activity; however, failed recovery and eventual death of CLas resulted in no CLas detection in most of the grafted trees treated with the highest temperatures or longest durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naweena Thapa
- Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Michelle D Danyluk
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Kayla M Gerberich
- Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Evan G Johnson
- Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Megan M Dewdney
- Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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Sun Y, Zhang L, Folimonova SY. Citrus miraculin-like protein hijacks a viral movement-related p33 protein and induces cellular oxidative stress in defence against Citrus tristeza virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:977-991. [PMID: 33283396 PMCID: PMC8131049 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To defend against pathogens, plants have developed a complex immune system, which recognizes the pathogen effectors and mounts defence responses. In this study, the p33 protein of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a viral membrane-associated effector, was used as a molecular bait to explore virus interactions with host immunity. We discovered that Citrus macrophylla miraculin-like protein 2 (CmMLP2), a member of the soybean Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor family, targets the viral p33 protein. The expression of CmMLP2 was up-regulated by p33 in the citrus phloem-associated cells. Knock-down of the MLP2 expression in citrus plants resulted in a higher virus accumulation, while the overexpression of CmMLP2 reduced the infectivity of CTV in the plant hosts. Further investigation revealed that, on the one hand, binding of CmMLP2 interrupts the cellular distribution of p33 whose proper function is necessary for the effective virus movement throughout the host. On the other hand, the ability of CmMLP2 to reorganize the endomembrane system, amalgamating the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, induces cellular stress and accumulation of the reactive oxygen species, which inhibits the replication of CTV. Altogether, our data suggest that CmMLP2 employs a two-way strategy in defence against CTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Duo Sun
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Present address:
College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhot010018China
| | - Svetlana Y. Folimonova
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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Franco JY, Thapa SP, Pang Z, Gurung FB, Liebrand TWH, Stevens DM, Ancona V, Wang N, Coaker G. Citrus Vascular Proteomics Highlights the Role of Peroxidases and Serine Proteases during Huanglongbing Disease Progression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1936-1952. [PMID: 32883801 PMCID: PMC7710146 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating and widespread citrus disease. All commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to the HLB-associated bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which resides in the phloem. The phloem is part of the plant vascular system and is involved in sugar transport. To investigate the plant response to CLas, we enriched for proteins surrounding the phloem in an HLB susceptible sweet orange variety, Washington navel (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck). Quantitative proteomics revealed global changes in the citrus proteome after CLas inoculation. Plant metabolism and translation were suppressed, whereas defense-related proteins such as peroxidases, proteases and protease inhibitors were induced in the vasculature. Transcript accumulation and enzymatic activity of plant peroxidases in CLas infected sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions were assessed. Although peroxidase transcript accumulation was induced in CLas infected sweet orange varieties, peroxidase enzymatic activity varied. Specific serine proteases were up-regulated in Washington navel in the presence of CLas based on quantitative proteomics. Subsequent activity-based protein profiling revealed increased activity of two serine proteases, and reduced activity of one protease in two C. sinensis sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions. The observations in the current study highlight global reprogramming of the citrus vascular proteome and differential regulation of enzyme classes in response to CLas infection. These results open an avenue for further investigation of diverse responses to HLB across different environmental conditions and citrus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shree P Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Fatta B Gurung
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Direct identification and metabolomic analysis of Huanglongbing associated with Candidatus Liberibacter spp. in navel orange by MALDI-TOF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3091-3101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Qiu W, Soares J, Pang Z, Huang Y, Sun Z, Wang N, Grosser J, Dutt M. Potential Mechanisms of AtNPR1 Mediated Resistance against Huanglongbing (HLB) in Citrus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062009. [PMID: 32187998 PMCID: PMC7139736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is a major threat to the citrus industry. In a previous study conducted by our laboratory, several citrus transgenic trees expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 (AtNPR1) gene remained HLB-free when grown in a field site under high HLB disease pressure. To determine the molecular mechanisms behind AtNPR1-mediated tolerance to HLB, a transcriptome analysis was performed using AtNPR1 overexpressing transgenic trees and non-transgenic trees as control, from which we identified 57 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Data mining revealed the enhanced transcription of genes encoding pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), transcription factors, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs), and putative ankyrin repeat-containing proteins. These proteins were highly upregulated in the AtNPR1 transgenic line compared to the control plant. Furthermore, analysis of protein–protein interactions indicated that AtNPR1 interacts with CsNPR3 and CsTGA5 in the nucleus. Our results suggest that AtNPR1 positively regulates the innate defense mechanisms in citrus thereby boosting resistance and effectively protecting the plant against HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Qiu
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.Q.); (Z.S.)
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.S.); (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (N.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Juliana Soares
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.S.); (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (N.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.S.); (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (N.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Yixiao Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.S.); (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (N.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Zhonghai Sun
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (W.Q.); (Z.S.)
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.S.); (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (N.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Jude Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.S.); (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (N.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.S.); (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (N.W.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Ying X, Wan M, Hu L, Zhang J, Li H, Lv D. Identification of the Virulence Factors of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus via Heterologous Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5575. [PMID: 31717281 PMCID: PMC6888081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. HLB is associated with the non-culturable bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in the United States. The virulence mechanism of CaLas is largely unknown, partly because of the lack of a mutant library. In this study, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) were used for large-scale screening of the virulence factors of CaLas. Agroinfiltration of 60 putative virulence factors in N. benthamiana led to the identification of four candidates that caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana, such as growth inhibition and cell death. CLIBASIA_05150 and CLIBASIA_04065C (C-terminal of CLIBASIA_04065) could cause cell death in the infiltrated leaves at five days post infiltration. Two low-molecular-weight candidates, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, could inhibit plant growth. By converting start codon to stop codon or frameshifting, the four genes lost their harmful effects to N. benthamiana. It indicated that the four virulence factors functioned at the protein level rather than at the RNA level. The subcellular localization of the four candidates was determined by confocal laser scanning microscope. CLIBASIA_05150 located in the Golgi apparatus; CLIBASIA_04065 located in the mitochondrion; CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 distributed in cells as free GFP. The host proteins interacting with the four virulence factors were identified by yeast two-hybrid. The host proteins interacting with CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 were overlapping. Based on the phenotypes, the subcellular localization and the host proteins identified by yeast two-hybrid, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, functioned redundantly. The hypothesis of CaLas virulence was proposed. CaLas affects citrus development and suppresses citrus disease resistance, comprehensively, in a complicated manner. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation might play a vital role in CaLas virulence. Deep characterization of the interactions between the identified virulence factors and their prey will shed light on HLB. Eventually, it will help in developing HLB-resistant citrus and save the endangered citrus industry worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Ying
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA;
| | - Mengyuan Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Linshuang Hu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 10086, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 10086, China; (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hui Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Dianqiu Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China;
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Liu X, Fan Y, Zhang C, Dai M, Wang X, Li W. Nuclear Import of a Secreted " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" Protein is Temperature Dependent and Contributes to Pathogenicity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1684. [PMID: 31396191 PMCID: PMC6668550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas), one of the causal agents of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), secretes proteins with functions that are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that CLIBASIA_00460, one of the CLas-encoded Sec-dependent presecretory proteins, might contribute to the phytopathogenicity of CLas. CLIBASIA_00460 was conserved in CLas strains and expressed at a significantly higher level in citrus than in Asian citrus psyllid. Agrobacteria-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells showed that the mature CLIBASIA_00460 (m460) without the putative Sec-dependent signal peptide was localized in multiple cellular compartments including nucleus at 25°C, but that nuclear accumulation was greatly decreased as the temperature rose to 32°C. When overexpressed via a Potato virus X (PVX)-based expression vector in N. benthamiana, m460 induced no local symptoms, but tiny necrotic spots were scattered on the systemic leaves. However, NLS-m460, which contains the SV40 nuclear localization sequence (NLS) at the N-terminus to promote nuclear import of m460, caused chlorosis and necrosis in the local leaves and severe necrosis in the systemic leaves. Taken together, these data suggest that CLIBASIA_00460 represented a novel virulence factor of CLas, and that nuclear localization of this protein was temperature dependent and positively correlated with its pathogenicity in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meixue Dai
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Jain M, Munoz-Bodnar A, Gabriel DW. 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' peroxiredoxin (LasBCP) suppresses oxylipin-mediated defense signaling in citrus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:61-65. [PMID: 30884323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Lasbcp (CLIBASIA_RS00445) 1-Cys peroxiredoxin gene is conserved among all 13 sequenced strains of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal agent of Huanglongbing or "citrus greening" disease. LasBCP was previously characterized as a secreted peroxiredoxin with substrate specificity for organic peroxides, and as a potential pathogenicity effector. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of LasBCP in citrus leaves provided significant protection against peroxidation of free and membrane-bound lipids, thereby preserving the molecular integrity of the chlorophyll apparatus and reducing accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (oxylipins) following exposure to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH, an organic peroxide). Oxylipins extracted from GUS-expressing citrus leaves reduced viability of L. crescens, the only Liberibacter species cultured to date. However, similar extracts obtained from LasBCP-expressing leaves were less inhibitory to L. crescens growth and viability in culture. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed coordinated transcriptional downregulation of oxylipin biosynthetic (CitFAD, CitLOX, CitAOS and CitAOC), and jasmonic acid (JA) (CitJAR1, CitCOI1 and CitJIN1) and salicylic acid (SA) (CitPAL, CitICS and CitPR1) signaling pathway genes in citrus leaves expressing LasBCP and treated with tBOOH. The negative response regulator of jasmonic acid CitJAZ1 was upregulated in LasBCP-expressing citrus leaves under similar conditions. These data clearly demonstrated a protective role of secreted LasBCP in favor of Las survival and colonization by alleviating ROS-induced lipid peroxidation in citrus host, preventing accumulation of antimicrobial oxylipins, and suppressing both localized and systemic immune responses in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Dean W Gabriel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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14
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Jain M, Munoz-Bodnar A, Zhang S, Gabriel DW. A Secreted 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Peroxiredoxin Simultaneously Suppresses Both Localized and Systemic Innate Immune Responses In Planta. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1312-1322. [PMID: 29953333 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0068-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative (H2O2) burst is a seminal feature of the basal plant defense response to attempted pathogen invasions. In 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' UF506, expression of the SC2 prophage-encoded secreted peroxidase (F489_gp15) increases bacterial fitness and delays symptom progression in citrus. Two chromosomal 1-Cys peroxiredoxin genes, CLIBASIA_RS00940 (Lasprx5) and CLIBASIA_RS00445 (Lasbcp), are conserved among all sequenced 'Ca. L. asiaticus' strains, including those lacking prophages. Both LasBCP and LasdPrx5 have only a single conserved peroxidatic Cys (CP/SH) and lack the resolving Cys (CR/SH). Lasprx5 appeared to be a housekeeping gene with similar moderate transcript abundance in both 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected psyllids and citrus. By contrast, Lasbcp was expressed only in planta, similar to the expression of the SC2 peroxidase. Since 'Ca. L. asiaticus' is uncultured, Lasbcp and Lasprx5 were functionally validated in a cultured surrogate species, Liberibacter crescens, and both genes significantly increased oxidative stress tolerance and cell viability in culture. LasBCP was nonclassically secreted and, in L. crescens, conferred 214-fold more resistance to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) than wild type. Transient overexpression of Lasbcp in tobacco suppressed H2O2-mediated transcriptional activation of RbohB, the key gatekeeper of the systemic plant defense signaling cascade. Lasbcp expression did not interfere with the perception of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' flagellin (flg22Las) but interrupted the downstream activation of RbohB and stereotypical deposition of callose in tobacco. Critically, LasBCP also protected against tBOOH-induced peroxidative degradation of lipid membranes in planta, preventing subsequent accumulation of antimicrobial oxylipins that can also trigger the localized hypersensitive cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | | | - Shujian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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15
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Ding F, Allen V, Luo W, Zhang S, Duan Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying heat or tetracycline treatments for citrus HLB control. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:30. [PMID: 29872535 PMCID: PMC5981314 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a destructive plant bacterial disease, severely impedes worldwide citrus production. In our previous reports, we revealed the molecular mechanisms of host plant responses that underlie thermotherapy against HLB. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying heat or tetracycline treatments on the HLB bacterium, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) by focusing on Las prophage/phage conversion under stress conditions. By comparing the prophage FP1 and FP2 copy number to the copy number of 16S rDNA in HLB-affected plants, we found that the relative copy number of both FP1 and FP2 increased significantly, ranging from 3.4- to 6.7-fold change when Las-infected samples underwent a temperature shift from 23 to 37, 42 or 45 °C. When treated with tetracycline at 50-150 and 200-250 µg/ml, respectively, the relative copy number of both FP1 and FP2 increased by 3.4- to 6.0-fold. In addition, analyses of Las prophage structural gene and antirepressor gene copy numbers showed similar trends for all treatments. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy provided direct evidence of lysogenic to lytic conversion upon temperature increase. These results not only provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying heat or tetracycline treatment but also suggest a novel HLB control strategy by enhancing the endogenous conversion from Las prophages to phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of PLant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China
- USDA-ARS-USHRL, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | | | - Weiqi Luo
- USDA-ARS-USHRL, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA
| | - Shouan Zhang
- IFAS-TREC, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031 USA
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16
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Doud MM, Wang Y, Hoffman MT, Latza CL, Luo W, Armstrong CM, Gottwald TR, Dai L, Luo F, Duan Y. Solar thermotherapy reduces the titer of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and enhances canopy growth by altering gene expression profiles in HLB-affected citrus plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2017; 4:17054. [PMID: 28955443 PMCID: PMC5615044 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a systemic and destructive disease of citrus, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) in the United States. Our earlier work has shown that Las bacteria were significantly reduced or eliminated when potted HLB-affected citrus were continuously exposed to high temperatures of 40 to 42 °C for a minimum of 48 h. To determine the feasibility and effectiveness of solar thermotherapy in the field, portable plastic enclosures were placed over commercial and residential citrus, exposing trees to high temperatures through solarization. Within 3-6 weeks after treatment, most trees responded with vigorous new growth. Las titer in new growth was greatly reduced for 18-36 months after treatment. Unlike with potted trees, exposure to high heat did not eradicate the Las population under field conditions. This may be attributed to reduced temperatures at night in the field compared to continuous high temperature exposure that can be maintained in growth chambers, and the failure to achieve therapeutic temperatures in the root zone. Despite the presence of Las in heat-treated commercial citrus, many trees produced abundant flush and grew vigorously for 2 to 3 years after treatment. Transcriptome analysis comparing healthy trees to HLB-affected citrus both before and after heat treatment demonstrated that post-treatment transcriptional expression patterns more closely resembled the expression patterns of healthy controls for most differentially expressed genes and that genes involved with plant-bacterium interactions are upregulated after heat treatment. Overall, these results indicate that solar thermotherapy can be an effective component of an integrated control strategy for citrus HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Doud
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Yungsheng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0974, USA
| | - Michelle T Hoffman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Christina L Latza
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Weiqi Luo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
- Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Cheryl M Armstrong
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Tim R Gottwald
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Liangying Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0974, USA
| | - Yongping Duan
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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17
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Kruse A, Fattah-Hosseini S, Saha S, Johnson R, Warwick E, Sturgeon K, Mueller L, MacCoss MJ, Shatters RG, Cilia Heck M. Combining 'omics and microscopy to visualize interactions between the Asian citrus psyllid vector and the Huanglongbing pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in the insect gut. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179531. [PMID: 28632769 PMCID: PMC5478155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing, or citrus greening disease, is an economically devastating bacterial disease of citrus. It is associated with infection by the gram-negative bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). CLas is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). For insect transmission to occur, CLas must be ingested during feeding on infected phloem sap and cross the gut barrier to gain entry into the insect vector. To investigate the effects of CLas exposure at the gut-pathogen interface, we performed RNAseq and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to analyze the transcriptome and proteome, respectively, of ACP gut tissue. CLas exposure resulted in changes in pathways involving the TCA cycle, iron metabolism, insecticide resistance and the insect's immune system. We identified 83 long non-coding RNAs that are responsive to CLas, two of which appear to be specific to the ACP. Proteomics analysis also enabled us to determine that Wolbachia, a symbiont of the ACP, undergoes proteome regulation when CLas is present. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed that Wolbachia and CLas inhabit the same ACP gut cells, but do not co-localize within those cells. Wolbachia cells are prevalent throughout the gut epithelial cell cytoplasm, and Wolbachia titer is more variable in the guts of CLas exposed insects. CLas is detected on the luminal membrane, in puncta within the gut epithelial cell cytoplasm, along actin filaments in the gut visceral muscles, and rarely, in association with gut cell nuclei. Our study provides a snapshot of how the psyllid gut copes with CLas exposure and provides information on pathways and proteins for targeted disruption of CLas-vector interactions at the gut interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kruse
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - EricaRose Warwick
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Pathology, University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kasie Sturgeon
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Pathology, University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lukas Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Shatters
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michelle Cilia Heck
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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18
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Martinelli F, Dandekar AM. Genetic Mechanisms of the Devious Intruder Candidatus Liberibacter in Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:904. [PMID: 28620403 PMCID: PMC5449717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Abhaya M. Dandekar
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