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Patel S, Patel J, Silliman K, Hall N, Bowen K, Koebernick J. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Unfolds a Complex Defense and Secondary Metabolite Networks Imparting Corynespora cassiicola Resistance in Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10563. [PMID: 37445741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Target spot is caused by Corynespora cassiicola, which heavily affects soybean production areas that are hot and humid. Resistant soybean genotypes have been identified; however, the molecular mechanisms governing resistance to infection are unknown. Comparative transcriptomic profiling using two known resistant genotypes and two susceptible genotypes was performed under infected and control conditions to understand the regulatory network operating between soybean and C. cassiicola. RNA-Seq analysis identified a total of 2571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which were shared by all four genotypes. These DEGs are related to secondary metabolites, immune response, defense response, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathways in all four genotypes after C. cassiicola infection. In the two resistant genotypes, additional upregulated DEGs were identified affiliated with the defense network: flavonoids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids. Further analysis led to the identification of differentially expressed transcription factors, immune receptors, and defense genes with a leucine-rich repeat domain, dirigent proteins, and cysteine (C)-rich receptor-like kinases. These results will provide insight into molecular mechanisms of soybean resistance to C. cassiicola infection and valuable resources to potentially pyramid quantitative resistance loci for improving soybean germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jinesh Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Katherine Silliman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kira Bowen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Song X, Mei P, Dou T, Liu Q, Li L. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Resistance Mechanism and the Pathogens Causing Root Rot of Coptis chinensis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0480322. [PMID: 36809123 PMCID: PMC10101010 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04803-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coptis chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used for more than 2,000 years. Root rot in C. chinensis can cause brown discoloration (necrosis) in the fibrous roots and rhizomes, leading to plants wilting and dying. However, little information exists about the resistance mechanism and the potential pathogens of the root rot of C. chinensis plants. As a result, in order to investigate the relationship between the underlying molecular processes and the pathogenesis of root rot, transcriptome and microbiome analyses were performed on healthy and diseased C. chinensis rhizomes. This study found that root rot can lead to the significant reduction of medicinal components of Coptis, including thaliotrine, columbamine, epiberberin, coptisine, palmatine chloride, and berberine, affecting its efficacy quality. In the present study, Diaporthe eres, Fusarium avenaceum, and Fusarium solani were identified as the main pathogens causing root rot in C. chinensis. At the same time, the genes in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and alkaloid synthesis pathways were involved in the regulation of root rot resistance and medicinal component synthesis. In addition, harmful pathogens (D. eres, F. avenaceum and F. solani) also induce the expression of related genes in C. chinensis root tissues to reduce active medicinal ingredients. These results provide insights into the root rot tolerance study and pave the way for process disease resistance breeding and quality production of C. chinensis. IMPORTANCE Root rot disease significantly reduces the medicinal quality of Coptis chinensis. In the present study, results found that the C. chinensis fibrous and taproot have different tactics in response to rot pathogen infection. Diaporthe eres, Fusarium avenaceum, and Fusarium solani were isolated and identified to cause different degrees of C. chinensis root rot. These results are helpful for researchers to further explore the mechanism of resistance to rhizoma Coptis root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Song
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengying Mei
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Dou
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qundong Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longyun Li
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Vuong UT, Iswanto ABB, Nguyen Q, Kang H, Lee J, Moon J, Kim SH. Engineering plant immune circuit: walking to the bright future with a novel toolbox. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:17-45. [PMID: 36036862 PMCID: PMC9829404 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens destroy crops and cause severe yield losses, leading to an insufficient food supply to sustain the human population. Apart from relying on natural plant immune systems to combat biological agents or waiting for the appropriate evolutionary steps to occur over time, researchers are currently seeking new breakthrough methods to boost disease resistance in plants through genetic engineering. Here, we summarize the past two decades of research in disease resistance engineering against an assortment of pathogens through modifying the plant immune components (internal and external) with several biotechnological techniques. We also discuss potential strategies and provide perspectives on engineering plant immune systems for enhanced pathogen resistance and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Vuong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Quang‐Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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Zhao Q, Shi Y, Wang Y, Xie X, Li L, Fan T, Guo L, Chai A, Li B. Temperature and Humidity Regulate Sporulation of Corynespora cassiicola That Is Associated with Pathogenicity in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1675. [PMID: 36421389 PMCID: PMC9687187 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber target leaf spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is an emerging disease with a high incidence that causes severe damage to cucumbers on a global scale. Therefore, efforts need to be undertaken to limit the spread and infection of this pathogen, preferably by using environmentally friendly methods. In this study, the effects of temperature and moisture on the sporulation of C. cassiicola were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The novelty of our study refers to the observation of spore production and size as well as the revelation of a correlation between spore size and virulence. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) and cucumber-leaf extract agar (CEA), temperature played a critical role in spore production, which was strongly influenced by both temperature and moisture on detached leaves and cucumber seedlings. Maximum spore production was found at 30 °C on PDA and 25 °C on CEA, cucumber detached leaves and living plants. Lower spore productions were observed with a stepwise change of 5 °C. In addition, the largest spore production was found at 100% relative humidity (RH) in comparison to the other tested moisture. Moreover, moisture was found to be the most important factor affecting spore size, accounting for 83.09-84.86% of the total variance in length and 44.72-73.10% of the total variance in width. The longest-narrowest spores were formed at 100% RH, and the shortest-widest spores were formed at 75% RH. Furthermore, the result showed that larger spores of C. cassiicola were more virulent and small spores were avirulent. Our findings will contribute to the development of new strategies for the effective alleviation and control of cucumber target leaf spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yikai Wang
- Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xuewen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tengfei Fan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liyun Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Ali Chai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baoju Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Han L, Zhao W, Li A, Zhou B, Zhang J, Wu W. Antifungal activity of l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid isolated from Disporopsis aspera rhizomes against Podosphaera xanthii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1946-1952. [PMID: 35085420 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powdery mildew is one of the fungal diseases commonly occurring in the process of cucurbits protected and open cultivation. Cucumbers, melons and pumpkins are extremely susceptible. The secondary metabolites produced by plants are important sources of fungicides with low toxicity and environment-friendly characteristics. The aim of this study was to reveal the main active ingredient in the crude extracts of Disporopsis aspera rhizomes that inhibit cucurbits powdery mildew and evaluate its activities. RESULTS In this study, the crude extracts of Disporopsis aspera rhizomes were found to exhibit excellent antifungal activity aganist Podosphaera xanthii, a causal agent of cucurbits powdery mildew. Based on the bioassay-guided method, l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (l-Aze) was isolated from this genus for the first time. l-Aze showed unique curative and eradicative activity against Podosphaera xanthii in vivo, which has never been reported before. Microscopic observation revealed that the curative spraying of l-Aze could effectively inhibit the mycelial growth, resulting in hollow parts of the mycelia, not forming conidiophores, and interrupting the life cycle of powdery mildew. The eradicative spraying of l-Aze caused the fracture of mycelia and deformity of conidiophores, which could not continue to produce conidia. CONCLUSION l-Aze was the main active ingredient of D. aspera against Podosphaera xanthii, which had both curative and eradicative effects. The results provided a strong possibility of using the crude extracts of D. aspera rhizomes and its main effective component, l-Aze as biocontrol agents to control cucurbits powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Han
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Wangyu Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Aijuan Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
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Zhao Q, Shi Y, Wang Y, Xie X, Li L, Guo L, Chai A, Li B. Quantifying Airborne Dispersal Route of Corynespora cassiicola in Greenhouses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:716758. [PMID: 34594313 PMCID: PMC8478286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.716758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Target leaf spot (TLS), caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is an emerging and high-incidence disease that has spread rapidly on the global scale. Aerospores released by infected plants play a significant role in the epidemiology of cucumber TLS disease; however, no data exist concerning the infectiousness and particle size of C. cassiicola aerospores, and the experimental evidence for the aerospores transmission was lacking. In the present study, highly effective approaches to collect and quantify aerospores were developed for exposure chamber and greenhouse studies. Quantifiable levels of C. cassiicola aerospores were detected in 27 air samples from nine naturally infested greenhouses, ranging from 198 to 5,969 spores/m3. The C. cassiicola strains isolated from air samples were infective to healthy cucumber plants. Exposure chambers were constructed to study the characteristics of C. cassiicola aerospores released by artificially infested cucumber plants. The particle size of C. cassiicola ranged predominately from 2.1 to 4.7 μm, accounting for 71.97% of the total amount. In addition, the transmission dynamics of C. cassiicola aerospores from donor cucumber plants to recipient cucumber plants were confirmed in exposure chambers and greenhouses. The concentration of C. cassiicola aerospores was positively associated with cucumber TLS disease severity. This study suggested that aerospore dispersal is an important route for the epidemiology of plant fungal disease, and these data will contribute to the development of new strategies for the effective alleviation and control of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuewen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ali Chai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Baoju Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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Yang M, Wei Q, Shi L, Wei Z, Lv Z, Asim N, Zhang K, Ge B. Wuyiencin produced by Streptomyces albulus CK-15 displays biocontrol activities against cucumber powdery mildew. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2957-2970. [PMID: 34060684 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Wuyiencin is a nucleoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces albulus CK-15. The aim of this study was to determine whether wuyiencin can be used, as a suitable alternative to chemical pesticides, to protect cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) from powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Further, the mechanisms underlying the control of cucumber powdery mildew by S. albulus CK-15 were preliminarily elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS Wuyiencin solutions of different concentrations were used to treat infected cucumber plants under greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that wuyiencin could significantly reduce powdery mildew disease incidence, with a maximum prevention efficacy of 94·38%. Further, scanning electron micrographs and enzyme assays showed that wuyiencin inhibited S. fuliginea spore growth and elicited the activity of plant systemic resistance-related enzymes. Additionally, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR suggested that wuyiencin can activate a salicylic acid-dependent plant defence response. CONCLUSIONS Wuyiencin produced by S. albulus CK-15 possessed antifungal effects and was able to mitigate cucumber powdery mildew disease via antagonistic action. Wuyiencin also induced defence responses in the plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results reinforce the biotechnological potential of wuyiencin as both an antagonistic agent and an inducer of plant systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Z Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Z Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - N Asim
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - K Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang P, Zhu Y, Zhou S. Comparative analysis of powdery mildew resistant and susceptible cultivated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) varieties to reveal the metabolic responses to Sphaerotheca fuliginea infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:24. [PMID: 33413112 PMCID: PMC7791650 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a widely planted vegetable crop that suffers from various pathogen infections. Powdery mildew (PM) is typical disease caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea infection and destroys the production of cucumber. However, the metabolic responses to S. fuliginea infection are largely unknown. RESULTS In our study, a PM resistant variety 'BK2' and a susceptible variety 'H136' were used to screen differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under S. fuliginea infection. Most of DEGs and DAMs were enriched in several primary and secondary metabolic pathways, including flavonoid, hormone, fatty acid and diterpenoid metabolisms. Our data showed that many flavonoid-related metabolites were significantly accumulated in BK2 rather than H136, suggesting an essential role of flavonoids in formation of resistant quality. Changes in expression of CYP73A, CYP81E1, CHS, F3H, HCT and F3'M genes provided a probable explanation for the differential accumulation of flavonoid-related metabolites. Interestingly, more hormone-related DEGs were detected in BK2 compared to H136, suggesting a violent response of hormone signaling pathways in the PM-resistant variety. The number of fatty acid metabolism-related DAMs in H136 was larger than that in BK2, indicating an active fatty acid metabolism in the PM-susceptible variety. CONCLUSIONS Many differentially expressed transcription factor genes were identified under S. fuliginea infection, providing some potential regulators for the improvement of PM resistance. PM resistance of cucumber was controlled by a complex network consisting of various hormonal and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Li S, Xin M, Luan J, Liu D, Wang C, Liu C, Zhang W, Zhou X, Qin Z. Overexpression of CsHMGB Alleviates Phytotoxicity and Propamocarb Residues in Cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:738. [PMID: 32595667 PMCID: PMC7304447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most economically important fruits of the Cucurbitaceae family, therefore consideration of potential pesticide residues in the fruit in the context of cucumber breeding and production programs is important. Propamocarb (a pesticide commonly used to prevent downy mildew) is widely used in cucumber cultivation, but the molecular mechanism underlying the degradation and metabolism of propamocarb in cucumber is not well understood. We screened a candidate CsHMGB gene (CsaV3-5G28190) for response to propamocarb exposure using transcriptome data. The coding region of CsHMGB was 624 bp in length and encoded the conserved HMB-box region. CsHMGB expression differed significantly between the "D0351" genotype, which accumulated low levels of propamocarb, and the "D9320" genotype, which accumulated high levels of propamocarb. CsHMGB expression was positively correlated with propamocarb levels in the cucumber peel. CsHMGB expression was upregulated in the fruit peels of the "D0351" genotype following exposure to propamocarb stress for 3-120 h, but no difference was observed in expression between propamocarb treatment and control for the "D9320" genotype. For the "D0351" genotype, CsHMGB expression was higher in the fruit peels and leaves than that in female flowers; expression was moderate in the stems and fruit pulps, and weak in male flowers and roots. The CsHMGB protein was targeted to the nucleus in Arabidopsis protoplasts and in the epidermis of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We measured MDA, O2 -, and H2O2 levels in cucumber plants and found that they were likely to accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to propamocarb stress. Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GPX, GST, and GR) and the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system showed that the resistance of the plants was reduced and the levels of propamocarb residue was increased in CsHMGB-silenced plants in response to propamocarb stress. Conversely, overexpression of CsHMGB promoted glutathione-dependent detoxification by AsA-GSH system and improved the antioxidant potential, reduced the accumulation of ROS. Ultimately, the metabolism of propamocarb in cucumber was increased via increase in the wax levels and the stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Xin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenshuo Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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10
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Li W, Deng Y, Ning Y, He Z, Wang GL. Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:575-603. [PMID: 32197052 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-010720-022215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases reduce crop yields and threaten global food security, making the selection of disease-resistant cultivars a major goal of crop breeding. Broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) is a desirable trait because it confers resistance against more than one pathogen species or against the majority of races or strains of the same pathogen. Many BSR genes have been cloned in plants and have been found to encode pattern recognition receptors, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors, and defense-signaling and pathogenesis-related proteins. In addition, the BSR genes that underlie quantitative trait loci, loss of susceptibility and nonhost resistance have been characterized. Here, we comprehensively review the advances made in the identification and characterization of BSR genes in various species and examine their application in crop breeding. We also discuss the challenges and their solutions for the use of BSR genes in the breeding of disease-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
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11
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Zhang P, Zhu Y, Zhou S. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of powdery mildew resistant and susceptible cultivated cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) varieties to identify the genes involved in the resistance to Sphaerotheca fuliginea infection. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8250. [PMID: 32337096 PMCID: PMC7169966 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop, and its yield and quality are greatly affected by various pathogen infections. Sphaerotheca fuliginea is a pathogen that causes powdery mildew (PM) disease in cucumber. However, the genes involved in the resistance to PM in cucumber are largely unknown. Methods In our study, a cucumber PM resistant cultivated variety “BK2” and a susceptible cultivated variety “H136” were used to screen and identify differential expressed genes (DEGs) under the S. fuliginea infection. Results There were only 97 DEGs between BK2 and H136 under the control condition, suggesting a similarity in the basal gene expression between the resistant and susceptible cultivated varieties. A large number of hormone signaling-related DEGs (9.2% of all DEGs) between resistant and susceptible varieties were identified, suggesting an involvement of hormone signaling pathways in the resistance to PM. In our study, the defense-related DEGs belonging to Class I were only induced in susceptible cultivated variety and the defense-related DEGs belonging to Class II were only induced in resistant cultivated variety. The peroxidase, NBS, glucanase and chitinase genes that were grouped into Class I and II might contribute to production of the resistance to PM in resistant cultivated variety. Furthermore, several members of Pathogen Response-2 family, such as glucanases and chitinases, were identified as DEGs, suggesting that cucumber might enhance the resistance to PM by accelerating the degradation of the pathogen cell walls. Our data allowed us to identify and analyze more potential genes related to PM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Zhang P, Zhu Y, Luo X, Zhou S. Comparative proteomic analysis provides insights into the complex responses to Pseudoperonospora cubensis infection of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci Rep 2019; 9:9433. [PMID: 31263111 PMCID: PMC6603182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important crop distributed in many countries. Downy mildew (DM) caused by the obligate oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis is especially destructive in cucumber production. So far, few studies on the changes in proteomes during the P. cubensis infection have been performed. In the present study, the proteomes of DM-resistant variety ‘ZJ’ and DM-susceptible variety ‘SDG’ under the P. cubensis infection were investigated. In total, 6400 peptides were identified, 5629 of which were quantified. KEGG analysis showed that a number of metabolic pathways were significantly altered under P. cubensis infection, such as terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and selenocompound metabolism in ZJ, and starch and sucrose metabolism in SDG. For terpenoid backbone synthesis, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase were significantly accumulated in ZJ rather than in SDG, suggesting that pathogen-induced terpenoids accumulation might play an important role in the resistance against P. cubensis infection. Furthermore, a number of pathogenesis-related proteins, such as endochitinases, peroxidases, PR proteins and heat shock proteins were identified as DAPs, suggesting that DM resistance was controlled by a complex network. Our data allowed us to identify and screen more potential proteins related to the DM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujun Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Luan Q, Chen C, Liu M, Li Q, Wang L, Ren Z. CsWRKY50 mediates defense responses to Pseudoperonospora cubensis infection in Cucumis sativus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:59-69. [PMID: 30709494 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), an economically important vegetable crop, is often infected by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (P. cubensis), which results in inhibited growth and reduced yield. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play critical roles in plant disease resistance. However, little is known about the function of WRKY TFs in cucumber downy mildew resistance. In this study, we reported that CsWRKY50, a cucumber WRKY subgroup Ⅱc TF localized in the nucleus, plays an important role in cucumber defense responses to downy mildew. In addition, several putative cis-acting elements involved in abiotic stress responsiveness were also identified in the CsWRKY50 promoter. Expression analysis revealed that CsWRKY50 can be induced by P. cubensis infection, abiotic stress and diverse signaling molecules. The overexpression of CsWRKY50 in cucumber enhanced the resistance of the plant to the fungal pathogen P. cubensis. In addition, less ROS accumulated in 35S:CsWRKY50 transgenic plants infected by the pathogen due to the higher expression levels of antioxidant enzymes. Importantly, after P. cubensis infection, the transcript levels of several hormone-related defense genes were also upregulated in transgenic plants, including SA- and JA-responsive genes and SA-synthesis genes. Collectively, our results indicate that CsWRKY50 positively regulates cucumber disease resistance to P. cubensis via multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Liu C, Qin Z, Zhou X, Xin M, Wang C, Liu D, Li S. Expression and functional analysis of the Propamocarb-related gene CsDIR16 in cucumbers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:16. [PMID: 29347906 PMCID: PMC5774166 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucumber downy mildew is among the most important diseases that can disrupt cucumber production. Propamocarb, also known as propyl-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbamate (PM), is a systemic carbamate fungicide pesticide that is widely applied in agricultural production because of its high efficiency of pathogens control, especially cucumber downy mildew. However, residual PM can remain in cucumbers after the disease has been controlled. To explore the molecular mechanisms of PM retention, cucumber cultivars 'D9320' (with the highest residual PM content) and 'D0351' (lowest residual PM content) were studied. High-throughput tag-sequencing (Tag-Seq) results showed that the CsDIR16 gene was related to PM residue, which was verified using transgenic technology. RESULTS We investigated the activity of a dirigent cucumber protein encoded by the CsDIR16 in gene response to stress induced by PM treatment. Gene-expression levels of CsDIR16 were up-regulated in the fruits, leaves, and stems of 'D0351' plants in response to PM treatment. However, in cultivar 'D9320', CsDIR16 levels were down-regulated in the leaves and stems after PM treatment, with no statistically significant differences observed in the fruits. Induction by jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, polyethylene glycol 4000, NaCl, and Corynespora cassiicola Wei (Cor) resulted in CsDIR16 up-regulation in 'D0351' and 'D9320'. Expression after salicylic acid treatment was up-regulated in 'D0351', but was down-regulated in 'D9320'. CsDIR16 overexpression lowered PM residues, and these were more rapidly reduced in CsDIR16(+) transgenic 'D9320' plants than in wild-type 'D9320' and CsDIR16(-) transgenic plants. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of the CsDIR16-expression patterns in the cucumber cultivars with the highest and lowest levels of PM residue, and transgenic validation indicated that CsDIR16 plays a positive role in reducing PM residues. The findings of this study help understand the regulatory mechanisms occurring in response to PM stress in cucumbers and in establishing the genetic basis for developing low-pesticide residue cucumber cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Xiuyan Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Ming Xin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Shengnan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
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