Elevated CO2 concentration promotes photosynthesis of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Pinot noir') plantlet in vitro by regulating RbcS and Rca revealed by proteomic and transcriptomic profiles

Transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal high nitrate or ammonium applications alleviate photosynthetic decline of Phoebe bournei seedlings under elevated carbon dioxide by regulating glnA and rbcS

The global CO2 concentration is predicted to reach 700 µmol·mol-1 by the end of this century. Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang is a precious timber species and is listed as a national secondary protection plant in China. P. bournei seedlings show obvious photosynthetic decline when grown long-term under an elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2, EC). This decline can be alleviated by high nitrate or ammonium applications. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. We performed transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of P. bournei of seedlings grown under an ambient CO2 concentration (AC) and applied with either a moderate level of nitrate (N), a high level of nitrate (hN), or a moderate level of ammonium (A) and compared them with those of seedlings grown under eCO2 (i.e., AC_N vs EC_N, AC_hN vs EC_hN, AC_A vs EC_A) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). We identified 4528 (AC_N vs EC_N), 1378 (AC_hN vs EC_hN), and 252 (AC_A vs EC_A) DEGs and 230, 514, and 234 DEPs, respectively, of which 59 specific genes and 21 specific proteins were related to the regulation of photosynthesis by nitrogen under eCO2. A combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis identified 7 correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes. These correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes revealed crucial pathways involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and nitrogen metabolism. The rbcS and glnA correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes were enriched in these two metabolisms. We propose that the rbcS and glnA correlation-DEGs-DEPs genes play an important role in photosynthetic decline and nitrogen regulation. High nitrate or ammonium applications alleviated the downregulation of glnA and rbcS and, hence, alleviated photosynthetic decline. The results of this study provide directions for the screening of germplasm resources and molecular breeding of P. bournei, which is tolerant to elevated CO2 concentrations.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01481-2.

Chitosan nanoparticles upregulate C and N metabolism in soybean plants grown under elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Despite the wide utilization of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) as a promising approach for sustainable agriculture, their efficiency under elevated CO2 (eCO2), has not been evaluated. The interactive effects of CSNPs and eCO2 were evaluated on the growth and C and N metabolism of soybean plants. Plants were treated with CSNPs and grown under ambient CO2 (410 ppm, aCO2) or eCO2 (645 ppm). Regardless of CO2 level, CSNPs improved the net photosynthetic rate. CSNPs aggravated the effect of eCO2 treatment on the levels of non-structural carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch), especially in shoots, which was inconsistence with the upregulation of carbohydrates metabolizing enzymes. Being the most pivotal energetic and signaling organic compounds in higher plants, the synergistic action of CSNPs and eCO2 on the accumulation of soluble sugars upregulated the N metabolism as indicated by induced activities of nitrate reductase, arginase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase which was manifested finally as increased shoot and root total nitrogen content as well as proline and aspartate in roots. At the hormonal level, the coexistence of eCO2 with CSNPs further supports their positive impact on the contents of IAA and, to a lesser extent, GAs. The present data prove that the biofertilization capacity of CSNPs is even more potent under futuristic eCO2 levels and could even further improve the growth and resilience of plants.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the RADIALIS-like Gene Family in Camellia sinensis

The RADIALIS-like (RL) proteins are v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB)-related transcription factors (TFs), and are involved in many biological processes, including metabolism, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the studies on the RL genes of Camellia sinensis are not comprehensive enough. Therefore, we undertook this study and identified eight CsaRLs based on the typical conserved domain SANT Associated domain (SANT) of RL. These genes have low molecular weights and theoretical pI values ranging from 5.67 to 9.76. Gene structure analysis revealed that six CsaRL genes comprise two exons and one intron, while the other two contain a single exon encompassing motifs 1 and 2, and part of motif 3. The phylogenetic analysis divided one hundred and fifty-eight RL proteins into five primary classes, in which CsaRLs clustered in Group V and were homologous with CssRLs of the Shuchazao variety. In addition, we selected different tissue parts to analyze the expression profile of CsaRLs, and the results show that almost all genes displayed variable expression levels across tissues, with CsaRL1a relatively abundant in all tissues. qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR) was used to detect the relative expression levels of the CsaRL genes under various abiotic stimuli, and it was found that CsaRL1a expression levels were substantially higher than other genes, with abscisic acid (ABA) causing the highest expression. The self-activation assay with yeast two-hybrid system showed that CsaRL1a has no transcriptional activity. According to protein functional interaction networks, CsaRL1a was well connected with WIN1-like, lysine histidine transporter-1-like, β-amylase 3 chloroplastic-like, carbonic anhydrase-2-like (CA2), and carbonic anhydrase dnaJC76 (DJC76). This study adds to our understanding of the RL family and lays the groundwork for further research into the function and regulatory mechanisms of the CsaRLs gene family in Camellia sinensis.

Sweetpotato cultivars responses to interactive effects of warming, drought, and elevated carbon dioxide

Plants are sensitive to changes projected in climates, such as elevated carbon dioxide (eCO₂), high temperature (T), and drought stress (DS), which affect crop growth, development, and yield. These stresses, either alone or in combination, affect all aspects of sweetpotato plant growth and development, including storage root development and yield. We tested three sweetpotato cultivars (Beauregard, Hatteras, and LA1188) responses to eight treatments (Control, DS, T, eCO₂, DS + T, T + eCO_2, DS + eCO_2, DS + T + eCO₂). All treatments were imposed 36 days after transplanting (DAP) and continued for 47 days. Treatments substantially affected gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, growth, and storage root components. Cultivars differed considerably for many of the measured parameters. The most significant negative impact of DS was recorded for the shoot and root weights. The combination of DS + T had a significant negative effect on storage root parameters. eCO₂ alleviated some of the damaging effects of DS and high T in sweetpotato. For instance, eCO₂ alone or combined with DS increased the storage root weights by 22% or 42% across all three cultivars, respectively. Based on the stress response index, cultivar "Hatteras" was most tolerant to individual and interactive stresses, and "LA 1188" was sensitive. Our findings suggest that eCO₂ negates the negative impact of T or DS on the growth and yield of sweetpotato. We identified a set of individual and interactive stress-tolerant traits that can help select stress cultivars or breed new lines for future environments.

Elevated CO2 concentration induces changes in plant growth, transcriptome, and antioxidant activity in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

INTRODUCTION

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is widely used to produce natural bio-materials. Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) concentrations in the atmosphere improve the net photosynthesis of plants.

METHODS

The aim of the present study was to investigate distinct changes in fennel growth characteristics and phytonutrient contents under different CO₂ concentrations. The effects of 400 and 800 ppm concentrations on plant growth and antioxidant activity were observed under hydroponics.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Plant growth was improved by eCO₂ concentrations. We also observed diverse changes in nutrient solution (pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen) and environmental factors (temperature and humidity) in greenhouse under light or dark conditions. Electrical conductivity increased under dark and eCO₂ conditions, whereas the pH decreased. Additionally, we performed transcriptome analysis and identified CO₂-responsive differentially expressed genes. In the 800 ppm group, genes involved in photosynthesis and Karrikin response were upregulated whereas those involved in syncytium formation were downregulated. Four upregulated differentially expressed genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and total flavonoid content were relatively increased under the 800 ppm CO₂ condition. In contrast, antioxidant activity, including total phenolic content, scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and reducing power were decreased in fennel under relatively high eCO₂ concentrations. Moreover, different light intensities of 12 or 24 lx did not affect the growth and antioxidant activity of fennel, suggesting eCO₂ has a stronger effect on plant improvement than light intensity. The results of the present study enhance our understanding of the positive effects of CO₂ on the growth and antioxidant activity of fennel.

Short-term elevated temperature and CO2 promote photosynthetic induction in the C3 plant Glycine max, but not in the C4 plant Amaranthus tricolor

The continuous increases of atmospheric temperature and CO2 concentration will impact global photosynthesis. However, there are few studies considering the interaction of elevated temperature (eT) and elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) on dynamic photosynthesis, particularly for C4 species. We examine dynamic photosynthesis under four different temperature and [CO2 ] treatments: (1) 400ppm×28°C (CT); (2) 400ppm×33°C (CT+); (3) 800ppm×28°C (C+T); and (4) 800ppm×33°C (C+T+). In Glycine max L., the time required to reach 50% (T 50%A ) and 90% (T 90%A ) of full photosynthetic induction was smaller under the CT+, C+T, and C+T+ treatments than those under the CT treatment. In Amaranthus tricolor L., however, neither T 50%A nor T 90%A was not significantly affected by eT or eCO2 . In comparison with the CT treatment, the achieved carbon gain was increased by 58.3% (CT+), 112% (C+T), and 136.6% (C+T+) in G. max and was increased by 17.1% (CT+), 2.6% (C+T) and 56.9% (C+T+) in A. tricolor . The increases of achieved carbon gain in G. max were attributable to both improved photosynthetic induction efficiency (IE) and enhanced steady-state photosynthesis, whereas those in A. tricolor were attributable to enhanced steady-state photosynthesis.

Interactive influence of elevated CO2 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on sucrose and coumarin metabolism in Ammi majus

The elevated level of CO₂ (eCO₂) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been known as successful eco-friendly agents for plant growth and development as well as quality enhancers. The current investigation was designed to study the influence of eCO₂ (620 μmol CO₂ mol^-1 air) and AMF on sucrose and phenylpropanoid metabolism, including coumarins, the most important bioactive metabolite in Ammi majus. eCO₂ and AMF were applied, and different parameters have been assessed in A. majus such as changes in mycorrhizal colonization, plant biomass production, photosynthesis, and levels of N, P, and Ca besides the key metabolites and enzymes in sucrose and coumarins metabolic pathways. The present outcomes revealed that eCO₂ and AMF individually or combined enhanced the plant biomass and photosynthesis as well as nutrient concentrations. Furthermore, the levels of sucrose, soluble sugars, glucose, fructose, and the activities of some key enzymes in their metabolism besides phenylpropanoids metabolites in shoot and root of A. majus have been enhanced by eCO₂ and AMF especially when combined. Moreover, upregulation of sucrose is linked to phenylpropanoids metabolic pathway via upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity suggesting high coumarin biosynthesis. Generally, the synergistic effect of both treatments was noted for most of the investigated parameters compared to the individual effect. It could be concluded that the combined application of eCO₂ and AMF affects A. majus global metabolism and induces accumulation of phyto-molecules, coumarin, which might improve its medicinal and pharmacological applications.

Characterization of the genetic basis of local adaptation of wheat landraces from Iran and Pakistan using genome-wide association study

Characterization of genomic regions underlying adaptation of landraces can reveal a quantitative genetics framework for local wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adaptability. A collection of 512 wheat landraces from the eastern edge of the Fertile Crescent in Iran and Pakistan were genotyped using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism markers generated by genotyping-by-sequencing. The minor allele frequency (MAF) and the heterozygosity (H) of Pakistani wheat landraces (MAF = 0.19, H = 0.008) were slightly higher than the Iranian wheat landraces (MAF = 0.17, H = 0.005), indicating that Pakistani landraces were slightly more genetically diverse. Population structure analysis clearly separated the Pakistani landraces from Iranian landraces, which indicates two separate adaptability trajectories. The large-scale agro-climatic data of seven variables were quite dissimilar between Iran and Pakistan as revealed by the correlation coefficients. Genome-wide association study identified 91 and 58 loci using agroclimatic data, which likely underpin local adaptability of the wheat landraces from Iran and Pakistan, respectively. Selective sweep analysis identified significant hits on chromosomes 4A, 4B, 6B, 7B, 2D, and 6D, which were colocalized with the loci associated with local adaptability and with some known genes related to flowering time and grain size. This study provides insight into the genetic diversity with emphasis on the genetic architecture of loci involved in adaptation to local environments, which has breeding implications.

Ammonium application mitigates the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on the carbon/nitrogen balance of Phoebe bournei seedlings

The study of plant responses to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is crucial to understand and to predict the effect of future global climate change on plant adaptation and evolution. Increasing amount of nitrogen (N) can promote the positive effect of CO2, while how N forms would modify the degree of CO2 effect is rarely studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amount and form of nitrogen (N) could mitigate the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on enzyme activities related to carbon (C) and N metabolism, the C/N ratio, and growth of Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Y.C. Yang. One-year-old P. bournei seedlings were grown in an open-top air chamber under either an ambient CO2 (aCO2) (350 ± 70 μmol•mol-1) or an eCO2 (700 ± 10 μmol•mol-1) concentration and cultivated in soil treated with either moderate (0.8 g per seedling) or high applications (1.2 g per seedling) of nitrate or ammonium. In seedlings treated with a moderate level of nitrate, the activities of key enzymes involved in C and N metabolism (i.e., Rubisco, Rubisco activase and glutamine synthetase) were lower under eCO2 than under aCO2. By contrast, key enzyme activities (except GS) in seedlings treated with high nitrate or ammonium were not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2 or higher under eCO2 than under aCO2. The C/N ratio of seedlings treated with moderate or high nitrate under eCO2was significantly changed compared with the seedlings grown under aCO2, whereas the C/N ratio of seedlings treated with ammonium was not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2. Therefore, under eCO2, application of ammonium can be beneficial C and N metabolism and mitigate effects on the C/N ratio.

Reconstruction of ancestral karyotype illuminates chromosome evolution in the genus Cucumis

Karyotype dynamics driven by complex chromosome rearrangements constitute a fundamental issue in evolutionary genetics. The evolutionary events underlying karyotype diversity within plant genera, however, have rarely been reconstructed from a computed ancestral progenitor. Here, we developed a method to rapidly and accurately represent extant karyotypes with the genus, Cucumis, using highly customizable comparative oligo-painting (COP) allowing visualization of fine-scale genome structures of eight Cucumis species from both African-origin and Asian-origin clades. Based on COP data, an evolutionary framework containing a genus-level ancestral karyotype was reconstructed, allowing elucidation of the evolutionary events that account for the origin of these diverse genomes within Cucumis. Our results characterize the cryptic rearrangement hotspots on ancestral chromosomes, and demonstrate that the ancestral Cucumis karyotype (n = 12) evolved to extant Cucumis genomes by hybridizations and frequent lineage- and species-specific genome reshuffling. Relative to the African species, the Asian species, including melon (Cucumis melo, n = 12), Cucumis hystrix (n = 12) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus, n = 7), had highly shuffled genomes caused by large-scale inversions, centromere repositioning and chromothripsis-like rearrangement. The deduced reconstructed ancestral karyotype for the genus allowed us to propose evolutionary trajectories and specific events underlying the origin of these Cucumis species. Our findings highlight that the partitioned evolutionary plasticity of Cucumis karyotype is primarily located in the centromere-proximal regions marked by rearrangement hotspots, which can potentially serve as a reservoir for chromosome evolution due to their fragility.

Electrocatalytic CO2 fixation by regenerating reduced cofactor NADH during Calvin Cycle using glassy carbon electrode

In this study, an enzymatic pathway has been developed to replicate the Calvin Cycle by creating the individual steps of the carbon cycle in a bioreactor. The technology known as “artificial photosynthesis” converts CO₂ emissions into a variety of intermediates that serve as precursors to high-value products. CO₂, light, water, and electricity were used as feedstock. An electrochemical reactor was also studied for the regeneration of active NADH operating at constant electrode potential. Initially, a batch electrochemical reactor containing 80 mL of 0.2 mM NAD⁺ in Tris-buffer (pH 7.40) was used to evaluate the electrode material operating at normal temperature and pressure. The results showed that the cathode is highly electrocatalytically efficient and selective to regenerate 97.45±0.8% of NADH from NAD⁺ at electrode potential of -2.3 V vs. mercury standard electrode (MSE). The NADH regeneration system was then integrated with ATP regeneration system and bioreactor containing Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). NADH was regenerated successfully during the process electrochemically and then was used by the enzymatic reaction to produce triose phosphate and 3-Phosphoglycerate (3GPA).

High Temperature and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Modify Berry Composition of Different Clones of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Tempranillo

Tempranillo is a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) variety extensively used for world wine production which is expected to be affected by environmental parameters modified by ongoing global climate changes, i.e., increases in average air temperature and rise of atmospheric CO₂ levels. Apart from determining their effects on grape development and biochemical characteristics, this paper considers the intravarietal diversity of the cultivar Tempranillo as a tool to develop future adaptive strategies to face the impact of climate change on grapevine. Fruit-bearing cuttings of five clones (RJ43, CL306, T3, VN31, and 1084) were grown in temperature gradient greenhouses (TGGs), from fruit set to maturity, under two temperature regimes (ambient temperature vs. ambient temperature plus 4°C) and two CO₂ levels (ambient, ca. 400 ppm, vs. elevated, 700 ppm). Treatments were applied separately or in combination. The analyses carried out included berry phenological development, the evolution in the concentration of must compounds (organic acids, sugars, and amino acids), and total skin anthocyanins. Elevated temperature hastened berry ripening, sugar accumulation, and malic acid breakdown, especially when combined with high CO₂. Climate change conditions reduced the amino acid content 2 weeks after mid-veraison and seemed to delay amino acidic maturity. Elevated CO₂ reduced the decoupling effect of temperature on the anthocyanin to sugar ratio. The impact of these factors, taken individually or combined, was dependent on the clone analyzed, thus indicating certain intravarietal variability in the response of Tempranillo to these climate change-related factors.

Influence of sucrose concentration in the culture medium on the condition of the photosynthetic apparatus of grapes cultured in vitro

An influence of different sucrose concentrations in the culture media on the photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic apparatus related genes expression, oxidative processes and acclimation of grape plants cultured in vitro was examined in this article. An increase of the sucrose concentration in the culture media resulted in a reduced expression of several photosynthetic genes. The most effective functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus was discovered by a decreased amount of surcose in culture media. An increase of the sucrose concentration in the culture media disrupts pigments synthesis, particularly carotenoids, which can be a cause of the secondary oxidative stress formation and grape plants growth reduction during acclimation.