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Silva IP, Costa MGC, Costa-Pinto MFF, Silva MAA, Coelho Filho MA, Fancelli M. Volatile compounds in citrus in adaptation to water deficit and to herbivory by Diaphorina citri: How the secondary metabolism of the plant is modulated under concurrent stresses. A review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112157. [PMID: 38871029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Citrus plants are grown in diverse regions of the world, from subtropical to semi-arid and humid tropical areas. Through mechanisms essential for their survival, they adapt to the environmental conditions to which they are subjected. Although there is vast literature on adaptation of citrus plants to individual stresses, plant responses to interaction among different types of stresses have not been clearly examined. Abiotic or biotic stresses, or a combination of these stresses, result in reorganization of plant energy resources for defense, whether it be for resistance, tolerance, or prevention of stress. Plants generally respond to these stress factors through production of secondary metabolites, such as volatile compounds, derived from different biosynthesis and degradation pathways, which are released through distinct routes. Volatile compounds vary among plant species, meeting the specific needs of the plant. Simultaneous exposure to the stress factors of water deficit and herbivory leads to responses such as qualitative and quantitative changes in the emission of secondary metabolites, and compounds may accumulate within the leaves or predispose the plant to more quickly respond to the stress brought about by the herbivore. The genetic makeup of citrus plants can contribute to a better response to stress factors; however, studies on the emission of volatile compounds in different citrus genotypes under simultaneous stresses are limited. This review examines the effects of abiotic stress due to water deficit and biotic stress due to herbivory by Diaphorina citri in citrus plants and examines their connection with volatile compounds. A summary is made of advances in knowledge regarding the performance of volatile compounds in plant defense against both stress factors, as well as the interaction between them and possible findings in citrus plants. In addition, throughout this review, we focus on how genetic variation of the citrus species is correlated with production of volatile compounds to improve stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indiara Pereira Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Ayala Araújo Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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Jia R, Xing K, Tian L, Dong X, Yu L, Shen X, Wang Y. Analysis of Methylesterase Gene Family in Fragaria vesca Unveils Novel Insights into the Role of FvMES2 in Methyl Salicylate-Mediated Resistance against Strawberry Gray Mold. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11392-11404. [PMID: 38717972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Methylesterases (MESs) hydrolyze carboxylic ester and are important for plant metabolism and defense. However, the understanding of MES' role in strawberries against pathogens remains limited. This study identified 15 FvMESs with a conserved catalytic triad from the Fragaria vesca genome. Spatiotemporal expression data demonstrated the upregulated expression of FvMESs in roots and developing fruits, suggesting growth involvement. The FvMES promoter regions harbored numerous stress-related cis-acting elements and transcription factors associated with plant defense mechanisms. Moreover, FvMES2 exhibited a significant response to Botrytis cinerea stress and showed a remarkable correlation with the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed an efficient binding potential between FvMES2 and methyl salicylate (MeSA). The role of FvMES2 in MeSA demethylation to produce SA was further confirmed through in vitro and in vivo assays. After MeSA was applied, the transient overexpression of FvMES2 in strawberries enhanced their resistance to B. cinerea compared to wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Keyan Xing
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lin Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ligang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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Pérez-Hedo M, Urbaneja A, Alférez F. Homobrassinolide Delays Huanglongbing Progression in Newly Planted Citrus ( Citrus sinensis) Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1229. [PMID: 38732444 PMCID: PMC11085320 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is a devastating disease impacting citrus trees worldwide, with severe effects particularly noted in Florida. Current strategies to combat HLB focus on aggressive replanting, despite the high susceptibility of young trees to infection. In this context, it is critical to explore agronomic practices that can enhance the health and resistance of young citrus trees to HLB. Here, we demonstrate that treatment with homobrassinolide (HBr), a type of brassinosteroid, in newly planted citrus (Citrus sinensis) trees can delay HLB infection and improve tree health amidst the high psyllid pressure conditions endemic to Florida. Our study reveals a significant reduction in HLB infection rates in HBr-treated trees compared to control trees, with only 25% of treated trees testing positive for HLB by six months, in contrast to 100% infection in untreated trees. This delay in infection may be attributed to HBr inducing an immune response and negatively impacting psyllid performance, as subsequently demonstrated in a greenhouse experiment. Our findings suggest that HBr applications could serve as a viable strategy to enhance the resilience of citrus production against HLB, underscoring the need for further investigation into their mechanisms of action and potential role in a comprehensive pest and disease management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315, Km 10.7, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315, Km 10.7, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Alférez
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
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Lombardi RL, Ramsey JS, Mahoney JE, MacCoss MJ, Heck ML, Slupsky CM. Longitudinal Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Response of Citrus sinensis to Diaphorina citri Inoculation of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38373055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a fatal citrus disease that is currently threatening citrus varieties worldwide. One putative causative agent, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is vectored by Diaphorina citri, known as the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Understanding the details of CLas infection in HLB disease has been hindered by its Candidatus nature and the inability to confidently detect it in diseased trees during the asymptomatic stage. To identify early changes in citrus metabolism in response to inoculation of CLas using its natural psyllid vector, leaves from Madam Vinous sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) trees were exposed to CLas-positive ACP or CLas-negative ACP and longitudinally analyzed using transcriptomics (RNA sequencing), proteomics (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; data available in Dryad: 10.25338/B83H1Z), and metabolomics (proton nuclear magnetic resonance). At 4 weeks postexposure (wpe) to psyllids, the initial HLB plant response was primarily to the ACP and, to a lesser extent, the presence or absence of CLas. Additionally, analysis of 4, 8, 12, and 16 wpe identified 17 genes and one protein as consistently differentially expressed between leaves exposed to CLas-positive ACP versus CLas-negative ACP. This study informs identification of early detection molecular targets and contributes to a broader understanding of vector-transmitted plant pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Lombardi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - John S Ramsey
- Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Mahoney
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michelle L Heck
- Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Chelliah A, Arumugam C, Punchakkara PM, Suthanthiram B, Raman T, Subbaraya U. Genome-wide characterization of 2OGD superfamily for mining of susceptibility factors responding to various biotic stresses in Musa spp. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1319-1338. [PMID: 38024958 PMCID: PMC10678914 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Bananas are an important staple food and cash crop, but they are vulnerable to a variety of pests and diseases that substantially reduce yield and quality. Banana diseases are challenging to control and necessitate an integrated strategy, and development of resistant cultivars is one of the effective ways of managing diseases. Lasting disease resistance is the main goal in crop improvement and resistance mediated by a single resistant (R) gene mostly lack durability. However, long-term resistance can be obtained by inactivating susceptibility factors (S), which facilitate pathogen infection and proliferation. Identification and inactivation of susceptibility factors against the major pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), Pseudocercospora eumusae and Pratylenchus coffeae in banana will be an effective way in developing banana varieties with more durable resistance. Downy mildew resistance 6 (DMR6) and DMR-like oxygenases (DLO1) are one such susceptibility factors and they belong to 2-oxoglutarate Fe(II) dependent oxygenases (2OGD) superfamily. 2OGDs are known to catalyze a plethora of reactions and also confer resistance to different pathogens in various crops, but not much is known about the 2OGD in Musa species. Through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis, 133 and 122 potential 2OGDs were systematically identified and categorized from the A and B genomes of banana, respectively. Real time expression of dmr6 and dlo1 genes showed positive correlation with transcriptome data upon Foc race1 and TR4 infection and examination of expression pattern of Macma4_04_g22670 (Ma04_g20880) and Macma4_02_g13590 (Ma02_g12040) genes revealed their involvement in Foc race1 and TR4 infections, respectively. Further the expression profile of 2OGDs, specifically Macma4_04_g25310 (Ma04_g23390), Macma4_08_g11980 (Ma08_g12090) and Macma4_04_g38910 (Ma04_g36640) shows that they may play a significant role as a susceptibility factor, particularly against P. eumusae and P. coffeae, implying that they can be exploited as a candidate gene for editing in developing resistant cultivars against these diseases. In summary, our findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of the evolutionary and functional aspects of 2OGDs in Musa spp. Furthermore, they highlight the substantial functions of these family constituents in the progression of diseases. These insights hold significance in the context of enhancing the genetic makeup of bananas to attain extended and more durable resistance against pathogens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01380-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chelliah
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Chandrasekar Arumugam
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Prashina Mol Punchakkara
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Backiyarani Suthanthiram
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Thangavelu Raman
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
| | - Uma Subbaraya
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 102 India
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Gao J, Tao T, Arthurs SP, Hussain M, Ye F, Mao R. Saliva-Mediated Contrasting Effects of Two Citrus Aphid Species on Asian Citrus Psyllid Feeding Behavior and Plant Jasmonic Acid Pathway. INSECTS 2023; 14:672. [PMID: 37623382 PMCID: PMC10455628 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
While herbivorous insect saliva plays a crucial role in the interaction between plants and insects, its role in the inter-specific interactions between herbivorous insects has received little attention. Pre-infestation of citrus plants with Aphis spiraecola Patch and Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) exhibited positive and negative effects on the performance (feeding and reproduction) of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. We explored the role of saliva in this plant-mediated interaction by infiltrating fresh and boiled aphid saliva into plants and detecting D. citri feeding behavior and citrus plant defense response. Leaf infiltration of A. spiraecola saliva disrupted the subsequent feeding of D. citri, indicated by prolonged extracellular stylet pathway duration and decreased phloem sap ingestion duration. By contrast, infiltration of A. citricidus saliva decreased the duration of the extracellular stylet pathway and phloem sap ingestion of D. citri. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed that several salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-pathway-related genes were activated by A. spiraecola saliva infiltration. However, two SA-pathway-related genes were activated and three JA-pathway-related genes were suppressed following A. citricidus saliva infiltration. Treatment with boiled saliva did not similarly impact D. citri feeding behavior or plant defense response. This study suggests that salivary components (those that can be inactivated by heating) from two citrus aphid species differently affect plant defenses and that they were responsible for the contrasting plant-mediated effects of two citrus aphids on the feeding behavior of D. citri. This study indicates a novel three-way citrus aphid-plant-citrus psyllid interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Tonglai Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | | | - Mubasher Hussain
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fengxian Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Runqian Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
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Gao J, Tao T, Arthurs SP, Ye F, An X, Hussain M, Mao R. Plant jasmonic acid mediated contrasting effects of two citrus aphid species on Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:811-820. [PMID: 36264110 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivores may influence each other directly and through plant mediated inter-specific interactions. The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) and citrus aphids are key pests that can co-exist on citrus, but their plant-mediated interaction between them is unknown. Here we investigated plant-mediated effect of two citrus aphid species, the polyphagous Aphis spiraecola Patch and the oligophagous Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) on the feeding behavior and reproduction of Diaphorina citri, and explored the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS In comparison with those on aphid free plants, Diaphorina citri had decreased reproduction and reduced phloem feeding on Aphis spiraecola pre-infested plants, while the reproduction and feeding efficiency were increased on Aphis citricidus pre-infested plants. Jasmonic acid (JA) dependent defense was significantly activated by Diaphorina citri feeding on Aphis spiraecola pre-infested plants, but was suppressed by Diaphorina citri feeding on Aphis citricidus pre-infested plants compared with that on aphid free plant. By contrast, only one tested marker gene in salicylic acid (SA) signaling was activated by Diaphorina citri feeding on Aphis spiraecola pre-infested plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of methyl jasmonate, but not SA, conferred resistance against Diaphorina citri in our citrus trials. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that pre-infestation by two citrus aphid species differentially altered Diaphorina citri induced citrus JA dependent defense, which resulted in different effect on subsequent Diaphorina citri performance. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - TongLai Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Fengxian Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xincheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runqian Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Volatile Dimethyl Disulfide from Guava Plants Regulate Developmental Performance of Asian Citrus Psyllid through Activation of Defense Responses in Neighboring Orange Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810271. [PMID: 36142192 PMCID: PMC9499464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercropping with guava (Psidium guajava L.) can assist with the management of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), the insect vector of the huanglongbing pathogen, in citrus orchards. Sulfur volatiles have a repellent activity and physiological effects, as well as being important components of guava volatiles. In this study, we tested whether the sulfur volatiles emitted by guava plants play a role in plant–plant communications and trigger anti-herbivore activities against ACP in sweet orange plants (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Real-time determination using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) showed that guava plants continuously release methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and the contents increased rapidly after mechanical damage. The exposure of orange plants to DMDS resulted in the suppression of the developmental performance of ACP. The differential elevation of salicylic acid (SA) levels; the expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), salicylate-O-methyl transferase (SMT), and pathogenesis-related (PR1) genes; the activities of defense-related enzymes PAL, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD); and the total polyphenol content were observed in DMDS-exposed orange plants. The emission of volatiles including myrcene, nonanal, decanal, and methyl salicylate (MeSA) was increased. In addition, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, and aromatic amino acid (such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) metabolic pathways were induced. Altogether, our results indicated that DMDS from guava plants can activate defense responses in eavesdropping orange plants and boost their herbivore resistance to ACP, which suggests the possibility of using DMDS as a novel approach for the management of ACP in citrus orchards.
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Chen XD, Stockton D, Gossett H, Qureshi JA, Ibanez F, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Stelinski LL. Comparisons of economic thresholds for Asian citrus psyllid management suggest a revised approach to reduce management costs and improve yield. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.948278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Vector control is considered a basic component of HLB management even under high disease incidence scenarios. While vector management heavily relies on the application of synthetic chemical sprays, overuse of insecticides raises several concerns including insecticide resistance, environmental impacts, and secondary pest outbreaks. The present study aims to compare the effects of three different economic thresholds (ET-0.2, 0.5, 1.0) and one calendar-based application schedule on the incidence of D. citri and beneficial species in plots of commercially grown citrus, as well as end-of-season yield and overall management costs. The results suggest that reducing spray frequency from eight to as few as three sprays per year had little effect on counts of pest and beneficial insects in the field. The numbers of D. citri and that of a secondary weevil pest were similar between plots treated with the calendar-based spray plots and plots managed with the ET-1.0. Furthermore, spider numbers were higher in the ET-1.0 plots, while ant numbers were lower compared with calendar sprayed plots. Management input costs were lower under economic thresholds (ET-0.5–ET-1.0) than with monthly calendar-based sprays, while yield losses were only slightly greater in the lower threshold of 0.2 mean psyllids per tap than with calendar sprays. Overall, management savings of more than 100% made up for this difference. Together, these results suggest that implementing a spray program of rotated chemistries based on an economic threshold of 0.5–1.0 adult psyllids per stem tap could provide both economic and ecological benefits. We discuss the implications of such an approach in the context of a young citrus tree protection program and the greater goals of sustainable citrus production under HLB.
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Parajuli S, Huo H, Gmitter FG, Duan Y, Luo F, Deng Z. Editing the CsDMR6 gene in citrus results in resistance to the bacterial disease citrus canker. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac082. [PMID: 35669704 PMCID: PMC9160726 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Parajuli
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 14625 County Road 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Heqiang Huo
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 2725 S. Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Fred G Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Yongping Duan
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Feng Luo
- Clemson University, School of Computing, 100 McAdams Hall, Clemson, SC 29643, USA
| | - Zhanao Deng
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 14625 County Road 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
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Ibanez F, Suh JH, Wang Y, Rivera M, Setamou M, Stelinski LL. Salicylic acid mediated immune response of Citrus sinensis to varying frequencies of herbivory and pathogen inoculation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:7. [PMID: 34979915 PMCID: PMC8722004 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant immunity against pathogens and pests is comprised of complex mechanisms orchestrated by signaling pathways regulated by plant hormones [Salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA)]. Investigations of plant immune response to phytopathogens and phloem-feeders have revealed that SA plays a critical role in reprogramming of the activity and/or localization of transcriptional regulators via post-translational modifications. We explored the contributing effects of herbivory by a phytopathogen vector [Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri] and pathogen [Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas)] infection on response of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] using manipulative treatments designed to mimic the types of infestations/infections that citrus growers experience when cultivating citrus in the face of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. RESULTS A one-time (7 days) inoculation access period with CaLas-infected vectors caused SA-associated upregulation of PR-1, stimulating defense response after a long period of infection without herbivory (270 and 360 days). In contrast, while repeated (monthly) 'pulses' of 7 day feeding injury by psyllids stimulated immunity in CaLas-infected citrus by increasing SA in leaves initially (up to 120 days), long-term (270 and 360 days) repeated herbivory caused SA to decrease coincident with upregulation of genes associated with SA metabolism (BMST and DMR6). Similarly, transcriptional responses and metabolite (SA and its analytes) accumulation in citrus leaves exposed to a continuously reproducing population of D. citri exhibited a transitory upregulation of genes associated with SA signaling at 120 days and a posterior downregulation after long-term psyllid (adults and nymphs) feeding (270 and 360 days). CONCLUSIONS Herbivory played an important role in regulation of SA accumulation in mature leaves of C. sinensis, whether or not those trees were coincidentally infected with CaLas. Our results indicate that prevention of feeding injury inflicted by D. citri from the tritrophic interaction may allow citrus plants to better cope with the consequences of CaLas infection, highlighting the importance of vector suppression as a component of managing this cosmopolitan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Ibanez
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
- Present address: Texas A&M University-AgriLife Research, 2415 E Highway 83 –, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| | - Monique Rivera
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521 USA
| | - Mamoudou Setamou
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, 312 N International Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78599 USA
| | - Lukasz L. Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
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Harrison K, Mendoza-Herrera A, Levy JG, Tamborindeguy C. Lasting consequences of psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli L.) infestation on tomato defense, gene expression, and growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:114. [PMID: 33627099 PMCID: PMC7905647 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Šulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a pest of solanaceous crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in the U.S. and vectors the disease-causing pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Currently, the only effective strategies for controlling the diseases associated with this pathogen involve regular pesticide applications to manage psyllid population density. However, such practices are unsustainable and will eventually lead to widespread pesticide resistance in psyllids. Therefore, new control strategies must be developed to increase host-plant resistance to insect vectors. For example, expression of constitutive and inducible plant defenses can be improved through selection. Currently, it is still unknown whether psyllid infestation has any lasting consequences on tomato plant defense or tomato plant gene expression in general. RESULTS In order to characterize the genes putatively involved in tomato defense against psyllid infestation, RNA was extracted from psyllid-infested and uninfested tomato leaves (Moneymaker) 3 weeks post-infestation. Transcriptome analysis identified 362 differentially expressed genes. These differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with defense responses to abiotic/biotic stress, transcription/translation, cellular signaling/transport, and photosynthesis. These gene expression changes suggested that tomato plants underwent a reduction in plant growth/health in exchange for improved defense against stress that was observable 3 weeks after psyllid infestation. Consistent with these observations, tomato plant growth experiments determined that the plants were shorter 3 weeks after psyllid infestation. Furthermore, psyllid nymphs had lower survival rates on tomato plants that had been previously psyllid infested. CONCLUSION These results suggested that psyllid infestation has lasting consequences for tomato gene expression, defense, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Harrison
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE, 68503, USA.
| | | | - Julien Gad Levy
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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A Multimodal Attract-and-Kill Device for the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120870. [PMID: 33302349 PMCID: PMC7762613 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Control of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), a vector of Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), contributes to management of citrus greening disease (huanglongbing). We developed two prototypes of a multimodal attract-and-kill (AK) device with specific elements of color, attractant, phagostimulant, ultraviolet (UV) reflectant, and toxicant. Key sensory stimuli comprising the AK ingredients were identified in our current and previous research studies and incorporated into a yellow, slow-release wax matrix (SPLAT). This formulation was applied directly to the surface of yellow cylinders, or to corrugated plastic cards housed within perforated cylinders. Psyllids landing on the devices attempted to feed from the wax matrix, became intoxicated, died, and fell from device surfaces. Our laboratory and field experiments showed that AK devices attracted and killed significantly more adult D. citri than ordinary yellow sticky cards and remained fully active over a period of 12 weeks. Effective use of attract-and-kill for management of D. citri could reduce need for broad-spectrum insecticide sprays and encourage biological control as part of an integrated approach to huanglongbing (HLB) management in citrus. Abstract Phytophagous insects, including Asian citrus psyllids (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), use multiple sensory modalities (vision, olfaction, and gustation,) to locate and accept host plants. We explored incorporation of several sensory cues into a multi-modal attract-and-kill device (AK device) using a three-dimensional shape to increase visibility, as well as elements of color, attractant, phagostimulant, UV reflectant, and toxicant. Attraction of adult D. citri to the device was mediated by a combination of a highly reflective yellow cylinder, a UV reflectant compound (magnesium oxide), and an odorant blend as a short-range attractant. The device surface was coated with a slow-release wax matrix (SPLAT™) augmented with a phagostimulant consisting of a 3-component blend (formic acid, acetic acid, and para-cymene) and an insecticide (β-cyfluthrin). Psyllids landing on the device attempted to feed from the wax matrix, became intoxicated, died, and fell from the device. The device remained fully active over a period of 12 weeks partly because dead psyllids or nontargets did not adhere to the surface as occurs on adhesive yellow sticky cards, the industry standard. Laboratory and field assays showed that the device attracted and killed significantly more adult D. citri than ordinary yellow sticky cards. This device or a future iteration based on the design elements of this device is expected to contribute to sustainable and environmentally appropriate management of D. citri by exploiting the psyllid’s innate behavioral responses to visual, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli.
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Gao J, Arthurs S, Mao R. Asymmetric Interaction between Aphis spiraecola and Toxoptera citricida on Sweet Orange Induced by Pre-Infestation. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070414. [PMID: 32635348 PMCID: PMC7411604 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Indirect interactions between herbivorous insects that share the same host have been focused on insects feeding on herbaceous plants, while few studies investigate similar interactions on woody plants. We investigated performance and feeding behavior of two citrus aphids, Aphis spiraecola Patch and Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, on sweet orange as affected by prior infestation of conspecifics and heterospecifics. Results showed that pre-infestation-induced interactions between A. spiraecola and T. citricida were asymmetric, with A. spiraecola gaining more fitness. In detail, pre-infestation by A. spiraecola decreased adult weight, enhanced survival rate and accelerated phloem sap acceptance of conspecifics. However, A. spiraecola pre-infestation did not affect performance or feeding behavior of T. citricida. In another infestation sequence, the pre-infestation of T. citricida did not affect conspecifics, but positively affected heterospecifics, indicated as a decreased pre-reproductive period, enhanced survival rate, adult weight, fecundity, and feeding efficiency, i.e., faster access and acceptance of phloem sap, and longer phloem sap ingestion duration. Furthermore, we found A. spiraecola pre-infestation enhanced amino acid concentration, amino acid to sugar ratio, activated salicylic acid and jasmonic acid marker gene expression, while T. citricida pre-infestation only depressed jasmonic acid marker gene expression. Changes in nutrient and phytohormone-dependent defense probably underlie the asymmetric effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China;
| | | | - Runqian Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China;
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Digitalized pencil trace modified electrodes for real time evaluation of salicylic acid in detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaves during regeneration. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1120:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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