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Gao S, Zhou M, Xu J, Xu F, Zhang W. The application of organic selenium (SeMet) improve the photosynthetic characteristics, yield and quality of hybrid rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108457. [PMID: 38428159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Rice is an important food in the world, and selenium (Se) is a necessary trace element for the human. So the effects of selenomethionine (SeMet) on photosynthetic capacity, yield and quality of rice at different stages were studied. The results show that SeMet can increase the Ppotosynthetic capacity of rice leaves during each growth stage, the effect of 5 mg/L SeMet treatment was the most significant. At the mature stage of rice, SeMet significantly increased rice yield and total plant biomass, 7.5and 5 mg/L SeMet treatments had the most significant effects, respectively. In addition, SeMet significantly improved the content of Se and processing quality of rice, decreased chalkiness, inhibited amylose synthesis, and optimized flavor. The above indices showed the best results after treatment with 5 mg/L SeMet. It is hoped that this study will provide a theoretical basis for the application of organic selenium in rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Meng Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Jinghua Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
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Xie Q, Deng W, Su Y, Ma L, Yang H, Yao F, Lin W. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Novel Insights into the Hyperaccumulator Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Responses to Cadmium Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:297. [PMID: 38256850 PMCID: PMC10819451 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that causes serious damage to plant and human health. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. has a large amount of aboveground biomass and a rapid growth rate, and it has been identified as a novel type of Cd hyperaccumulator that can be harnessed for phytoremediation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of P. acinosa to Cd2+ stress remain largely unclear. In this study, the phenotype, biochemical, and physiological traits of P. acinosa seeds and seedlings were analyzed under different concentrations of Cd2+ treatments. The results showed higher Cd2+ tolerance of P. acinosa compared to common plants. Meanwhile, the Cd2+ content in shoots reached 449 mg/kg under 10 mg/L Cd2+ treatment, which was obviously higher than the threshold for Cd hyperaccumulators. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the adaptability of P. acinosa to Cd stress, RNA-Seq was used to examine transcriptional responses of P. acinosa to Cd stress. Transcriptome analysis found that 61 genes encoding TFs, 48 cell wall-related genes, 35 secondary metabolism-related genes, 133 membrane proteins and ion transporters, and 96 defense system-related genes were differentially expressed under Cd2+ stress, indicating that a series of genes were involved in Cd2+ stress, forming a complex signaling regulatory mechanism. These results provide new scientific evidence for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of P. acinosa response to Cd2+ stress and new clues for the molecular breeding of heavy metal phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423099, China; (Q.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Liying Ma
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423099, China; (Q.X.)
| | - Wanhuang Lin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Niu M, Chen X, Zhou W, Guo Y, Yuan X, Cui J, Shen Z, Su N. Multi-omics analysis provides insights intro lysine accumulation in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) sprouts. Food Res Int 2023; 171:113026. [PMID: 37330848 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lysine, the first limiting essential amino acid, the deficiency of which seriously affects the health of human and animals. In this study, quinoa germination significantly increased the nutrients, especially lysine content. To better understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of lysine biosynthesis, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomics, RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) platform-based phytohormones analyses were conducted. Through proteome analyses, a total of 11,406 differentially expressed proteins were identified, which were mainly related to secondary metabolites. The lysine-rich storage globulins and endogenous phytohormones probably contributed the increased lysine content in quinoa during germination. Furthermore, aspartic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase is essential for lysine synthesis in addition to aspartate kinase and dihydropyridine dicarboxylic acid synthase. Protein-protein interaction analysis indicated lysine biosynthesis is associated with "amino metabolism" and "starch and sucrose metabolism". Above all, our study screens the candidate genes participated in lysine accumulation and explores the factors affected lysine biosynthesis by multi-omics analysis. These information not only paves a foundation for breeding lysine-rich quinoa sprouts but also provides valuable multi-omics resource to explore the characteristic of nutrients during quinoa germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youyou Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Nana Su
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Lin F, Huang J, Lin S, Letuma P, Xie D, Rensing C, Lin W. Physiological and transcriptomic analysis reveal the regulatory mechanism underlying grain quality improvement induced by rice ratooning. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3569-3578. [PMID: 36257928 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ratoon rice cropping has been introduced for increased rice production in southern China and, as a result, has been becoming increasingly popular. However, only a few studies have addressed the regulatory mechanism underlying grain quality improvement induced by rice ratooning. RESULTS In this study, parameters of rice quality, including head rice yield, chalky grain percentage, grain chalkiness degree, hardness and taste value, were shown to be much improved in the ratooning season rice as compared to its counterparts main and late cropping season rice, indicating that such an improvement was irrespective of seasonal effects. In addition, the nutritional components of grains varied greatly between main-cropping season rice, ratooning season rice and late-cropping season rice and displayed a significant correlation with rice quality. Finally, the regulatory mechanism underlying rice quality improvement revealed that gibberellin-dominated regulation and plant hormone signal transduction jointly contributed to a decrease in formation of chalky grains. CONCLUSION This work improves our knowledge on rice quality improvement under rice ratooning, particularly on the regulatory mechanism of plant hormones. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Lin
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Puleng Letuma
- Crop Science Department, The National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Mahto A, Yadav A, P V A, Parida SK, Tyagi AK, Agarwal P. Cytological, transcriptome and miRNome temporal landscapes decode enhancement of rice grain size. BMC Biol 2023; 21:91. [PMID: 37076907 PMCID: PMC10116700 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice grain size (GS) is an essential agronomic trait. Though several genes and miRNA modules influencing GS are known and seed development transcriptomes analyzed, a comprehensive compendium connecting all possible players is lacking. This study utilizes two contrasting GS indica rice genotypes (small-grained SN and large-grained LGR). Rice seed development involves five stages (S1-S5). Comparative transcriptome and miRNome atlases, substantiated with morphological and cytological studies, from S1-S5 stages and flag leaf have been analyzed to identify GS proponents. RESULTS Histology shows prolonged endosperm development and cell enlargement in LGR. Stand-alone and comparative RNAseq analyses manifest S3 (5-10 days after pollination) stage as crucial for GS enhancement, coherently with cell cycle, endoreduplication, and programmed cell death participating genes. Seed storage protein and carbohydrate accumulation, cytologically and by RNAseq, is shown to be delayed in LGR. Fourteen transcription factor families influence GS. Pathway genes for four phytohormones display opposite patterns of higher expression. A total of 186 genes generated from the transcriptome analyses are located within GS trait-related QTLs deciphered by a cross between SN and LGR. Fourteen miRNA families express specifically in SN or LGR seeds. Eight miRNA-target modules display contrasting expressions amongst SN and LGR, while 26 (SN) and 43 (LGR) modules are differentially expressed in all stages. CONCLUSIONS Integration of all analyses concludes in a "Domino effect" model for GS regulation highlighting chronology and fruition of each event. This study delineates the essence of GS regulation, providing scope for future exploits. The rice grain development database (RGDD) ( www.nipgr.ac.in/RGDD/index.php ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762870 ) has been developed for easy access of data generated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Mahto
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Antima Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Aswathi P V
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tyagi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India.
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Li F, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu L, Yan Y, Ji X, Kong F, Zhao Y, Li J, Peng T, Sun H, Du Y, Zhao Q. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveals the Pathway and Metabolites of Grain Quality Under Phytochrome B in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:52. [PMID: 36302917 PMCID: PMC9613846 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain size and chalkiness is a critical agronomic trait affecting rice yield and quality. The application of transcriptomics to rice has widened the understanding of complex molecular responsive mechanisms, differential gene expression, and regulatory pathways under varying conditions. Similarly, metabolomics has also contributed drastically for rice trait improvements. As master regulators of plant growth and development, phys influence seed germination, vegetative growth, photoperiodic flowering, shade avoidance responses. OsPHYB can regulate a variety of plant growth and development processes, but little is known about the roles of rice gene OsPHYB in modulating grain development. RESULTS In this study, rice phytochrome B (OsPHYB) was edited using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We found that OsPHYB knockout increased rice grain size and chalkiness, and increased the contents of amylose, free fatty acids and soluble sugar, while the gel consistency and contents of proteins were reduced in mutant grains. Furthermore, OsPHYB is involved in the regulation of grain size and chalk formation by controlling cell division and complex starch grain morphology. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that loss of OsPHYB function affects multiple metabolic pathways, especially enhancement of glycolysis, fatty acid, oxidative phosphorylation, and antioxidant pathways, as well as differential expression of starch and phytohormone pathways. An analysis of grain metabolites showed an increase in the free fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine, whereas the amounts of sugars, alcohols, amino acids and derivatives, organic acids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, nucleotides and derivatives, and flavonoids decreased, which were significantly associated with grain size and chalk formation. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that, OsPHYB plays an important regulatory role in the growth and development of rice grains, especially grain size and chalkiness. Furthermore, OsPHYB regulates grain size and chalkiness formation by affecting gene metabolism interaction network. Thus, this study not only revealed that OsPHYB plays a vital role in regulating grain size and chalkiness of rice but reveal new functions and highlighted the importance and value of OsPHYB in rice grain development and provide a new strategy for yield and quality improvement in rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun Yan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanshu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafan Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junzhou Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongzheng Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanxiu Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15, Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, China.
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Yang J, Zhou Y, Jiang Y. Amino Acids in Rice Grains and Their Regulation by Polyamines and Phytohormones. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1581. [PMID: 35736731 PMCID: PMC9228293 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world, and amino acids in rice grains are major nutrition sources for the people in countries where rice is the staple food. Phytohormones and plant growth regulators play vital roles in regulating the biosynthesis of amino acids in plants. This paper reviewed the content and compositions of amino acids and their distribution in different parts of ripe rice grains, and the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids and their regulation by polyamines (PAs) and phytohormones in filling grains, with a focus on the roles of higher PAs (spermidine and spermine), ethylene, and brassinosteroids (BRs) in this regulation. Recent studies have shown that higher PAs and BRs (24-epibrassinolide and 28-homobrassinolide) play positive roles in mediating the biosynthesis of amino acids in rice grains, mainly by enhancing the activities of the enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and sucrose-to-starch conversion and maintaining redox homeostasis. In contrast, ethylene may impede amino acid biosynthesis by inhibiting the activities of the enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and elevating reactive oxygen species. Further research is needed to unravel the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the content and compositions of amino acids in the filling grain and their relationship with the content and compositions of amino acids in different parts of a ripe grain, to elucidate the cross-talk between or among phytohormones in mediating the anabolism of amino acids, and to establish the regulation techniques for promoting the biosynthesis of amino acids in rice grains.
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Tao Y, Mohi Ud Din A, An L, Chen H, Li G, Ding Y, Liu Z. Metabolic Disturbance Induced by the Embryo Contributes to the Formation of Chalky Endosperm of a Notched-Belly Rice Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:760597. [PMID: 35069619 PMCID: PMC8767064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Grain chalkiness is a key quality trait of the rice grain, whereas its underlying mechanism is still not thoroughly understood because of the complex genetic and environmental interactions. We identified a notched-belly (NB) mutant that has a notched-line on the belly of grains. The line dissects the endosperm into two distinct parts, the upper translucent part, and the bottom chalky part in the vicinity of the embryo. Using this mutant, our previous studies clued the negative influence of embryo on the biochemical makeup of the endosperm, suggesting the need for the in-depth study of the embryo effect on the metabolome of developing endosperm. This study continued to use the NB mutant to evolve a novel comparison method to clarify the role of embryo in the formation of a chalky endosperm. Grain samples of the wild-type (WT) and NB were harvested at 10, 20, and 30 days after fertilization (DAF), and then divided into subsamples of the embryo, the upper endosperm, and the bottom endosperm. Using non-targeted metabolomics and whole-genome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), a nearly complete catalog of expressed metabolites and genes was generated. Results showed that the embryo impaired the storage of sucrose, amino acid, starch, and storage proteins in the bottom endosperm of NB by enhancing the expression of sugar, amino acids, and peptide transporters, and declining the expression of starch, prolamin, and glutelin synthesis-related genes. Importantly, the competitive advantage of the developing embryo in extracting the nutrients from the endosperm, transformed the bottom endosperm into an "exhaustive source" by diverting the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism from synthetic storage to secondary pathways, resulting in impaired filling of the bottom endosperm and subsequently the formation of chalky tissue. In summary, this study reveals that embryo-induced metabolic shift in the endosperm is associated with the occurrence of grain chalkiness, which is of relevance to the development of high-quality rice by balancing the embryo-endosperm interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu An
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganghua Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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