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Zhang X, Chen H, Ni Y, Wu B, Li J, Burzyński A, Liu C. Plant mitochondrial genome map (PMGmap): A software tool for the comprehensive visualization of coding, noncoding and genome features of plant mitochondrial genomes. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13952. [PMID: 38523350 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Tools for visualizing genomes are essential for investigating genomic features and their interactions. Currently, tools designed originally for animal mitogenomes and plant plastomes are used to visualize the mitogens of plants but cannot accurately display features specific to plant mitogenomes, such as nonlinear exon arrangement for genes, the prevalence of functional noncoding features and complex chromosomal architecture. To address these problems, a software package, plant mitochondrial genome map (PMGmap), was developed using the Python programming language. PMGmap can draw genes at exon levels; draw cis- and trans-splicing gene maps, noncoding features and repetitive sequences; and scale genic regions by using the scaling of the genic regions on the mitogenome (SAGM) algorithm. It can also draw multiple chromosomes simultaneously. Compared with other state-of-the-art tools, PMGmap showed better performance in visualizing 405 plant mitogenomes, showing potential as an invaluable tool for plant mitogenome research. The web and container versions and the source code of PMGmap can be accessed through the following link: http://www.1kmpg.cn/pmgmap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ni
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingling Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Artur Burzyński
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Yu X, Ma Z, Liu S, Duan Z. Analysis of the Rhodomyrtus tomentosa mitochondrial genome: Insights into repeat-mediated recombination and intra-cellular DNA transfer. Gene 2024; 909:148288. [PMID: 38367854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Plant mitochondrial genomes participate in encoding proteins crucial to the major producers of ATP in the cell and replication and heredity of their own DNA. The sequences and structure of the plant mitochondrial genomes profoundly impact these fundamental processes, and studies of plant mitochondrial genomes are needed. We reported the complete sequences of the Rhodomyrtus tomentosa mitochondrial genome here, totaling 400,482 bp. Nanopore ONT reads and PCR amplification provided evidence for recombination mediated by the eight repeat pairs for the R. tomentosa mitochondrial genome. Thirty-eight genes were identified in the R. tomentosa mitochondrial genome. Comparative analyses of the mitochondrial genome and plastome and PCR amplification suggest that five fragments of mitochondrial plastid DNA were unfunctional sequences resulting from intracellular gene transfer. Phylogenetic analysis based on each and all of the 27 mitochondrial protein-coding genes of nine Myrtales species revealed that R. tomentosa always clustered with other species of Myrtaceae. This study uncovered the enormous complexity of the R. tomentosa mitochondrial genome, the active repeat-mediated recombinations, the presence of mitochondrial plastid DNAs, and the topological incongruence of Myrtales among the single-gene trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhengbing Ma
- Forestry Technology Extension Station of Huiyang, Huizhou 516211, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shu Liu
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhonggang Duan
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
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Xu L, Wang J, Zhang T, Xiao H, Wang H. Characterizing complete mitochondrial genome of Aquilegia amurensis and its evolutionary implications. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:142. [PMID: 38413922 PMCID: PMC10900605 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquilegia is a model system for studying the evolution of adaptive radiation. However, very few studies have been conducted on the Aquilegia mitochondrial genome. Since mitochondria play a key role in plant adaptation to abiotic stress, analyzing the mitochondrial genome may provide a new perspective for understanding adaptive evolution. RESULTS The Aquilegia amurensis mitochondrial genome was characterized by a circular chromosome and two linear chromosomes, with a total length of 538,736 bp; the genes included 33 protein-coding genes, 24 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 3 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. We subsequently conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial genomes of 18 Aquilegia species, which were roughly divided into two clades: the European-Asian clade and the North American clade. Moreover, the genes mttB and rpl5 were shown to be positively selected in European-Asian species, and they may help European and Asian species adapt to environmental changes. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we assembled and annotated the first mitochondrial genome of the adaptive evolution model plant Aquilegia. The subsequent analysis provided us with a basis for further molecular studies on Aquilegia mitochondrial genomes and valuable information on adaptive evolution in Aquilegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Hongxing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Huaying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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Tani E, Xanthopoulou A, Bazakos C. Editorial: Advances on genomics and genetics of horticultural crops and their contribution to breeding efforts - volume II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1385217. [PMID: 38476687 PMCID: PMC10927967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1385217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aliki Xanthopoulou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Bazakos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DIMITRA, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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Lu G, Li Q. Complete mitochondrial genome of Syzygium samarangense reveals genomic recombination, gene transfer, and RNA editing events. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1301164. [PMID: 38264024 PMCID: PMC10803518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1301164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is a commercial fruit that belongs to one of the most species-rich tree genera in the world. We report here the first complete S. samarangense mitogenome obtained using a hybrid assembly strategy. The mitogenome was a 530,242 bp circular molecule encoding 61 unique genes accounting for 7.99% of the full-length genome. Additionally, 167 simple sequence repeats, 19 tandem repeats, and 529 pairs of interspersed repeats were identified. Long read mapping and Sanger sequencing revealed the involvement of two forward repeats (35,843 bp and 22,925 bp) in mediating recombination. Thirteen homologous fragments in the chloroplast genome were identified, accounting for 1.53% of the mitogenome, and the longest fragment was 2,432 bp. An evolutionary analysis showed that S. samarangense underwent multiple genomic reorganization events and lost at least four protein-coding genes (PCGs) (rps2, rps7, rps11, and rps19). A total of 591 RNA editing sites were predicted in 37 PCGs, of which nad1-2, nad4L-2, and rps10-2 led to the gain of new start codons, while atp6-1156, ccmFC-1315 and rps10-331 created new stop codons. This study reveals the genetic features of the S. samarangense mitogenome and provides a scientific basis for further studies of traits with an epistatic basis and for germplasm identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Lu
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
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Liu Q, Wu Z, Tian C, Yang Y, Liu L, Feng Y, Li Z. Complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered Prunus pedunculata (Prunoideae, Rosaceae) in China: characterization and phylogenetic analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1266797. [PMID: 38155854 PMCID: PMC10753190 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1266797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Prunus pedunculata (Prunoideae: Rosaceae), a relic shrub with strong resistance and multiple application values, is endangered in China. Extensive research had been devoted to gene expression, molecular markers, plastid genome analysis, and genetic background investigations of P. pedunculata. However, the mitochondrial genome of this species has not been systematically described, owing to the complexity of the plant mitogenome. Methods In the present research, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. pedunculata was assembled, annotated, and characterized. The genomic features, gene content and repetitive sequences were analyzed. The genomic variation and phylogenetic analysis have been extensively enumerated. Results and discussion The P. pedunculata mitogenome is a circular molecule with a total length of 405,855 bp and a GC content of 45.63%, which are the smallest size and highest GC content among the known Prunus mitochondrial genomes. The mitogenome of P. pedunculata encodes 62 genes, including 34 unique protein-coding genes (PCGs, excluding three possible pseudogenes), three ribosomal RNA genes, and 19 transfer RNA genes. The mitogenome is rich in repetitive sequences, counting 112 simple sequence repeats, 15 tandem repeats, and 50 interspersed repetitive sequences, with a total repeat length of 11,793 bp, accounting for 2.91% of the complete genome. Leucine (Leu) was a predominant amino acid in PCGs, with a frequency of 10.67%, whereas cysteine (Cys) and tryptophan (Trp) were the least adopted. The most frequently used codon was UUU (Phe), with a relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value of 1.12. Selective pressure was calculated based on 20 shared PCGs in the mitogenomes of the 32 species, most of which were subjected to purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1), whereas ccmC and ccmFn underwent positive selection. A total of 262 potential RNA editing sites in 26 PCGs were identified. Furthermore, 56 chloroplast-derived fragments were ascertained in the mitogenome, ranging from 30 to 858 bp, and were mainly located across IGS (intergenic spacer) regions or rRNA genes. These findings verify the occurrence of intracellular gene transfer events from the chloroplast to the mitochondria. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationship of P. pedunculata was supported by the mitogenome data of 30 other taxa of the Rosaceae family. Understanding the mitochondrial genome characteristics of P. pedunculata is of great importance to promote comprehension of its genetic background and this study provides a basis for the genetic breeding of Prunus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zinian Wu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunyu Tian
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Lemeng Liu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
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Lu G, Wang W, Mao J, Li Q, Que Y. Complete mitogenome assembly of Selenicereus monacanthus revealed its molecular features, genome evolution, and phylogenetic implications. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:541. [PMID: 37924024 PMCID: PMC10625231 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and are critical for plant growth and development. Pitaya (Selenicereus or Hylocereus) is the most important economic crop in the family Cactaceae and is grown worldwide, however its mitogenome is unreported. RESULTS This study assembled the complete mitogenome of the red skin and flesh of pitaya (Selenicereus monacanthus). It is a full-length, 2,290,019 bp circular molecule encoding 59 unique genes that only occupy 2.17% of the entire length. In addition, 4,459 pairs of dispersed repeats (≥ 50 bp) were identified, accounting for 84.78% of the total length, and three repeats (394,588, 124,827, and 13,437 bp) mediating genomic recombination were identified by long read mapping and Sanger sequencing. RNA editing events were identified in all 32 protein-coding genes (PCGs), among which four sites (nad1-2, nad4L-2, atp9-copy3-223, and ccmFC-1309) were associated with the initiation or termination of PCGs. Seventy-eight homologous fragments of the chloroplast genome were identified in the mitogenome, the longest having 4,523 bp. In addition, evolutionary analyses suggest that S. monacanthus may have undergone multiple genomic reorganization events during evolution, with the loss of at least nine PCGs (rpl2, rpl10, rps2, rps3, rps10, rps11, rps14, rps19, and sdh3). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the genetic basis of the S. monacanthus mitogenome, and provided a scientific basis for further research on phenotypic traits and germplasm resource development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Lu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 890032, China
| | - Juan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 890032, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 890032, China.
| | - Youxiong Que
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Liu H, Hou Z, Xu L, Ma Q, Wei M, Tembrock LR, Zhang S, Wu Z. Comparative analysis of organellar genomes between diploid and tetraploid Chrysanthemum indicum with its relatives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228551. [PMID: 37662149 PMCID: PMC10471889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum indicum, a species native to Eastern Asia is well known as one of the progenitor species of the cultivated Chrysanthemum which is grown for its ornamental and medicinal value. Previous genomic studies on Chrysanthemum have largely ignored the dynamics of plastid genome (plastome) and mitochondria genome (mitogenome) evolution when analyzing this plant lineage. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the plastomes and mitogenomes of diploid and tetraploid C. indicum as well as the morphologically divergent variety C. indicum var. aromaticum. We used published data from 27 species with both plastome and mitogenome complete sequences to explore differences in sequence evolution between the organellar genomes. The size and structure of organellar genome between diploid and tetraploid C. indicum were generally similar but the tetraploid C. indicum and C. indicum var. aromaticum were found to contain unique sequences in the mitogenomes which also contained previously undescribed open reading frames (ORFs). Across Chrysanthemum mitogenome structure varied greatly but sequences transferred from plastomes in to the mitogenomes were conserved. Finally, differences observed between mitogenome and plastome gene trees may be the result of the difference in the rate of sequence evolution between genes in these two genomes. In total the findings presented here greatly expand the resources for studying Chrysanthemum organellar genome evolution with possible applications to conservation, breeding, and gene banking in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Liu
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuangwei Hou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Xu
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Ma
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Wei
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luke R. Tembrock
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, China
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Yang H, Chen H, Ni Y, Li J, Cai Y, Wang J, Liu C. Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of Salvia officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) Suggests Diverse Genome Structures in Cogeneric Species and Finds the Stop Gain of Genes through RNA Editing Events. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065372. [PMID: 36982448 PMCID: PMC10048906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study was the first to confirm that the predominant conformation of mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Salvia species contains two circular chromosomes. To further understand the organization, variation, and evolution of Salvia mitogenomes, we characterized the mitogenome of Salvia officinalis. The mitogenome of S. officinalis was sequenced using Illumina short reads and Nanopore long reads and assembled using a hybrid assembly strategy. We found that the predominant conformation of the S. officinalis mitogenome also had two circular chromosomes that were 268,341 bp (MC1) and 39,827 bp (MC2) in length. The S. officinalis mitogenome encoded an angiosperm-typical set of 24 core genes, 9 variable genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 16 tRNA genes. We found many rearrangements of the Salvia mitogenome through inter- and intra-specific comparisons. A phylogenetic analysis of the coding sequences (CDs) of 26 common protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 11 Lamiales species and 2 outgroup taxa strongly indicated that the S. officinalis was a sister taxon to S. miltiorrhiza, consistent with the results obtained using concatenated CDs of common plastid genes. The mapping of RNA-seq data to the CDs of PCGs led to the identification of 451 C-to-U RNA editing sites from 31 PCGs of the S. officinalis mitogenome. Using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing methods, we successfully validated 113 of the 126 RNA editing sites from 11 PCGs. The results of this study suggest that the predominant conformation of the S. officinalis mitogenome are two circular chromosomes, and the stop gain of rpl5 was found through RNA editing events of the Salvia mitogenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haimei Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Ni
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingling Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yisha Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiehua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-022-8740-2072 (J.W.); +86-10-5783-3111 (C.L.); Fax: +86-022-2740-7956 (J.W.); +86-10-62899715 (C.L.)
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-022-8740-2072 (J.W.); +86-10-5783-3111 (C.L.); Fax: +86-022-2740-7956 (J.W.); +86-10-62899715 (C.L.)
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