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Lee HJ, Cho HR, Bang M, Lee YS, Kim YJ, Chong K. Potential Risk of Choline Alfoscerate on Isoflurane-Induced Toxicity in Primary Human Astrocytes. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2024; 67:418-430. [PMID: 37859347 PMCID: PMC11220420 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2023.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isoflurane, a widely used common inhalational anesthetic agent, can induce brain toxicity. The challenge lies in protecting neurologically compromised patients from neurotoxic anesthetics. Choline alfoscerate (L-α-Glycerophosphorylcholine, α-GPC) is recognized for its neuroprotective properties against oxidative stress and inflammation, but its optimal therapeutic window and indications are still under investigation. This study explores the impact of α-GPC on human astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain that protect against oxidative stress, under isoflurane exposure. METHODS This study was designed to examine changes in factors related to isoflurane-induced toxicity following α-GPC administration. Primary human astrocytes were pretreated with varying doses of α-GPC (ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 μM) for 24 hours prior to 2.5% isoflurane exposure. In vitro analysis of cell morphology, water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, proteome profiler array, and transcriptome sequencing were conducted. RESULTS A significant morphological damage to human astrocytes was observed in the group that had been pretreated with 10.0 mM of α-GPC and exposed to 2.5% isoflurane. A decrease in cell viability was identified in the group pretreated with 10.0 μM of α-GPC and exposed to 2.5% isoflurane compared to the group exposed only to 2.5% isoflurane. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that mRNA expression of heme-oxygenase 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, which were reduced by isoflurane, was further suppressed by 10.0 μM α-GPC pretreatment. The proteome profiler array demonstrated that α-GPC pretreatment influenced a variety of factors associated with apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing identified pathways significantly related to changes in isoflurane-induced toxicity caused by α-GPC pretreatment. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that α-GPC pretreatment could potentially enhance the vulnerability of primary human astrocytes to isoflurane-induced toxicity by diminishing the expression of antioxidant factors, potentially leading to amplified cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Photo-Theranosis and Bioinformatics for Tumor Laboratory, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo Song Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Jin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyuha Chong
- Photo-Theranosis and Bioinformatics for Tumor Laboratory, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Xie AX, Iguchi N, Malykhina AP. Long-term follow-up of TREK-1 KO mice reveals the development of bladder hypertrophy and impaired bladder smooth muscle contractility with age. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F957-F970. [PMID: 38601986 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00382.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stretch-activated two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels play important roles in many visceral organs, including the urinary bladder. The TWIK-related K+ channel TREK-1 is the predominantly expressed K2P channel in the urinary bladder of humans and rodents. Downregulation of TREK-1 channels was observed in the urinary bladder of patients with detrusor overactivity, suggesting their involvement in the pathogenesis of voiding dysfunction. This study aimed to characterize the long-term effects of TREK-1 on bladder function with global and smooth muscle-specific TREK-1 knockout (KO) mice. Bladder morphology, bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contractility, and voiding patterns were evaluated up to 12 mo of age. Both sexes were included in this study to probe the potential sex differences. Smooth muscle-specific TREK-1 KO mice were used to distinguish the effects of TREK-1 downregulation in BSM from the neural pathways involved in the control of bladder contraction and relaxation. TREK-1 KO mice developed enlarged urinary bladders (by 60.0% for males and by 45.1% for females at 6 mo; P < 0.001 compared with the age-matched control group) and had a significantly increased bladder capacity (by 137.7% at 12 mo; P < 0.0001) and compliance (by 73.4% at 12 mo; P < 0.0001). Bladder strips isolated from TREK-1 KO mice exhibited decreased contractility (peak force after KCl at 6 mo was 1.6 ± 0.7 N/g compared with 3.4 ± 2.0 N/g in the control group; P = 0.0005). The lack of TREK-1 channels exclusively in BSM did not replicate the bladder phenotype observed in TREK-1 KO mice, suggesting a strong neurogenic origin of TREK-1-related bladder dysfunction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study compared voiding function and bladder phenotypes in global and smooth muscle-specific TREK-1 KO mice. We found significant age-related changes in bladder contractility, suggesting that the lack of TREK-1 channel activity might contribute to age-related changes in bladder smooth muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Xiaoqiao Xie
- Division of Urology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUnited States
| | - Nao Iguchi
- Division of Urology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUnited States
| | - Anna P Malykhina
- Division of Urology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUnited States
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Zhang P, Shi X, He D, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Ma S, Cao S, Zhai M, Fan Z. Fer-1 Protects against Isoflurane-Induced Ferroptosis in Astrocytes and Cognitive Impairment in Neonatal Mice. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:27. [PMID: 38819761 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Early and prolonged exposure to anesthetic agents could cause neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Astrocytes, heavily outnumber neurons in the brain, are crucial regulators of synaptic formation and function during development. However, how general anesthetics act on astrocytes and the impact on cognition are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of ferroptosis and GPX4, a major hydroperoxide scavenger playing a pivotal role in suppressing the process of ferroptosis, and their underlying mechanism in isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity in astrocytes and cognitive impairment. Our results showed that early 6 h isoflurane anesthesia induced cognitive impairment in mice. Ferroptosis-relative genes and metabolic changes were involved in the pathological process of isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity in astrocytes. The level of GPX4 was decreased while the expression of 4-HNE and generation of ROS were elevated after isoflurane exposure. Selectively blocking ferroptosis with Fer-1 attenuated the abovementioned cytotoxicity in astrocytes, paralleling with the reverse of the changes in GPX4, ROS and 4-HNE secondary to isoflurane anesthesia. Fer-1 attenuated the cognitive impairment induced by prolonged isoflurane exposure. Thus, ferroptosis conduced towards isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity in astrocytes via suppressing GPX4 and promoting lipid peroxidation. Fer-1 was expected to be an underlying intervention for the neurotoxicity induced by isoflurane in the developing brain, and to alleviate cognitive impairment in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610011, China
| | - Xiaotong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Danyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610011, China
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610011, China
| | - Youyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Sanxing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shuhui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Meiting Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ze Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
- Department of Neurobiology, Basic Medical Science Academy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Francis-Oliveira J, Higa GSV, Viana FJC, Cruvinel E, Carlos-Lima E, da Silva Borges F, Zampieri TT, Rebello FP, Ulrich H, De Pasquale R. TREK-1 inhibition promotes synaptic plasticity in the prelimbic cortex. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114652. [PMID: 38103709 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is one of the putative mechanisms involved in the maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during postnatal development. Early life stress (ELS) affects the shaping of cortical circuitries through impairment of synaptic plasticity supporting the onset of mood disorders. Growing evidence suggests that dysfunctional postnatal maturation of the prelimbic division (PL) of the PFC might be related to the emergence of depression. The potassium channel TREK-1 has attracted particular interest among many factors that modulate plasticity, concerning synaptic modifications that could underlie mood disorders. Studies have found that ablation of TREK-1 increases the resilience to depression, while rats exposed to ELS exhibit higher TREK-1 levels in the PL. TREK-1 is regulated by multiple intracellular transduction pathways including the ones activated by metabotropic receptors. In the hippocampal neurons, TREK-1 interacts with the serotonergic system, one of the main factors involved in the action of antidepressants. To investigate possible mechanisms related to the antidepressant role of TREK-1, we used brain slice electrophysiology to evaluate the effects of TREK-1 pharmacological blockade on synaptic plasticity at PL circuitry. We extended this investigation to animals subjected to ELS. Our findings suggest that in non-stressed animals, TREK-1 activity is required for the reduction of synaptic responses mediated by the 5HT1A receptor activation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TREK-1 blockade promotes activity-dependent long-term depression (LTD) when acting in synergy with 5HT1A receptor stimulation. On the other hand, in ELS animals, TREK-1 blockade reduces synaptic transmission and facilitates LTD expression. These results indicate that TREK-1 inhibition stimulates synaptic plasticity in the PL and this effect is more pronounced in animals subjected to ELS during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francis-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (USP), Butantã, SP 05508-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Felipe José Costa Viana
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Emily Cruvinel
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Estevão Carlos-Lima
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Borges
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Thais Tessari Zampieri
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pereira Rebello
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (USP), Butantã, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto De Pasquale
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Lee EH, Park JE, Gotina L, Han YE, Viswanath ANI, Yoo S, Moon B, Hwang JY, Park WK, Cho Y, Song C, Min SJ, Hwang EM, Lee H, Pae AN, Roh EJ, Oh SJ. Novel potent blockers for TWIK-1/TREK-1 heterodimers as potential antidepressants. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115139. [PMID: 37454597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
TREK-1 (TWIK-related potassium channel-1) is a subunit of the two-pore domain potassium (K2p) channel and is widely expressed in the brain. TREK-1 knockout mice were shown to have antidepressant-like effects, providing evidence for the channel's potential as a therapeutic target. However, currently there is no good pharmacological inhibitor specifically targeting TREK-1 containing K2p channels that also displays similar antidepressant-like effects. Here, we sought to find selective and potent inhibitors for TREK-1 related dimers both in vitro and in vivo. We synthesized and evaluated 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl piperidine derivatives yielding a library from which many TREK-1 targeting candidates emerged. Among these, hydroxyl-phenyl- (2a), piperidino- (2g), and pyrrolidino- (2h) piperidinyl substituted compounds showed high potencies to TREK-1 homodimers with significant antidepressant-like effects in forced swim test and tail suspension test. Interestingly, these compounds were found to have high potencies to TWIK-1/TREK-1 heterodimers. Contrastingly, difluoropiperidinyl-4-fluorophenoxy (3e) and 4-hydroxyphenyl-piperidinyl-4-fluorophenoxy (3j) compounds had high potencies to TREK-1 homodimer but lower potency to TWIK-1/TREK-1 heterodimers without significant antidepressant-like effects. We observed positive correlation between inhibition potency to TWIK-1/TREK-1 and immobility time, and no correlation between inhibition potency to TREK-1 homodimer and immobility time. This was consistent with molecular docking simulations of selected compounds to TREK-1 homodimeric and TWIK-1/TREK-1 heterodimeric models. Existing antidepressant fluoxetine was also found to potently inhibit TWIK-1/TREK-1 heterodimers. Our study reveals novel potent TWIK-1/TREK-1 inhibitors 2a, 2g, and 2h as potential antidepressants and suggest that the TWIK-1/TREK-1 heterodimer could be a potential novel molecular therapeutic target for antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Baekbeomno 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Han
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ambily Nath Indu Viswanath
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonguk Yoo
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjin Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Baekbeomno 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyu Park
- Rare Disease Therapeutic Technology Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Cho
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiman Song
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbeom Lee
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of HY-KIST Bio-convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Lu Y, Li B, Xu A, Liang X, Xu T, Jin H, Xie Y, Wang R, Liu X, Gao X, Han Y, Zeng J. NF-κB and AP-1 are required for the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 in cultured rat dorsal spinal cord astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:859558. [PMID: 35966011 PMCID: PMC9368326 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.859558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR4 and Cx43 signaling in dorsal spinal cord has been shown to be involved in the development of neuropathic pain. However, it is not clear whether TLR4 signaling is associated with the expression of MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-treated rat dorsal spinal cord astrocytes under in vitro condition. In the present study, we found that TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 significantly inhibited LPS-induced MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 expression, suggesting the role of TLR4 in response to LPS in cultured dorsal spinal cord astrocytes. Application of TAK-242 significantly blocked LPS-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activity and the expression of MCP-1, CXCL1 and Cx43. Furthermore, NF-κB inhibitor PDTC and AP-1 inhibitor SR11302 significantly blocked LPS-induced MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 expression. DNA-binding activity of NF-κB, its effect on MCP-1 expression was suppressed by PDTC and SR11302. On the other hand, DNA-binding activity of AP-1, its effect on CXCL1 or Cx43 expression was also suppressed by PDTC and SR11302. In addition, PDTC was found to inhibit the nuclear translocation of AP-1 and the expression of c-Jun induced by LPS, which suggested that NF-κBp65 is essential for the AP-1 activity. Similarly, SR11302 significantly blocked LPS-induced the nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 and the expression of NF-κBp65 induced by LPS. Pretreatment with CBX, Gap26, or Gap19 (Cx43 blockers) significantly inhibited abnormal astrocytic hemichannel opening and chemokines (MCP-1 and CXCL1) release in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. In summary, cell culture experiments revealed that LPS stimulation could evoke TLR4 signaling with the subsequent activation of NF-κB and AP-1, resulting in the expression of MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43. TLR4 activation increased Cx43 hemichannel, but not gap-junction activities and induced the release of the MCP-1 and CXCL1 from astrocytes via Cx43 hemichannel. These findings may help us to understand the role of astrocytic signaling in inflammatory response within dorsal spinal cord tissue.
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Zheng X, Yang J, Zhu Z, Fang Y, Tian Y, Xie M, Wang W, Liu Y. The Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown and Exacerbates Neuronal Death After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2305-2327. [PMID: 35067892 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown the neuroprotective role of TWIK-related K+ channel 1 (TREK-1) in global cerebral and spinal cord ischemia, while its function in focal cerebral ischemia has long been debated. This study used TREK-1-deficient mice to directly investigate the role of TREK-1 after focal cerebral ischemia. First, immunofluorescence assays in the mouse cerebral cortex indicated that TREK-1 expression was mostly abundant in astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells but was low in myelinating oligodendrocytes, microglia, or endothelial cells. TREK-1 deficiency did not affect brain weight and morphology or the number of neurons, astrocytes, or microglia but did increase glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes of the cerebral cortex. The anatomy of the major cerebral vasculature, number and structure of brain micro blood vessels, and blood-brain barrier integrity were unaltered. Next, mice underwent 60 min of focal cerebral ischemia and 72 h of reperfusion induced by the intraluminal suture method. TREK-1-deficient mice showed less neuronal death, smaller infarction size, milder blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, reduced immune cell invasion, and better neurological function. Finally, the specific pharmacological inhibition of TREK-1 also decreased infarction size and improved neurological function. These results demonstrated that TREK-1 might play a detrimental rather than beneficial role in focal cerebral ischemia, and inhibition of TREK-1 would be a strategy to treat ischemic stroke in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Astrocytic glycogen mobilization participates in salvianolic acid B-mediated neuroprotection against reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113966. [PMID: 34973964 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic glycogen serves as an important glucose reserve, and its degradation provides extra support for neighboring neurons during energy deficiency. Salvianolic acid B (SAB) exerts a neuroprotective effect on reperfusion insult after cerebrovascular occlusion, but the effect of SAB on astrocytic glycogen and its relationship with neuroprotection are not completely understood. Here, we knocked down astrocyte-specific glycogen phosphorylase (GP, the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis) in vitro and in vivo and investigated the changes in key enzymes in glycogen metabolism by performing immunoblotting in vitro and immunofluorescence in vivo. Neurobehavioral and morphological assessments were conducted to uncover the outcomes during brain reperfusion. SAB accelerated astrocytic glycogenolysis by upregulating GP activity but not GP expression after reperfusion. Suppression of astrocytic glycogenolysis weakened SAB-mediated neuroprotection against the reperfusion insult. In addition, activation of glycogenolysis by SAB contributed to the survival of astrocytes and surrounding neurons by increasing antioxidant levels in astrocytes. Our data reveal that astrocytic GP represents an important metabolic target in SAB-induced protection against brain damage after cerebrovascular recanalization.
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Guo H, Fan Z, Wang S, Ma L, Wang J, Yu D, Zhang Z, Wu L, Peng Z, Liu W, Hou W, Cai Y. Astrocytic A1/A2 paradigm participates in glycogen mobilization mediated neuroprotection on reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:230. [PMID: 34645472 PMCID: PMC8513339 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytic glycogen works as an essential energy reserve for surrounding neurons and is reported to accumulate excessively during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our previous study found that accumulated glycogen mobilization exhibits a neuroprotective effect against I/R damage. In addition, ischemia could transform astrocytes into A1-like (toxic) and A2-like (protective) subtypes. However, the underlying mechanism behind accumulated glycogen mobilization-mediated neuroprotection in cerebral reperfusion injury and its relationship with the astrocytic A1/A2 paradigm is unknown. Methods Astrocytic glycogen phosphorylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen mobilization, was specifically overexpressed and knocked down in mice and in cultured astrocytes. The I/R injury was imitated using a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model in mice and an oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model in cultured cells. Alterations in A1-like and A2-like astrocytes and the expression of phosphorylated nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were determined by RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Metabolites, including glycogen, NADPH, glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS), were analyzed by biochemical analysis. Results Here, we observed that astrocytic glycogen mobilization inhibited A1-like astrocytes and enhanced A2-like astrocytes after reperfusion in an experimental ischemic stroke model in vivo and in vitro. In addition, glycogen mobilization could enhance the production of NADPH and glutathione by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and reduce ROS levels during reperfusion. NF-κB inhibition and STAT3 activation caused by a decrease in ROS levels were responsible for glycogen mobilization-induced A1-like and A2-like astrocyte transformation after I/R. The astrocytic A1/A2 paradigm is closely correlated with glycogen mobilization-mediated neuroprotection in cerebral reperfusion injury. Conclusions Our data suggest that ROS-mediated NF-κB inhibition and STAT3 activation are the key pathways for glycogen mobilization-induced neuroprotection and provide a promising metabolic target for brain reperfusion injury in ischemic stroke. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02284-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Doutong Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenming Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Xie L, Hu Y, Yan D, McQuillan P, Liu Y, Zhu S, Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Hu Z. The relationship between exposure to general anesthetic agents and the risk of developing an impulse control disorder. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105440. [PMID: 33493656 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most studies examining the effect of extended exposure to general anesthetic agents (GAAs) have demonstrated that extended exposure induces both structural and functional changes in the central nervous system. These changes are frequently accompanied by neurobehavioral changes that include impulse control disorders that are generally characterized by deficits in behavioral inhibition and executive function. In this review, we will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dandan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - P McQuillan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Centre, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhirui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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