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Avery L, Maddox R, Abtan R, Wong O, Rotondi NK, McConkey S, Bourgeois C, McKnight C, Wolfe S, Flicker S, Macpherson A, Smylie J, Rotondi M. Modelling prevalent cardiovascular disease in an urban Indigenous population. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2022:10.17269/s41997-022-00669-x. [PMID: 35945472 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have highlighted the inequities between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations with respect to the burden of cardiovascular disease and prevalence of predisposing risks resulting from historical and ongoing impacts of colonization. The objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) within and specific to the Indigenous peoples living in Toronto, Ontario, and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the resulting model in a similar population. METHODS The Our Health Counts Toronto study measured the baseline health of Indigenous community members living in Toronto, Canada, using respondent-driven sampling. An iterative approach, valuing information from the literature, clinical insight and Indigenous lived experiences, as well as statistical measures was used to evaluate candidate predictors of CVD (self-reported experience of discrimination, ethnic identity, health conditions, income, education, age, gender and body size) prior to multivariable modelling. The resulting model was then validated using a distinct, geographically similar sample of Indigenous people living in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. RESULTS The multivariable model of risk factors associated with prevalent CVD included age, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index and exposure to discrimination. The combined presence of diabetes and hypertension was associated with a greater risk of CVD relative to those with either condition and was the strongest predictor of CVD. Those who reported previous experiences of discrimination were also more likely to have CVD. Further study is needed to determine the effect of body size on risk of CVD in the urban Indigenous population. The final model had good discriminative ability and adequate calibration when applied to the Hamilton sample. CONCLUSION Our modelling identified hypertension, diabetes and exposure to discrimination as factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Discrimination is a modifiable exposure that must be addressed to improve cardiovascular health among Indigenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Avery
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Raglan Maddox
- Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Group, National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert Abtan
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Octavia Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nooshin Khobzi Rotondi
- Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie McConkey
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryllee Bourgeois
- Seventh Generation Midwives Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sara Wolfe
- Seventh Generation Midwives Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Flicker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Macpherson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janet Smylie
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Well Living House, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Rotondi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Yiallourou SR, Maguire GP, Carrington MJ. Sleep quantity and quality and cardiometabolic risk factors in Indigenous Australians. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13067. [PMID: 32526810 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Poor sleep is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Indigenous Australians have 1.3 times higher risk of CVD compared to non-indigenous Australians. However, there are limited data describing sleep problems and cardiometabolic risk in this population. This study aimed to investigate sleep quantity and quality in indigenous Australians and assess its association with cardiometabolic risk. Two hundred and forty-five indigenous Australians aged > 18 years were recruited via convenience sampling from communities in the Northern Territory and Queensland. Sleep quantity and quality was assessed subjectively with questionnaires including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. In a sub-population (n = 46), objective sleep assessment was performed over three nights of actigraphy. Cardiometabolic risk measures included glycated haemoglobin, lipids, anthropometric measurements and sitting blood pressure. Sleep duration measured subjectively and objectively averaged 7.5 ± 2.0 hr/night; however, over one-third of participants (self-report 35%; actigraphy 39%) obtained < 7 hr/night. Overall, more than a third of participants experienced poor-quality sleep, with 27% reporting severe daytime sleepiness (ESS score > 10) and a high number of objectively measured awakenings/night (6 ± 4). Short sleep duration (<6 hr/night) measured both subjectively and objectively was an independent predictor of diastolic (β = 5.37, p = .038) and systolic blood pressure (β = 14.30, p = .048). More objectively measured night-time awakenings were associated with increased glycated haemoglobin levels (β = 0.07, p = .020) and greater sleep fragmentation was associated with lower high-density lipoprotein levels (β = -0.01, p = .025). A large proportion of indigenous Australians experienced short sleep durations and had significant sleep disruption. Poor sleep quantity and quality may contribute to heightened cardiometabolic risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graeme P Maguire
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,General Internal Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Yiallourou SR, Maguire GP, Eades S, Hamilton GS, Quach J, Carrington MJ. Sleep influences on cardio-metabolic health in Indigenous populations. Sleep Med 2019; 59:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S R Yiallourou
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - G P Maguire
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Eades
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G S Hamilton
- Department of Lung and Sleep Medicine at Monash Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Quach
- Policy, Equity and Translation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - M J Carrington
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Hammett CJ, Amerena J, Brieger D, Sindone A, Thompson PL, Worthley MI, Aylward PE. Preventing recurrent events in survivors of acute coronary syndromes in Australia: consensus recommendations using the Delphi process. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:551-558. [PMID: 29243497 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1418175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There remain substantial gaps in implementation of evidence-based care in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Australia, which contribute to high recurrent event rates. Improved translation of evidence into effective action is a key health-care priority. We engaged cardiovascular experts from across Australia to develop straightforward, easily actionable recommendations on key medications to use following ACS. METHODS An eight-person steering committee (SC) reviewed the published evidence and developed an initial set of statements to be developed into consensus recommendations using a modified Delphi technique. A panel of 21 expert cardiologists in the ACS field (including the SC) voted on their level of agreement with the statements using a 6 point Likert scale. Statements that did not reach consensus (≥80% agreement) were reviewed by the SC, modified as appropriate based on input from the panel and circulated for re-voting. RESULTS Twenty-eight statements were developed by the SC across six classes of medication: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering agents, aspirin, dual antiplatelet therapy, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, beta blockers and "other". Twenty-six recommendations were endorsed by the voting panel; two statements did not reach consensus. CONCLUSIONS Despite the extensive evidence base and detailed guidelines outlining best practice post ACS, there remain considerable gaps in translating these into everyday care. We used an internationally recognized technique to develop practical consensus recommendations on medical treatment following ACS. These simple, up-to-date recommendations aim to improve evidence-based medication use and thereby reduce the risk of future cardiovascular events for Australian patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hammett
- a Department of Cardiology , Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - John Amerena
- b Geelong Cardiology Research Centre , Barwon Health , Deakin University , VIC , Australia
| | - David Brieger
- c Cardiology Department , Concord Hospital and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Andrew Sindone
- d Cardiology Department , Concord Hospital and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Peter L Thompson
- e Heart Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia , Perth , WA , Australia
| | - Matthew I Worthley
- f University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | - Philip E Aylward
- g South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and Flinders University and Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
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