Effects of intravenous hydration on risk of contrast induced nephropathy and in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The Impact of Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury on All-Cause Mortality in Older Patients After Coronary Angiography:A 7.5-year Follow-Up

Older patients (≥75 years) after coronary angiography constitute an increasing proportion, but only limited data are available regarding the prognosis of geriatric contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI). Patients (≥75 years) undergoing coronary angiography between December 2010 and September 2013 were consecutively enrolled. CA-AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of 25% or .5 mg/dL from the baseline within 48-72 h of contrast exposure. All-cause mortality was assessed during median 7.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 6.7-8.7 years) follow-up period. In total, 571 patients aged >75 years undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled in a single center study; 82 (14.4%) patients had CA-AKI. The all-cause mortality during the median 7.5 years follow-up period was 22.0% in patients with CA-AKI and 13.1% in patients without CA-AKI (P = .015). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the multivariable analysis indicated that CA-AKI was related to an increased risk of all-cause mortality during the median 7.5-year follow-up (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.29-4.7; P = .006). CA-AKI is a significant and independent predictor of long-term mortality for patients aged over 75 years who underwent coronary angiography.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and its contemporary prevention

The complexity and application range of interventional and diagnostic procedures using contrast media (CM) have recently increased. This allows more patients to undergo procedures that involve CM administration. However, the intrinsic CM toxicity leads to the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). At present, effective therapy of CI-AKI is rather limited. Effective prevention of CI-AKI therefore becomes crucially important. This review presents an in-depth discussion of CI-AKI incidence, pathogenesis, risk prediction, current preventive strategies, and novel treatment possibilities. The review also discusses the difference between CI-AKI incidence following intraarterial and intravenous CM administration. Factors contributing to the development of CI-AKI are considered in conjunction with the mechanism of acute kidney damage. The need for ultimate risk estimation and the prediction of CI-AKI is stressed. Possibilities of CI-AKI prevention is evaluated within the spectrum of existing preventive measures aimed at reducing kidney injury. In particular, the review discusses intravenous hydration regimes and pre-treatment with statins and N-acetylcysteine. The review further focuses on emerging alternative imaging technologies, alternative intravascular diagnostic and interventional procedures, and new methods for intravenous hydration guidance; it discusses the applicability of those techniques in complex procedures and their feasibility in current practise. We put emphasis on contemporary interventional cardiology imaging methods, with a brief discussion of CI-AKI in non-vascular and non-cardiologic imaging and interventional studies.

Predictive Value of Hyperuricemia in Cardiac Patients with Post-Contrast Acute Kidney Injury (PC-AKI) and Different Basic Renal Functions: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Uric acid level has shown a certain relationship with the incidence of post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI), whereas it remains controversial whether hyperuricemia can function as a predictor of PCAKI in patients with different basic creatinine serum level. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for PC-AKI and to explore the relationship between hyperuricemia and basic renal function.

Methods

Relevant studies were retrieved via searching in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and WAN FANG electronic databases from inception to Jan 2022. Only studies published in English and Chinese languages were selected.

Results

Overall, 11892 patients from 15 studies were included. The results of the pooled analysis revealed that the incidence of PC-AKI was significantly higher in the hyperuricemia group than that in the normouricemic group (20.62% vs. 13.05%). Hyperuricemia was associated with an increased risk of the incidence of PC-AKI (odds ratio (OR): 2.48 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.77-3.46%]). The pooled ORs for mortality and incidence of undergoing renal replacement therapy were 2.33 (95% CI:1.81-3.00) and 8.69 (95% CI:3.22-23.44%), respectively. Comparatively, the pre-existing renal dysfunction subgroup had a lower relative risk in the hyperuricemia population.

Conclusion

Hyperuricemia was found to be significantly associated with the incidence of PC-AKI. The effect of serum uric acid level on the incidence of PC-AKI was higher in patients with normal renal function, which could lay a foundation for the establishment of individualized schemes to prevent PC-AKI by urate-lowering therapy.

Iso-osmolar versus low-osmolar contrast media and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the VA CART Program

OBJECTIVES

To assess whether contrast media type is associated with outcomes in veterans undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

BACKGROUND

There is uncertainty about the impact of iso-osmolar contrast medium (IOCM) versus low-osmolar contrast medium (LOCM) on acute kidney injury (AKI) and other major adverse renal or cardiovascular events (MARCE) after PCI. We assessed the association between contrast media type and MARCE in patients who underwent PCI within the Veterans Administration Healthcare System.

METHODS

We reviewed PCIs performed between 2009 and 2019 using data from the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program. The primary endpoint was MARCE, a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, all-cause death, AKI, and dialysis onset at 30 days.

RESULTS

The analysis cohort consisted of 50,389 patients of whom 25,555 received LOCM and 24,834 received IOCM. There was significant variation in contrast type across sites. After adjustment for comorbidities, no significant association between contrast media type and MARCE was observed in both site-unadjusted (odds ratio [OR] for IOCM: 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-1.08; p = 0.97) and site-adjusted (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.95-1.18; p = 0.30) analyses. Similar results were obtained when contrast volume was imputed or the data was subset to individuals with available contrast volume.

CONCLUSION

In a large cohort of veterans undergoing PCI, we found considerable site variation in the type of contrast media used but no significant association between contrast media type and the incidence of MARCE, both before and after adjustment for the site.

Hydration for prevention of kidney injury after primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: a randomised clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of aggressive hydration compared with general hydration for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) prevention among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).

METHODS

The Aggressive hydraTion in patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI to prevenT Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury study is an open-label, randomised controlled study at 15 teaching hospitals in China. A total of 560 adult patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive aggressive hydration or general hydration treatment. Aggressive hydration group received preprocedural loading dose of 125/250 mL normal saline within 30 min, followed by postprocedural hydration performed for 4 hours under left ventricular end-diastolic pressure guidance and additional hydration until 24 hours after pPCI. General hydration group received ≤500 mL 0.9% saline at 1 mL/kg/hour for 6 hours after randomisation. The primary end point is CI-AKI, defined as a >25% or 0.5 mg/dL increased in serum creatinine from baseline during the first 48-72 hours after primary angioplasty. The safety end point is acute heart failure.

RESULTS

From July 2014 to May 2018, 469 patients were enrolled in the final analysis. CI-AKI occurred less frequently in aggressive hydration group than in general hydration group (21.8% vs 31.1%; risk ratio (RR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96). Acute heart failure did not significantly differ between the aggressive hydration group and the general hydration group (8.1% vs 6.4%, RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.66 to 2.44). Several subgroup analysis showed the better effect of aggressive hydration in CI-AKI prevention in male, renal insufficient and non-anterior myocardial infarction participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Comparing with general hydration, the peri-operative aggressive hydration seems to be safe and effective in preventing CI-AKI among patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI.

Statistical analysis plan for aggressive hydraTion in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention to prevenT contrast-induced nephropathy (ATTEMPT) study

Background

The ATTEMPT study is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial which is investigator-based and open label in nature. For the study, 560 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) have been randomized (1:1) for treatment with periprocedural aggressive hydration (treatment group) or general hydration (control group). To improve the quality of the study’s analysis and to minimize analysis bias based on the study’s findings.

Methods

The design of the statistical analysis plan (SAP) was created by chief investigators and statisticians and received permission from the aggressive hydraTion in patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial infarction undergoing Primary percutaneous coronary intervention to prevenT contrast-induced nephropathy (ATTEMPT) management committee. Treatment allocation and research data were reviewed by the Data Safety and Monitoring Committee and researchers were kept blind. We produced data shells based on a pre-existing published protocol and produced detailed descriptions of statistical analyses. This study includes primary, secondary and safety endpoints. Relevant statistical comparisons were planned and discussed in a transparent manner. They are publicly available, verifiable and were determined prior to the data collection process being completed.

Results

We developed a SAP for the ATTEMPT study and an outline and list of mock tables were also created. We produced descriptions of analyses of baseline characteristics, patient care approaches, efficacy measures, and outcomes. This study defined five previously specified subgroups and compared the statistics of groups within these subgroups.

Conclusions

This SAP has been developed for the ATTEMPT study and has high-quality standards of internal validity to minimize analysis bias.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02067195.