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Watts GF, Gidding SS, Hegele RA, Raal FJ, Sturm AC, Jones LK, Sarkies MN, Al-Rasadi K, Blom DJ, Daccord M, de Ferranti SD, Folco E, Libby P, Mata P, Nawawi HM, Ramaswami U, Ray KK, Stefanutti C, Yamashita S, Pang J, Thompson GR, Santos RD. International Atherosclerosis Society guidance for implementing best practice in the care of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:845-869. [PMID: 37322181 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This contemporary, international, evidence-informed guidance aims to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) across different countries. FH, a family of monogenic defects in the hepatic LDL clearance pathway, is a preventable cause of premature coronary artery disease and death. Worldwide, 35 million people have FH, but most remain undiagnosed or undertreated. Current FH care is guided by a useful and diverse group of evidence-based guidelines, with some primarily directed at cholesterol management and some that are country-specific. However, none of these guidelines provides a comprehensive overview of FH care that includes both the lifelong components of clinical practice and strategies for implementation. Therefore, a group of international experts systematically developed this guidance to compile clinical strategies from existing evidence-based guidelines for the detection (screening, diagnosis, genetic testing and counselling) and management (risk stratification, treatment of adults or children with heterozygous or homozygous FH, therapy during pregnancy and use of apheresis) of patients with FH, update evidence-informed clinical recommendations, and develop and integrate consensus-based implementation strategies at the patient, provider and health-care system levels, with the aim of maximizing the potential benefit for at-risk patients and their families worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | | | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick J Raal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amy C Sturm
- Department of Genomic Health, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
- 23andMe, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Laney K Jones
- Department of Genomic Health, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell N Sarkies
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- Medical Research Centre, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Dirk J Blom
- Division of Lipidology and Cape Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Mata
- Fundación Hipercolesterolemia Familiar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hapizah M Nawawi
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM) and Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- Specialist Lipid and Coronary Risk Prevention Clinics, Hospital Al-Sultan Abdullah (HASA) and Clinical Training Centre, Puncak Alam and Sungai Buloh Campuses, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Uma Ramaswami
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Stefanutti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Extracorporeal Therapeutic Techniques Unit, Lipid Clinic and Atherosclerosis Prevention Centre, Regional Centre for Rare Diseases, Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Cardiology, Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jing Pang
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lian OS, Nettleton S, Grange H, Dowrick C. ‘I’d best take out life insurance, then.’ Conceptualisations of risk and uncertainty in primary care consultations, and implications for shared decision-making. HEALTH, RISK & SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2023.2197780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Inoue K, Seeman TE, Horwich T, Budoff MJ, Watson KE. Heterogeneity in the Association Between the Presence of Coronary Artery Calcium and Cardiovascular Events: A Machine-Learning Approach in the MESA Study. Circulation 2023; 147:132-141. [PMID: 36314118 PMCID: PMC9812415 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.062626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been widely recognized as an important predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given the finite resources, it is important to identify individuals who would receive the most benefit from detecting positive CAC by screening. However, the evidence is limited as to whether the burden of positive CAC on CVD differs by multidimensional individual characteristics. We sought to investigate the heterogeneity in the association between positive CAC and incident CVD. METHODS This cohort study included adults from MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) ages ≥45 years and free of cardiovascular disease. After propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio, we applied a machine learning causal forest model to (1) evaluate the heterogeneity in the association between positive CAC and incident CVD, and (2) predict the increase in CVD risk at 10-years when CAC>0 (versus CAC=0) at the individual level. We then compared the estimated increase in CVD risk when CAC>0 to the absolute 10-year atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk calculated by the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association pooled cohort equations. RESULTS Across 3328 adults in our propensity score-matched analysis, our causal forest model showed the heterogeneity in the association between CAC>0 and incident CVD. We found a dose-response relationship of the estimated increase in CVD risk when CAC>0 with higher 10-year ASCVD risk. Almost all individuals (2293 of 2428 [94.4%]) with borderline risk of ASCVD or higher showed ≥2.5% increase in CVD risk when CAC>0. Even among 900 adults with low ASCVD risk, 689 (69.2%) showed ≥2.5% increase in CVD risk when CAC>0; these individuals were more likely to be male, Hispanic, and have unfavorable CVD risk factors than others. CONCLUSIONS The expected increases in CVD risk when CAC>0 were heterogeneous across individuals. Moreover, nearly 70% of people with low ASCVD risk showed a large increase in CVD risk when CAC>0, highlighting the need for CAC screening among such low-risk individuals. Future studies are needed to assess whether targeting individuals for CAC measurements based on not only the absolute ASCVD risk but also the expected increase in CVD risk when CAC>0 improves cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inoue
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan (K.I.), UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Teresa E. Seeman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health (T.E.S.), UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Geriatrics (T.E.S.), UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Tamara Horwich
- Cardiology (T.H., K.E.W.), UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (M.J.B.)
| | - Karol E. Watson
- Cardiology (T.H., K.E.W.), UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
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Valentine KD, Brodney S, Sepucha K, Barry MJ. Predictors of Informed People's Preferences for Statin Therapy to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk: an Internet Survey Study. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:36-41. [PMID: 35230620 PMCID: PMC9849500 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines suggest clinicians inform patients about their 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, little is known about how the risk estimate influences patients' preferences for statin therapy for primary prevention. OBJECTIVE To define predictors of preference for statin therapy after participants were informed about their individualized benefits and harms. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey in 2020. SETTING Online US survey panel. PARTICIPANTS A national sample of 304 respondents aged 40 to 75 who had not previously taken a statin and who knew their cholesterol levels and blood pressure measurements. INTERVENTION Participants entered their risk factors into a calculator which estimated their 10-year CVD risk. They were then provided with an estimate of their absolute risk reduction with a statin and the chance of side effects from meta-analyses. MAIN MEASUREMENTS We used a hierarchical model to predict participants' preferences for statin therapy according to their 10-year CVD risk, perceptions of the magnitude of statin benefit (large, medium, small, or almost no benefit), worry about side effects (very worried, somewhat worried, a little worried, not worried at all), and other variables. KEY RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 55 years (SD = 9.9); 50% were female, 44% were non-white, and 16% had a high school degree or less education. After reviewing their benefits and side effects, 45% of the participants reported they probably or definitely wanted to take a statin. In the full hierarchical model, only perceived benefits of taking a statin was a significant independent predictor of wanting a statin (OR 7.3, 95% CI 4.7, 12.2). LIMITATIONS Participants were from an internet survey panel and making hypothetical decisions. CONCLUSIONS Participants' perceptions of their benefit from statin therapy predicted wanting to take a statin for primary prevention; neither estimated CVD risk nor worries about statin side effects were independent predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Valentine
- Health Decision Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Suzanne Brodney
- Health Decision Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Informed Medical Decisions Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Sepucha
- Health Decision Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Michael J Barry
- Health Decision Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
- Informed Medical Decisions Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Campbell DJT, Lee-Krueger RCW, McBrien K, Anderson T, Quan H, Leung AA, Chen G, Lu M, Naugler C, Butalia S. Strategies for enhancing the initiation of cholesterol lowering medication among patients at high cardiovascular disease risk: a qualitative descriptive exploration of patient and general practitioners' perspectives on a facilitated relay intervention in Alberta, Canada. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038469. [PMID: 33234627 PMCID: PMC7689086 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to explore the perspectives of patients and general practitioners (GPs) regarding interventions to increase initiation of cholesterol lowering medication (or statins), including a proposed laboratory-based facilitated relay intervention. DESIGN Qualitative descriptive study using interviews and focus groups for data collection, and thematic analysis for data analysis. SETTING Primary care providers and patients in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS 17 GPs with primarily community-based, non-academic practices with at least 1 year of practice experience participated in semistructured interviews. 14 patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease participated in focus groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Exploration of strategies that might be used to enhance the prescription of, and adherence to statin therapy for patients with statin-indicated conditions. RESULTS GPs proposed a variety of interventions to improve statin prescription, including electronic record audit solutions, GP directed education, and patient-oriented campaigns. Patients expressed that they may benefit from being provided access to their laboratory test results, as well as targeted education. Both parties provided positive feedback on the proposed laboratory-based facilitated relay intervention, while pointing out areas for improvement. Notably, GPs were concerned that the patient-directed component of the intervention might jeopardise therapeutic relationships, and patients were concerned about accidental disclosure of personal health information. Important considerations for the design of facilitated relay messaging should include brevity, simplicity and the provision of contact information for inquiries. CONCLUSIONS GPs and patients described several suggestions for increasing statin initiation and welcomed the proposal of a laboratory-based facilitated relay strategy. These findings support further testing of this intervention which may enhance GPs' ability to successfully engage patients in cardiovascular risk reduction through statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J T Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kerry McBrien
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Todd Anderson
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hude Quan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guanmin Chen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mingshan Lu
- Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Naugler
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Butalia
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Hartkopf KJ, Heimerl KM, McGowan KM, Arndt BG. Expansion and Evaluation of Pharmacist Services in Primary Care. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030124. [PMID: 32707794 PMCID: PMC7559880 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Challenges with primary care access and overextended providers present opportunities for pharmacists as patient care extenders for chronic disease management. The primary objective was to align primary care pharmacist services with organizational priorities and improve patient clinical outcomes. The secondary objective was to develop a technological strategy for service evaluation. An interdisciplinary workgroup developed primary care pharmacist services focused on improving performance measures and supporting the care team in alignment with ongoing population health initiatives. Pharmacist collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) were developed and implemented. An electronic dashboard was developed to capture service outcome measures. Blood pressure control to <140/90 mmHg was achieved in 74.15% of patients who engaged with primary care pharmacists versus 41.53% of eligible patients electing to follow usual care pathways. Appropriate statin use was higher in patients engaged with primary care pharmacists than in eligible patients electing to follow usual care pathways both for diabetes and ischemic vascular disease (12.4% and 2.2% higher, respectively). Seventeen of 54 possible process and outcome measures were identified and incorporated into an electronic dashboard. Primary care pharmacist services improve hypertension control and statin use. Service outcomes can be measured with discrete data from the electronic health record (EHR), and should align with organizational priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Hartkopf
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.M.H.); (K.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristina M. Heimerl
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.M.H.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Kayla M. McGowan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.M.H.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Brian G. Arndt
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- University of Wisconsin Health PATH Collaborative (Primary Care Academics Transforming Healthcare), Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Misra AJ, Ong SY, Gokhale A, Khan S, Melnick ER. Opportunities for addressing gaps in primary care shared decision-making with technology: a mixed-methods needs assessment. JAMIA Open 2020; 2:447-455. [PMID: 32025641 PMCID: PMC6993997 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyze current practices in shared decision-making (SDM) in primary care and perform a needs assessment for the role of information technology (IT) interventions. Materials and Methods A mixed-methods study was conducted in three phases: (1) ethnographic observation of clinical encounters, (2) patient interviews, and (3) physician interviews. SDM was measured using the validated OPTION scale. Semistructured interviews followed an interview guide (developed by our multidisciplinary team) informed by the Traditional Decision Conflict Scale and Shared Decision Making Questionnaire. Field notes were independently coded and analyzed by two reviewers in Dedoose. Results Twenty-four patient encounters were observed in 3 diverse practices with an average OPTION score of 57.2 (0-100 scale; 95% confidence interval [CI], 51.8-62.6). Twenty-two patient and 8 physician interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was achieved. Cohen's kappa, measuring coder agreement, was 0.42. Patient domains were: establishing trust, influence of others, flexibility, frustrations, values, and preferences. Physician domains included frustrations, technology (concerns, existing use, and desires), and decision making (current methods used, challenges, and patients' understanding). Discussion Given low SDM observed, multiple opportunities for technology to enhance SDM exist based on specific OPTION items that received lower scores, including: (1) checking the patient's preferred information format, (2) asking the patient's preferred level of involvement in decision making, and (3) providing an opportunity for deferring a decision. Based on data from interviews, patients and physicians value information exchange and are open to technologies that enhance communication of care options. Conclusion Future primary care IT platforms should prioritize the 3 quantitative gaps identified to improve physician-patient communication and relationships. Additionally, SDM tools should seek to standardize common workflow steps across decisions and focus on barriers to increasing adoption of effective SDM tools into routine primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali J Misra
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shawn Y Ong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arjun Gokhale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sameer Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edward R Melnick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Familial hypercholesterolaemia: evolving knowledge for designing adaptive models of care. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:360-377. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in 2020: A Leading Tier 1 Genomic Application. Heart Lung Circ 2019; 29:619-633. [PMID: 31974028 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is caused by a major genetic defect in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance pathway. Characterised by LDL-cholesterol elevation from birth, FH confers a significant risk for premature coronary artery disease (CAD) if overlooked and untreated. With risk exposure beginning at birth, early detection and intervention is crucial for the prevention of CAD. Lowering LDL-cholesterol with lifestyle and statin therapy can reduce the risk of CAD. However, most individuals with FH will not reach guideline recommended LDL-cholesterol targets. FH has an estimated prevalence of approximately 1:250 in the community. Multiple strategies are required for screening, diagnosing and treating FH. Recent publications on FH provide new data for developing models of care, including new therapies. This review provides an overview of FH and outlines some recent advances in the care of FH for the prevention of CAD in affected families. The future care of FH in Australia should be developed within the context of the National Health Genomics Policy Framework.
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10
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Sarkar S, Orimoloye OA, Nass CM, Blumenthal RS, Martin SS. Cardiovascular Risk Heterogeneity in Adults with Diabetes: Selective Use of Coronary Artery Calcium in Statin Use Decision-making. J Gen Intern Med 2019; 34:2643-2647. [PMID: 31414361 PMCID: PMC6848593 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-05266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association guidelines recommend statin therapy for all patients with diabetes between the ages of 40 and 75, including those without cardiovascular disease (CVD). While diabetes is a major CVD risk factor, not all patients with diabetes have an equal risk of CVD. Thus, a more risk-based approach warrants consideration when recommending statin therapy for the primary prevention of CVD. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a noninvasive imaging modality that can help risk stratify patients with diabetes for future CVD events. CAC has been extensively studied in large cohorts such as the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and found to outperform other novel risk stratification tools including carotid intima-media thickness. Moreover, a CAC score of 0 has been shown to be useful in downgrading the estimated risk of a CVD event in patients with diabetes and an intermediate Pooled Cohort Equation score. As clinicians weigh the recommendation for a lifelong therapy and the problem of statin nonadherence and patients weigh concerns about adverse effects of statins, the decision to initiate statin therapy in patients with diabetes is ideally a shared one between patients and providers, and CAC could facilitate this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Sarkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Olusola A Orimoloye
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin M Nass
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger S Blumenthal
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth S Martin
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Yebyo HG, Aschmann HE, Menges D, Boyd CM, Puhan MA. Net benefit of statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people 75 years or older: a benefit-harm balance modeling study. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319877745. [PMID: 31598209 PMCID: PMC6764041 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319877745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined the risk thresholds above which statin use would be more likely to provide a net benefit for people over the age of 75 years without history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS An exponential model was used to estimate the differences in expected benefit and harms in people treated with statins over a 10-year horizon versus not treated. The analysis was repeated 100,000 times to consider the statistical uncertainty and produce a distribution of the benefit-harm balance index from which we determined the 10-year CVD risk threshold where benefits outweighed the harms. We considered treatment estimates from trials and observational studies, baseline risks, patient preferences, and competing risks of non-CVD death, and statistical uncertainty. RESULTS Based on average preferences, statins were more likely to provide a net benefit at a 10-year CVD risk of 24% and 25% for men aged 75-79 years and 80-84 years, respectively, and 21% for women in both age groups. However, these thresholds varied significantly depending on differences in individual patient preferences for the statin-related outcomes, with interquartile ranges of 21-33% and 23-36% for men aged 75-79 years and 80-84 years, respectively, as well as 20-32% and 21-32% for women aged 75-79 years and 80-84 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Statins would more likely provide a net benefit for primary prevention in older people taking the average preferences if their CVD risk is well above 20%. However, the thresholds could be much higher or lower depending on preferences of individual patients, which suggests more emphasis should be placed on individual-based decision-making, instead of recommending statins for everyone based on a single or a small number of thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henock G. Yebyo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Prevention
Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, Zurich, CH-8001,
Switzerland
| | - Hélène E. Aschmann
- Department of Epidemiology; Epidemiology,
Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Dominik Menges
- Department of Epidemiology; Epidemiology,
Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Cynthia M. Boyd
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milo A. Puhan
- Department of Epidemiology; Epidemiology,
Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
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12
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Lohmueller LC, Naik A, Breitfeller L, McIlvennan CK, Kanwar M, Murali S, Rosé C, Antaki JF. Factors Affecting Health Care Engagement of Patients With End-Stage Heart Failure: An Exploratory Survey Study. MDM Policy Pract 2019; 4:2381468319865515. [PMID: 31453361 PMCID: PMC6699010 DOI: 10.1177/2381468319865515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The decision to receive a permanent left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to treat end-stage heart failure (HF) involves understanding and weighing the risks and benefits of a highly invasive treatment. The goal of this study was to characterize end-stage HF patients across parameters that may affect their decision making and to inform the development of an LVAD decision support tool. Methods. A survey of 35 end-stage HF patients at an LVAD implant hospital was performed to characterize their information-seeking habits, interaction with physicians, technology use, numeracy, and concerns about their health. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, grounded theory method, and Bayesian network learning. Results. Most patients indicated an interest in using some type of decision support tool (roadmap of health progression: 46%, n = 16; personal prognosis: 51%, n = 18; short videos of patients telling stories of their experiences with an LVAD: 57%, n = 20). Information patients desired in a hypothetical decision support tool fell into the following topics: prognoses for health outcomes, technical information seeking, expressing emotions, and treatment decisions. Desire for understanding their condition was closely related to whether they had difficult interpreting their electronic medical record in the past. Conclusions. Most patients reported interest in engaging in their health care decision making and seeing their prognosis and electronic health record information. Patients who were less interested in their own treatment decisions were characterized by having less success understanding their health information. Design of a decision support tool for potential LVAD patients should consider a spectrum of health literacy and include information beyond the technical specifications of LVAD support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Carey Lohmueller
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aakanksha Naik
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Luke Breitfeller
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Colleen K McIlvennan
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Manreet Kanwar
- Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Srinivas Murali
- Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn Rosé
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James F Antaki
- Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Pinto FKMS, Oliveira JCD. Infográficos para decisão compartilhada no uso de estatinas em paciente de alto risco cardiovascular. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE MEDICINA DE FAMÍLIA E COMUNIDADE 2019. [DOI: 10.5712/rbmfc14(41)1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivos: Elaborar infográficos para decisão compartilhada sobre o benefício e risco do uso de estatinas como prevenção primária em pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular. Métodos: A partir do “the NNT”, que analisou o uso de estatinas para prevenção primária em pessoas de baixo risco cardiovascular a partir de meta-análises do US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) e da Cochrane, buscou-se definir o balanço de risco e benefício dessa terapia na prevenção primária de pessoas com alto risco. Como o USPSTF e a Cochrane tinham 10 estudos primários diferentes incluídos em suas análises e populações com risco cardiovascular variável, foi realizada uma busca adicional por revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises publicadas desde a data da revisão Cochrane (dezembro de 2012) até outubro de 2017. Buscou-se no Medline via PubMed, na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, na Cochrane e no NHS Evidence por estudos de pessoas com risco cardiovascular estimado em 10 anos de mais de 10% com mais um fator de risco ou com mais de 20%, sem história de doença cardiovascular prévia, que comparassem o uso de estatina com placebo ou nenhum tratamento. Os desfechos deveriam ser a redução de doenças cardio e cerebrovasculares, da mortalidade cardiovascular ou geral e a ocorrência de eventos adversos. Resultados: Foram encontrados 225 estudos entre meta-análises e revisões sistemáticas elaboradas desde dezembro de 2012 até outubro de 2017. Foram excluídos 224 estudos por motivos diversos. Selecionou-se para elaboração do infográfico de benefícios o Statins for primary prevention, 2012, com população de 100% de diabéticos sem eventos cardiovasculares prévios com redução de risco absoluto (RRA) quanto a AVC fatal de 0,78 pontos percentuais/NNT 128 e Doenças Cardio/Cerebrovasculares RRA 2,6 pontos percentuais/NNT 39, cardiovascular. Quanto à redução de mortalidade geral (RR 0,79; IC95% 0,58-1,08) e revascularização (RR 0,74; IC 95% 0,55-1,00) não foi encontrada diferença estatística significante. Devido às limitações encontradas nas revisões sistemáticas avaliadas, não foi possível compilar dados, no formato de infográfico, sobre a incidência de diabetes e abandono de terapia. Assim, para elaboração da parte referente a danos, foi selecionado o ECR Aspen, com população de diabéticos de alto risco para desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares, sem eventos prévios, quanto à mialgia com aumento do risco absoluto (ARA) de 1,43 pontos percentuais/NND 70 (RR 1,91; IC95% 1,03-3,53). Conclusão: Foi elaborado infográfico, com e sem uso de estatina, para desfechos cardiocerebrovasculares não fatais, AVC fatal, necessidade de revascularização, mortalidade geral e para ocorrência adversa de sintomas musculares. Esse instrumento pode ser utilizado na Atenção Primária durante o encontro clínico visando à tomada de decisão compartilhada, facilitando a compreensão dos riscos e benefícios do uso de estatina em pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular (RCV 10% com pelo menos um fator de risco adicional ou > 20 % em 10 anos), diabéticos, nos quais a prescrição de estatina seja cogitada.
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Bunn F, Goodman C, Russell B, Wilson P, Manthorpe J, Rait G, Hodkinson I, Durand MA. Supporting shared decision-making for older people with multiple health and social care needs: a realist synthesis. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr06280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHealth-care systems are increasingly moving towards more integrated approaches. Shared decision-making (SDM) is central to these models but may be complicated by the need to negotiate and communicate decisions between multiple providers, as well as patients and their family carers; this is particularly the case for older people with complex needs.ObjectivesTo provide a context-relevant understanding of how models to facilitate SDM might work for older people with multiple health and care needs and how they might be applied to integrated care models.DesignRealist synthesis following Realist and Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards (RAMESES) publication standards.ParticipantsTwenty-four stakeholders took part in interviews.Data sourcesElectronic databases including MEDLINE (via PubMed), The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google and Google Scholar (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA). Lateral searches were also carried out. All types of evidence were included.Review methodsIterative stakeholder-driven, three-stage approach, involving (1) scoping of the literature and stakeholder interviews (n = 13) to develop initial programme theory/ies, (2) systematic searches for evidence to test and develop the theories and (3) validation of programme theory/ies with stakeholders (n = 11).ResultsWe included 88 papers, of which 29 focused on older people or people with complex needs. We identified four theories (context–mechanism–outcome configurations) that together provide an account of what needs to be in place for SDM to work for older people with complex needs: understanding and assessing patient and carer values and capacity to access and use care; organising systems to support and prioritise SDM; supporting and preparing patients and family carers to engage in SDM; and a person-centred culture of which SDM is a part. Programmes likely to be successful in promoting SDM are those that create trust between those involved, allow service users to feel that they are respected and understood, and engender confidence to engage in SDM.LimitationsThere is a lack of evidence on interventions to promote SDM in older people with complex needs or on interprofessional approaches to SDM.ConclusionsModels of SDM for older people with complex health and care needs should be conceptualised as a series of conversations that patients, and their family carers, may have with a variety of different health and care professionals. To embed SDM in practice requires a shift from a biomedical focus to a more person-centred ethos. Service providers are likely to need support, both in terms of the way services are organised and delivered and in terms of their own continuing professional development. Older people with complex needs may need support to engage in SDM. How this support is best provided needs further exploration, although face-to-face interactions and ongoing patient–professional relationships are key.Future workThere is a need for further work to establish how organisational structures can be better aligned to meet the requirements of older people with complex needs. This includes a need to define and evaluate the contribution that different members of health and care teams can make to SDM for older people with complex health and care needs.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016039013.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Bunn
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Claire Goodman
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Bridget Russell
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Patricia Wilson
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jill Manthorpe
- Social Care Workforce Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Greta Rait
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School (Royal Free Campus), London, UK
| | - Isabel Hodkinson
- Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, The Tredegar Practice, London, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Durand
- The Preference Laboratory, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Bunn F, Goodman C, Russell B, Wilson P, Manthorpe J, Rait G, Hodkinson I, Durand MA. Supporting shared decision making for older people with multiple health and social care needs: a realist synthesis. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:165. [PMID: 30021527 PMCID: PMC6052575 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care systems are increasingly moving towards more integrated approaches. Shared decision making (SDM) is central to these models but may be complicated by the need to negotiate and communicate decisions between multiple providers, as well as patients and their family carers; particularly for older people with complex needs. The aim of this review was to provide a context relevant understanding of how interventions to facilitate SDM might work for older people with multiple health and care needs, and how they might be applied in integrated care models. METHODS Iterative, stakeholder driven, realist synthesis following RAMESES publication standards. It involved: 1) scoping literature and stakeholder interviews (n = 13) to develop initial programme theory/ies, 2) systematic searches for evidence to test and develop the theories, and 3) validation of programme theory/ies with stakeholders (n = 11). We searched PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google, Google Scholar, and undertook lateral searches. All types of evidence were included. RESULTS We included 88 papers; 29 focused on older people or people with complex needs. We identified four context-mechanism-outcome configurations that together provide an account of what needs to be in place for SDM to work for older people with complex needs. This includes: understanding and assessing patient and carer values and capacity to access and use care, organising systems to support and prioritise SDM, supporting and preparing patients and family carers to engage in SDM and a person-centred culture of which SDM is a part. Programmes likely to be successful in promoting SDM are those that allow older people to feel that they are respected and understood, and that engender confidence to engage in SDM. CONCLUSIONS To embed SDM in practice requires a radical shift from a biomedical focus to a more person-centred ethos. Service providers will need support to change their professional behaviour and to better organise and deliver services. Face to face interactions, permission and space to discuss options, and continuity of patient-professional relationships are key in supporting older people with complex needs to engage in SDM. Future research needs to focus on inter-professional approaches to SDM and how families and carers are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Bunn
- Centre for Research in Public Health and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB UK
| | - Claire Goodman
- Centre for Research in Public Health and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB UK
| | - Bridget Russell
- Centre for Research in Public Health and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB UK
| | - Patricia Wilson
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, George Allen Wing, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF UK
| | - Jill Manthorpe
- Social Care Workforce Research Unit, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2B 4LL UK
| | - Greta Rait
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL Medical School (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - Isabel Hodkinson
- Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group, The Tredegar Practice, London, E3 5JD UK
| | - Marie-Anne Durand
- The Preference Laboratory, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Level 5, Williamson Translational Research Building, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA
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Lansberg P, Lee A, Lee ZV, Subramaniam K, Setia S. Nonadherence to statins: individualized intervention strategies outside the pill box. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2018; 14:91-102. [PMID: 29872306 PMCID: PMC5973378 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor adherence to statin therapy is linked to significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events and death. Unfortunately, adherence to statins is far from optimal. This is an alarming concern for patients prescribed potentially life-saving cholesterol-lowering medication, especially for those at high risk of cardiovascular events. Research on statin adherence has only recently garnered broader attention; hence, major reasons unique to adherence to statin therapy need to be identified as well as suggestions for countermeasures. An integrated approach to minimizing barriers and enhancing facilitation at the levels of the patient, provider, and health system can help address adherence issues. Health care professionals including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses have an obligation to improve patient adherence, as routine care. In order to achieve sustained results, a multifaceted approach is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lansberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen-Vin Lee
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kannan Subramaniam
- Global Medical Affairs, Asia-Pacific region, Pfizer Australia, West Ryde, NSW, Australia
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Minard LV, Corkum A, Sketris I, Fisher J, Zhang Y, Saleh A. Trends in Statin Use in Seniors 1999 to 2013: Time Series Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158608. [PMID: 27434392 PMCID: PMC4951112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) drug dispensing patterns to Nova Scotia Seniors' Pharmacare program (NSSPP) beneficiaries over a 14-year period in response to: 1) rosuvastatin market entry in 2003, 2) JUPITER trial publication in 2008, and 3) generic atorvastatin availability in 2010. METHODS All NSSPP beneficiaries who redeemed at least one prescription for a statin from April 1, 1999 to March 31, 2013 were included. Aggregated, anonymous monthly prescription counts were extracted by the Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness (Nova Scotia, Canada) and changes in dispensing patterns of statins were measured. Data were analyzed using descriptive analyses and interrupted time series methods. RESULTS The percentage of NSSPP beneficiaries dispensed any statin increased from 5.3% in April 1999 to 20.7% in March 2013. In 1999, most NSSPP beneficiaries were dispensed either simvastatin (29.5%) or atorvastatin (28.7%). When rosuvastatin was added to the NSSPP Formulary in August 2003, prescriptions dispensed for simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin declined significantly (slope change, -0.0027; 95% confidence interval (CI), (-0.0046, -0.0009)). This significant decline continued following the publication of JUPITER (level change, -0.1974; 95% CI, (-0.2991, -0.0957)) and the availability of generic atorvastatin (level change, -0.2436; 95% CI, (-0.3314, -0.1558)). Atorvastatin was not significantly affected by any of the three interventions, although it maintained an overall decreasing trend. Only upon the availability of generic atorvastatin did the upward trend in rosuvastatin use decrease significantly (slope change, -0.0010, 95% CI, (-0.0015, -0.0005)). CONCLUSIONS The type and rate of statins dispensed to NSSPP beneficiaries changed from 1999 to 2013 in response to the availability of new agents and publication of the JUPITER trial. The overall proportion of NSSPP beneficiaries dispensed a statin increased approximately 4-fold during the study period. In 2013, rosuvastatin was the most commonly dispensed statin (44.1%) followed by atorvastatin (39.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Minard
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amber Corkum
- Statistical Consulting Unit, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ingrid Sketris
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Judith Fisher
- Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ying Zhang
- Statistical Consulting Unit, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ahmed Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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