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Shafaat SS, Siddiqi FA, Yaseen L, Siddiqi KA, Yaseen N, Khan I, Ashraf A, Khalid K, Shahid MF, Abbas N. A Cross-Sectional Study for the Spectrum of Clinical Diagnosis in Patients Presenting With Macrocytosis. Cureus 2024; 16:e54702. [PMID: 38524035 PMCID: PMC10960591 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of the clinical spectrum of diseases in patients with macrocytosis and to summarize the diagnostic evaluation of patients found to have macrocytosis on laboratory testing. Background This was a cross-sectional study that took place at the Department of Medicine in Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January to June 2023. Methodology One hundred and five patients with macrocytosis with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values > 100 fL (80 to 100 fL) were inducted as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Complete blood counts (CBC), peripheral blood film, serum vitamin B12 levels, serum folate levels, renal function tests (RFTs), liver function tests (LFTs), and thyroid function tests (TFTs) were performed during the assessment. Results The commonest cause of macrocytosis was vitamin B12 deficiency followed by folate deficiency, combined vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, and other causes were also found in a few cases. Conclusion Serum vitamin B12 and folate deficiency are the most common preventable causes of macrocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laila Yaseen
- Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | | | - Nidda Yaseen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Imran Khan
- Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Amna Ashraf
- Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Kanza Khalid
- Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | | | - Naveed Abbas
- Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
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Mahgoub AE, Deliwala SS, Bachuwa G. Important reminder: nitrous oxide (N 2O) as a cause of functional vitamin B 12 deficiency. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/7/e241414. [PMID: 34290005 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-241414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 32-year-old woman who misused multiple substances, including nitrous oxide (N2O), sought medical advice after she subacutely developed bilateral lower extremity weakness without a sensory level but with ataxia-her significant other developed similar symptoms with vitamin B12 deficiency due to N2O intake. Laboratory results revealed macrocytic anaemia despite normal B12 and folate levels, with serum markers pointing towards functional cobalamin deficiency. Spinal MRIs and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were unremarkable. Our patient was treated with vitamin B12 supplementation with an encouraging response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ghassan Bachuwa
- Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA
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3
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Petelska AD, Szeremeta M, Kotyńska J, Niemcunowicz-Janica A. Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to Describing Interactions in Natural Cell Membranes Occurring as a Result of Fatal Alcohol Poisoning. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030189. [PMID: 33803418 PMCID: PMC7998942 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose herein a theoretical model describing the effect of fatal ethanol poisoning on the equilibria between cell membranes and the surrounding ions. Using this model, we determined the parameters characterizing the interaction between the electrolyte solution’s ions and the functional groups on the blood cells’ surface. Via the application of mathematical equations, we calculated the total surface concentrations of the acidic and basic groups, cA and cB, and their association constants with solution ions, KAH and KBOH. Using the determined parameters and mathematical equations’ values, we calculated the theoretical surface charge density values. We verified the proposed model by comparing these values with experimental data, which were selected based on measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocyte and thrombocyte membranes. Compatibility of the experimental and theoretical surface charge density values was observed in the range of pH 2–8, while deviations were observed at higher pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta D. Petelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Szeremeta
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona St. 13, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (A.N.-J.)
| | - Joanna Kotyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Niemcunowicz-Janica
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona St. 13, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (A.N.-J.)
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Mejia Buritica L, Zapata Alvarez J, Vergara Quintero L, Villegas Molina JP, Torres Hernandez JD. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia After Cyanocobalamin Replacement in a Patient With a Previous Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia: A Case Report. Cureus 2020; 12:e10797. [PMID: 33163301 PMCID: PMC7641469 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pernicious anemia (PA) is associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), Addison's disease, and vitiligo. The association between PA and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is rare, with less than 30 cases reported in the literature. In this paper, we report a case of a patient with a confirmed diagnosis of PA, who, six months after starting treatment with cyanocobalamin, presented with severe hemolysis with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) for warm antibodies; the patient responded well to glucocorticoid treatment. AIHA in PA patients can be triggered by cyanocobalamin replacement due to the expression of membrane antigens by mature red blood cells entering into the peripheral circulation. This association should be considered because these patients, in addition to cyanocobalamin replacement, will require immunosuppressive treatment, usually with glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Sukumar
- Department of Populations, Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, UK
| | - Ponnusamy Saravanan
- Department of Populations, Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, UK
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6
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Salinas M, Flores E, López-Garrigós M, Leiva-Salinas C. Vitamin B12 deficiency and clinical laboratory: Lessons revisited and clarified in seven questions. Int J Lab Hematol 2018; 40 Suppl 1:83-88. [PMID: 29741251 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review article is to address the most frequently asked questions that pathologists and primary care physicians might face when dealing with a patient with suspicion of vitamin B12 deficiency. More specifically, the article mainly discusses the importance and prevalence of the deficit, how to recognize it, and the important role of a prompt diagnosis confirmation based on laboratory biomarkers for efficient replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salinas
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | - E Flores
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Department of Clinic Medicine, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | - M López-Garrigós
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - C Leiva-Salinas
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Missouri Health, Columbia, MO, USA
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Diagnostics in anaemia of chronic disease in general practice: a real-world retrospective cohort study. BJGP Open 2018; 2:bjgpopen18X101597. [PMID: 30564730 PMCID: PMC6189783 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen18x101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited research has been performed that focused on the diagnosis of the underlying cause of anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) in general practice or on prevalence data of the underlying causes of ACD in general practice, although this is one of the most common types of anaemia. Aim To clarify the diagnostic strategies of GPs in patients newly diagnosed with ACD and to determine the most common underlying causes. Design & setting Retrospective cohort study. Method Patients newly diagnosed with ACD were selected based on laboratory criteria. ACD was defined as confirmed anaemia and ferritin levels above 100 μg/l combined with decreased iron and/or reduced transferrin. Additional medical information on patients was obtained from the electronic medical files of the GP and/or the referral hospital. Results Of the 267 analysed patients with ACD, additional investigations were performed in 205 patients (77%); in 31 patients (12%) the cause was apparent at the time of diagnosis, and for 31 patients (12%) no additional investigations were requested. In 210 (79%) of the 267 patients, an underlying cause was established, with infection (n = 68, 32%), autoimmune disease (n = 51, 24%) and malignancy (n = 48, 23%) as the most frequently observed etiologies. In 35 (13%) of the ACD patients, oral iron supplementation was prescribed by the GP. This was mainly done in patients with severe anaemia or less enhanced ferritin levels. Conclusion For most patients with newly diagnosed ACD, the GP undertakes additional investigations to establish underlying causes. However, the cause of ACD remains unknown in a small proportion of patients. The use of oral iron supplementation in these patients requires caution.
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Schop A, Kip MMA, Stouten K, Dekker S, Riedl J, van Houten RJ, van Rosmalen J, Dinant GJ, IJzerman MJ, Koffijberg H, Bindels PJE, Kusters R, Levin MD. The effectiveness of a routine versus an extensive laboratory analysis in the diagnosis of anaemia in general practice. Ann Clin Biochem 2018; 55:535-542. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563217748680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background We investigated the percentage of patients diagnosed with the correct underlying cause of anaemia by general practitioners when using an extensive versus a routine laboratory work-up. Methods An online survey was distributed among 836 general practitioners. The survey consisted of six cases, selected from an existing cohort of anaemia patients ( n = 3325). In three cases, general practitioners were asked to select the laboratory tests for further diagnostic examination from a list of 14 parameters (i.e. routine work-up). In the other three cases, general practitioners were presented with all 14 laboratory test results available (i.e. extensive work-up). General practitioners were asked to determine the underlying cause of anaemia in all six cases based on the test results, and these answers were compared with the answers of an expert panel. Results A total of 139 general practitioners (partly) responded to the survey (17%). The general practitioners were able to determine the underlying cause of anaemia in 53% of cases based on the routine work-up, whereas 62% of cases could be diagnosed using an extensive work-up ( P = 0.007). In addition, the probability of a correct diagnosis decreased with the patient’s age and was also affected by the underlying cause itself, with anaemia of chronic disease being hardest to diagnose ( P = 0.003). Conclusion The use of an extensive laboratory work-up in patients with newly diagnosed anaemia is expected to increase the percentage of correct underlying causes established by general practitioners. Since the underlying cause can still not be established in 31.3% of anaemia patients, further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Schop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle MA Kip
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Stouten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Soraya Dekker
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Riedl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron J van Houten
- General Medical Practice van Houten, Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Geert-Jan Dinant
- Department of General Practice, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J IJzerman
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Koffijberg
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ron Kusters
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Mark-David Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
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Jansson-Knodell C, Collins CS. 73-Year-Old Asymptomatic Woman With Anemia. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:e89-e93. [PMID: 28499511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jansson-Knodell
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - C Scott Collins
- Advisor to Resident and Consultant in General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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