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Narimisa N, Razavi S, Masjedian Jazi F. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates originating from Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1388790. [PMID: 38860007 PMCID: PMC11163077 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1388790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella represents a significant global public health concern. Among various serovars, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is prevalent in multiple countries. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. Typhimurium isolates from diverse sources in Iran. Methods We conducted a comprehensive and systematic search for relevant articles until December 2023 in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SID. The collected data were analyzed using Stata software version 17. Results Eighteen studies examined the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. Typhimurium for various antibiotics in Iran. Piperacillin and tetracycline exhibited the highest resistance rates, at 79 and 60% respectively, while cefixime and ceftriaxone had the lowest resistance rates at 0%. Conclusion Our findings indicate a high level of antibiotic resistance among the studied antibiotics. This high level of antibiotic resistance raises concerns and underscores the necessity for monitoring the use of antibiotics. Moreover, resistance to these antibiotics was more prevalent in samples isolated from animals compared to other sources. This highlights the importance of animal screening to detect the presence of drug-resistant isolates, with the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic resistance and preventing the transmission of resistant strains to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faramarz Masjedian Jazi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Asfaw Geresu M, Assefa Wayuo B, Mamo Kassa G. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolates from Animal Origin Food Items in Selected Areas of Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia, 2018/19. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6633522. [PMID: 33859696 PMCID: PMC8026285 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of Salmonella and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in animal origin food items from different catering establishments in Ethiopia is scarce. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates from animal origin food items in the selected areas of Arsi Zone. One hundred ninety-two animal origin food samples were collected and processed for Salmonella isolation. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. An overall prevalence of 9.4% (18/192) Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from animal origin food samples collected from different catering establishments. Seven (21.9%) of "Dulet," 4 (12.5%) of "Kitfo," 3 (9.4%) of "Kurt," 2 (6.3%) of raw milk, 1 (3.1%) of egg sandwich and 1 (3.1%) of cream cake samples were positive for Salmonella. Catering establishments, protective clothing, source of contamination, manner of hand washing, and money handling were among the putative risk factors that were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with Salmonella spp. occurrence. Ampicillin, nitrofurans, and sulphonamide resistance were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with Salmonella spp. occurrence in the selected food items. Three (16.7%), 5 (27.8%), 5 (27.8%), and 4 (22.2%) of the isolates were resistant to 3, 4, 5, and 6 antibiotics, respectively, whereas only a sole isolate was resistant to two antibiotics (viz. ampicillin and kanamycin). In conclusion, the general sanitary condition of the catering establishments, utensils used, and personnel hygienic practices were not to the recommended standards in the current study. Besides, detection of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella in animal origin food items from different catering establishments suggests the need for detailed epidemiological and molecular characterization of the pathogen so as to establish the sources of acquisition of resistant Salmonella strains. Hence, implementation of Salmonella prevention and control strategies from farm production to consumption of animal origin food items are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minda Asfaw Geresu
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Behailu Assefa Wayuo
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo Kassa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Abate D, Assefa N. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates in human stools and animal origin foods in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2021; 15:43-55. [PMID: 33456442 PMCID: PMC7786440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Foodborne diseases caused by non-typhoid Salmonella and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance remain as a public health challenge, especially in developing countries. The current study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of non-typhoid Salmonella in Ethiopia. METHODS Literature search was conducted from major electronic databases and indexing services. Both published and unpublished studies addressing the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2020 and those studies reported sample size and the numbers of isolates/number of positive samples were included in the study. Data were extracted using format prepared in Microsoft Excel. The identified data were exported to EndNote to remove duplicated studies, then after the remained articles were screened using title, abstract, and full text to identify studies that meet the inclusion criteria and finally appraised for methodological validity using JBI guideline. The pooled prevalence of Salmonella and its drug resistance pattern was computed by a random-effects model. I2 test statistic was used to test heterogeneity across studies. The presence of publication bias was evaluated using the Begg's and Egger's tests. RESULTS A total of 49 eligible articles, 33 of them on human stools, 15 of them on animal origin foods, and one both on human stools and animal origin foods, were included in the study. The pooled prevalence of Salmonella among human stools and animal origin foods in Ethiopia was 4.8% (95% CI: 3.9, 5.9) and 7.7% (95% CI: 5.6, 10.4), respectively. The subgroup analysis detected high pooled prevalence, 7.6% (95% CI: 5.3, 10.7) among outpatients and low, 3.7% (95% CI: 2.6, 5.1) in food handlers. The pooled resistant level of Salmonella was 80.6% (95% CI 72.6, 86.7) for ampicillin and 63.5% (95% CI 53.7, 72.4) for tetracycline. Low pooled resistance pattern was reported in ciprofloxacin, 8.7% (95% CI 5.6, 13.3) and ceftriaxone 12.2% (95% CI 7.9, 18.3). There was some sort of publication bias. CONCLUSION High pooled prevalence of Salmonella among human stools and animal origin foods which were 4.8% and 7.7% respectively, and high Salmonella resistance, >72% to ampicillin and tetracycline were detected in Ethiopia. Antimicrobial stewardship efforts and infection control strategies are required to mitigate this major public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degu Abate
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box, 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Assefa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box, 235, Harar, Ethiopia
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Mengistu G, Dejenu G, Tesema C, Arega B, Awoke T, Alemu K, Moges F. Epidemiology of streptomycin resistant Salmonella from humans and animals in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244057. [PMID: 33332438 PMCID: PMC7746177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptomycin is used as an epidemiological marker in monitoring programs for antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella serovars and indicates the presence of pentaresistance. However, comprehensive data on streptomycin resistant Salmonella among human, animal, and animal products is lacking in Ethiopia. In this review, we aimed to assess heterogeneity and pooled proportion of Salmonella serovars to streptomycin resistance among human, animal and animal products in Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature from Ethiopia. We used the MEDLINE/ PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases to identify genetic and phenotypic data on Salmonella isolates. To determine the heterogeneity and pooled proportion, we used metaprop commands and the random-effects model. Relative and cumulative frequencies were calculated to describe the overall preponderance of streptomycin resistance isolates after arcsine-transformed data. Metan funnel and meta-bias using a begg test were performed to check for publication bias. Results Overall, we included 1475 Salmonella serovars in this meta-analysis. The pooled proportion of streptomycin resistance was 47% (95% CI: 35–60%). Sub-group analysis by target population showed that the proportion of streptomycin resistance in Salmonella serovars was 54% (95% CI: 35–73%) in animal, 44% (95% Cl: 33–59%) in humans and 39% (95% CI: 24–55%) in animals products. The streptomycin resistant Salmonella serovars were statistically increasing from 0.35(95% CI: 0.12–0.58) in 2003 to 0.77(95% CI: 0.64–0.89) in 2018. The level of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella serovars was 50.1% in the meta-analysis. Conclusion We found a high level of streptomycin resistance, including multidrug, Salmonella serovars among human, animals, and animal products. This resistance was significantly increasing in the last three decades (1985–2018). The resistance to streptomycin among Salmonella serovars isolated from animals was higher than humans. This mandates the continuous monitoring of streptomycin use and practicing one health approach to preventing further development of resistance in Ethiopia. Registration We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis after registration of the protocol in PROSPERO (CRD42019135116) following the MOOSE (Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Mengistu
- Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, Debre Marqos, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory and Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Getiye Dejenu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, Debre Marqos, Ethiopia
| | - Cheru Tesema
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, Debre Marqos, Ethiopia
| | - Balew Arega
- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Awoke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Moges
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory and Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Cetin E, Temelli S, Eyigor A. Nontyphoid Salmonella Prevalence, Serovar Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance in Slaughter Sheep. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:21-33. [PMID: 31970328 PMCID: PMC6957453 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the current prevalence, serovar distribution and antimicrobial resistance rate and patterns of nontyphoid Salmonella (NTS) in slaughter sheep and their edible offal. While filling the gap of up to date related information in Turkey, data presented is also of significance since contamination of ovine meat, its products and offal with this pathogen is threat to public health due to their considerably high consumption rates in our country. Current NTS carriage in 200 apparently healthy slaughter sheep by ISO 6579:2002, 6579:2002/A1:2007 standard bacteriology (ISO) was 5% (10/200) (4 fecal content - 2%, 3 mesenterial lymph node - 1.5%, 3 kidney - 1.5%) out of 1,400 samples (0.7%), with no isolation from carcass, liver, gallbladder, spleen. Real-time PCR was in substantial agreement to ISO in confirming Salmonella-suspect isolates (Relative Trueness: 93.6%). S. Newport (40%) was the predominant serovar, followed by the second prevalent serovars as S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky (20%), and by S. Umbilo and S. Corvallis (10%). Four and 6 out of 10 NTS isolates were susceptible (40%) and resistant (60%) to 18 antimicrobials, respectively. S. Typhimurium isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) to tigecycline and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, with one also resistant to cefepime. S. Corvallis was MDR to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and pefloxacin. The predominance of S. Newport and first isolation of S. Corvallis in sheep in the world; first time isolations of Newport, Kentucky, Corvallis, Umbilo serovars from sheep in Turkey; and high antimicrobial resistance rates obtained in majority of the isolates highlights study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Cetin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namik Kemal University,
59030, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Seran Temelli
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University,
16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Eyigor
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University,
16059, Bursa, Turkey
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Zhu S, Zimmerman D, Deem SL. A Review of Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:356-377. [PMID: 31140075 PMCID: PMC7087575 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary, or one-humped, camels Camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability for camels to act as a point source or vector for disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and a growth in the interface with wildlife as camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that the majority of publications (65%) focused on Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), brucellosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Rift Valley fever. The high fatality from MERS outbreaks during 2012-2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are just as important to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. In this review, we provide an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zhu
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Slaughtered Cattle in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9794869. [PMID: 30533445 PMCID: PMC6247655 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9794869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the top causes of foodborne bacterial illnesses in humans. The primary sources of human Salmonella infection are food producing animals such as cattle, poultry, and swine. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence and to determine the serovar distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella spp. isolated from fecal (n=567) and carcass swab (n=159) samples of slaughtered cattle at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise and Kara'alo PLC, Abattoirs, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between January 2014 and April 2015. Salmonella isolation was conducted according to Global Foodborne Infections Network Laboratory Protocol and isolates were confirmed by genus specific PCR and serotyped by slide agglutination test. Susceptibility of the isolates to 17 antimicrobials was testedusing the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Out of the total 726 samples examined, 27 (3.7%) were positive for Salmonella. Salmonella was detected in 4.1% (23/567) fecal and 2.5% (4/159) carcass swab samples. Twelve different serovars were identified and the most predominant serovars were S. Dublin (n=10, 35.7%) and S. Virchow (n=5, 17.9%), followed by S. Braendrerup, S. Haifa, and S. Saintpaul which were isolated from 2 samples each (7.1%). All of the Salmonella isolates investigated were resistant or intermediately resistant to four or more of the 17 drugs tested. High resistance rate was recorded to streptomycin 25 (89.3%), cephalothin 20 (71.4%), ampicillin 19 (67.9%), and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 19 (67.9%). Resistance to five or more antimicrobials was detected in 20 (71.5%) of the isolates. Multidrug resistance to more than 7 antimicrobials was detected in 5 (17.9%) of the isolates. Isolation of such multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella from slaughtered cattle poses a major public health concern. These findings imply the need for a strict biosecurity and regulation of antimicrobial use across the country.
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Animal-Origin Food Items in Gondar, Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4290506. [PMID: 28074185 PMCID: PMC5198084 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4290506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella has been found to be the major cause of foodborne diseases and a serious public health problem in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. A cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2014 and December 2015 on food items of animal origin to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates using standard bacteriological methods. The overall prevalence rate of 5.5% was recorded from the total analyzed food items of animal origin. Salmonella isolates were detected from 12% of raw meat, 8% of minced meat, 2.9% of burger samples, 18% of raw eggs, and 6% of raw milk. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility test identified 47.6% resistant Salmonella isolates, 28.6% intermediately sensitive isolates, and 23.8% susceptible isolates. Among Salmonella isolates tested, 42.6%, 28.6%, and 14.3% were found to be relatively resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ampicillin, respectively, while 9.5%–19% were intermediately resistant to tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and nitrofurantoin. Therefore, our findings provide the prevalence and drug resistance of Salmonella from foods of animal origin and contribute information to scientists as well as public health researchers to minimize the prevalent and resistant foodborne Salmonella species in Ethiopia.
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Isolation, Identification, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella from Slaughtered Bovines and Ovines in Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2016; 2016:3714785. [PMID: 27660816 PMCID: PMC5021890 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3714785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae are ubiquitous, found in animals, humans, and the environment, a condition which facilitates transmission and cross contamination. Salmonella enterica serotypes exert huge health and economic impacts due to their virulence or carriage of antibiotic resistance traits. To address this significant issues with regard to public health, availability of adequate information on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella, and establishment of adequate measures to control contamination and infection are needed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the level of Salmonella infection in slaughtered bovines and ovines at Addis Ababa abattoir. Samples were collected randomly and processed for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. From 280 animals examined, 13 (4.64%) (8 bovines and 5 ovines) were positive, with most samples (12/13, 92%) comprising Salmonella Dublin. Very high level of resistance to some antibiotics used in human medicine was detected. Most isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and amikacin. Nine (69%) of all isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Serotyping revealed 12 of 13 isolates to be of the Dublin serotype with 9,12:g,p:- antigenic formula. This study emphasizes the importance of improving the evisceration practice during slaughtering and restricting the use of antibiotics in farm animals.
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Tadesse G, Gebremedhin EZ. Prevalence of Salmonella in raw animal products in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:163. [PMID: 25896925 PMCID: PMC4410482 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contributions of animal products to human salmonellosis differ across countries, and source attribution is a major step in prioritizing control measures. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in raw animal products in Ethiopia by using meta-analytical methods. RESULTS The odds of Salmonella contaminated meat was more than twice higher in markets than in slaughter houses [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.25 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.75, 2.89)]. The source species significantly affected meat contamination in slaughter houses (P < 0.05) but not in the markets (P > 0.05). The pooled estimates of Salmonella contaminated goat carcasses, beef carcasses, minced beef and milk were 3.86%, 4.53%, 8.34% and 10.76% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The estimates demonstrate the extent of contamination, and imply the need for safety intervention measures to reduce the risks of contamination of animal products and human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Tadesse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
| | - Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.
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