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Nyblade C, Zhou P, Frazier M, Frazier A, Hensley C, Fantasia-Davis A, Shahrudin S, Hoffer M, Agbemabiese CA, LaRue L, Barro M, Patton JT, Parreño V, Yuan L. Human Rotavirus Replicates in Salivary Glands and Primes Immune Responses in Facial and Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues of Gnotobiotic Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:1864. [PMID: 37766270 PMCID: PMC10534682 DOI: 10.3390/v15091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children across the globe. The virus has long been established as a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract, targeting small intestine epithelial cells and leading to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Recently, this classical infection pathway was challenged by the findings that murine strains of rotavirus can infect the salivary glands of pups and dams and transmit via saliva from pups to dams during suckling. Here, we aimed to determine if HRV was also capable of infecting salivary glands and spreading in saliva using a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HRV infection and disease. Gn pigs were orally inoculated with various strains of HRV, and virus shedding was monitored for several days post-inoculation. HRV was shed nasally and in feces in all inoculated pigs. Infectious HRV was detected in the saliva of four piglets. Structural and non-structural HRV proteins, as well as the HRV genome, were detected in the intestinal and facial tissues of inoculated pigs. The pigs developed high IgM antibody responses in serum and small intestinal contents at 10 days post-inoculation. Additionally, inoculated pigs had HRV-specific IgM antibody-secreting cells present in the ileum, tonsils, and facial lymphoid tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that HRV can replicate in salivary tissues and prime immune responses in both intestinal and facial lymphoid tissues of Gn pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Ariana Fantasia-Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Shabihah Shahrudin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Miranda Hoffer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Lauren LaRue
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Barro
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
- INCUINTA, IVIT (INTA-Conicet), Hurligham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
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Beggs MR, Young K, Plain A, O'Neill DD, Raza A, Flockerzi V, Dimke H, Alexander RT. Maternal Epidermal Growth Factor Promotes Neonatal Claudin-2 Dependent Increases in Small Intestinal Calcium Permeability. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad033. [PMID: 37575484 PMCID: PMC10413934 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher concentration of calcium in breast milk than blood favors paracellular calcium absorption enabling growth during postnatal development. We aimed to determine whether suckling animals have greater intestinal calcium permeability to maximize absorption and to identify the underlying molecular mechanism. We examined intestinal claudin expression at different ages in mice and in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells in response to hormones or human milk. We also measured intestinal calcium permeability in wildtype, Cldn2 and Cldn12 KO mice and Caco-2 cells in response to hormones or human milk. Bone mineralization in mice was assessed by μCT. Calcium permeability across the jejunum and ileum of mice were 2-fold greater at 2 wk than 2 mo postnatal age. At 2 wk, Cldn2 and Cldn12 expression were greater, but only Cldn2 KO mice had decreased calcium permeability compared to wildtype. This translated to decreased bone volume, cross-sectional thickness, and tissue mineral density of femurs. Weaning from breast milk led to a 50% decrease in Cldn2 expression in the jejunum and ileum. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in breast milk specifically increased only CLDN2 expression and calcium permeability in Caco-2 cells. These data support intestinal permeability to calcium, conferred by claudin-2, being greater in suckling mice and being driven by EGF in breast milk. Loss of the CLDN2 pathway leads to suboptimal bone mineralization at 2 wk of life. Overall, EGF-mediated control of intestinal claudin-2 expression contributes to maximal intestinal calcium absorption in suckling animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- The Women's & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Kennedi Young
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Allen Plain
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Debbie D O'Neill
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Ahsan Raza
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Demark
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- The Women's & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
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