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An Q, Li Y, Sun Z, Gao X, Wang H. Seasonal prediction of the distribution of three major malaria vectors in China: Based on an ecological niche model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011884. [PMID: 38236812 PMCID: PMC10796015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Against the backdrop of a global malaria epidemic that remains severe, China has eradicated indigenous malaria but still has to be alert to the risk of external importation. Understanding the distribution of vectors can provide an adequate and reliable basis for the development and implementation of vector control strategies. However, with the decline of malaria prevalence in recent years, the capacity of vector monitoring and identification has been greatly weakened. Here we have used new sampling records, climatic data, and topographic data to establish ecological niche models of the three main malaria vectors in China. The model results accurately identified the current habitat suitability areas for the three species of Anopheles and revealed that in addition to precipitation and temperature as important variables affecting the distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes, topographic variables also influenced the distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles sinensis is the most widespread malaria vector in China, with a wide region from the northeast (Heilongjiang Province) to the southwest (Yunnan Province) suitable for its survival. Suitable habitat areas for Anopheles lesteri are concentrated in the central, eastern, and southern regions of China. The suitable habitat areas of Anopheles minimus are the smallest and are only distributed in the border provinces of southern China. On this basis, we further assessed the seasonal variation in habitat suitability areas for these three major malaria vectors in China. The results of this study provide new and more detailed evidence for vector monitoring. In this new era of imported malaria prevention in China, regular reassessment of the risk of vector transmission is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Newby G, Cotter C, Roh ME, Harvard K, Bennett A, Hwang J, Chitnis N, Fine S, Stresman G, Chen I, Gosling R, Hsiang MS. Testing and treatment for malaria elimination: a systematic review. Malar J 2023; 22:254. [PMID: 37661286 PMCID: PMC10476355 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global interest in malaria elimination has prompted research on active test and treat (TaT) strategies. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effectiveness of TaT strategies to reduce malaria transmission. RESULTS A total of 72 empirical research and 24 modelling studies were identified, mainly focused on proactive mass TaT (MTaT) and reactive case detection (RACD) in higher and lower transmission settings, respectively. Ten intervention studies compared MTaT to no MTaT and the evidence for impact on malaria incidence was weak. No intervention studies compared RACD to no RACD. Compared to passive case detection (PCD) alone, PCD + RACD using standard diagnostics increased infection detection 52.7% and 11.3% in low and very low transmission settings, respectively. Using molecular methods increased this detection of infections by 1.4- and 1.1-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION Results suggest MTaT is not effective for reducing transmission. By increasing case detection, surveillance data provided by RACD may indirectly reduce transmission by informing coordinated responses of intervention targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Newby
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chris Cotter
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle E Roh
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Harvard
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Adam Bennett
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sydney Fine
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gillian Stresman
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Chen
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roly Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Hsiang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Yi B, Zhang L, Yin J, Zhou S, Xia Z. 1-3-7 surveillance and response approach in malaria elimination: China's practice and global adaptions. Malar J 2023; 22:152. [PMID: 37161379 PMCID: PMC10169118 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant reduction in malaria morbidity and mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2019. However, the incidence and mortality increased again in 2020 due to the disruption to services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveillance to reduce the burden of malaria, eliminate the disease and prevent its retransmission is, therefore, crucial. The 1-3-7 approach proposed by China has played an important role in eliminating malaria, which has been internationally popularized and adopted in some countries to help eliminate malaria. This review summarizes the experience and lessons of 1-3-7 approach in China and its application in other malaria-endemic countries, so as to provide references for its role in eliminating malaria and preventing retransmission. This approach needs to be tailored and adapted according to the region condition, considering the completion, timeliness and limitation of case-based reactive surveillance and response. It is very important to popularize malaria knowledge, train staff, improve the capacity of health centres and monitor high-risk groups to improve the performance in eliminating settings. After all, remaining vigilance in detecting malaria cases and optimizing surveillance and response systems are critical to achieving and sustaining malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Yi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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4
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Aidoo EK, Aboagye FT, Botchway FA, Osei-Adjei G, Appiah M, Duku-Takyi R, Sakyi SA, Amoah L, Badu K, Asmah RH, Lawson BW, Krogfelt KA. Reactive Case Detection Strategy for Malaria Control and Elimination: A 12 Year Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from 25 Malaria-Endemic Countries. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030180. [PMID: 36977181 PMCID: PMC10058581 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive case detection (RACD) is the screening of household members and neighbors of index cases reported in passive surveillance. This strategy seeks asymptomatic infections and provides treatment to break transmission without testing or treating the entire population. This review discusses and highlights RACD as a recommended strategy for the detection and elimination of asymptomatic malaria as it pertains in different countries. Relevant studies published between January 2010 and September 2022 were identified mainly through PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms included "malaria and reactive case detection", "contact tracing", "focal screening", "case investigation", "focal screen and treat". MedCalc Software was used for data analysis, and the findings from the pooled studies were analyzed using a fixed-effect model. Summary outcomes were then presented using forest plots and tables. Fifty-four (54) studies were systematically reviewed. Of these studies, 7 met the eligibility criteria based on risk of malaria infection in individuals living with an index case < 5 years old, 13 met the eligibility criteria based on risk of malaria infection in an index case household member compared with a neighbor of an index case, and 29 met the eligibility criteria based on risk of malaria infection in individuals living with index cases, and were included in the meta-analysis. Individuals living in index case households with an average risk of 2.576 (2.540-2.612) were more at risk of malaria infection and showed pooled results of high variation heterogeneity chi-square = 235.600, (p < 0.0001) I2 = 98.88 [97.87-99.89]. The pooled results showed that neighbors of index cases were 0.352 [0.301-0.412] times more likely to have a malaria infection relative to index case household members, and this result was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The identification and treatment of infectious reservoirs is critical to successful malaria elimination. Evidence to support the clustering of infections in neighborhoods, which necessitates the inclusion of neighboring households as part of the RACD strategy, was presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Krampah Aidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Accra Technical University, Accra GP 561, Ghana
| | - Frank Twum Aboagye
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute, Accra AH 38, Ghana
| | - Felix Abekah Botchway
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Accra Technical University, Accra GP 561, Ghana
| | - George Osei-Adjei
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Accra Technical University, Accra GP 561, Ghana
| | - Michael Appiah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Accra Technical University, Accra GP 561, Ghana
| | - Ruth Duku-Takyi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Accra Technical University, Accra GP 561, Ghana
| | - Samuel Asamoah Sakyi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi AK 039, Ghana
| | - Linda Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra LG 581, Ghana
| | - Kingsley Badu
- Department of Theoretical & Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi AK 039, Ghana
| | - Richard Harry Asmah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Science, University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana
| | - Bernard Walter Lawson
- Department of Theoretical & Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi AK 039, Ghana
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Unit of Molecular and Medical Biology, The PandemiX Center, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Abdalal SA, Yukich J, Andrinopoulos K, Alghanmi M, Wakid MH, Zawawi A, Harakeh S, Altwaim SA, Gattan H, Baakdah F, Gaddoury MA, Niyazi HA, Mokhtar JA, Alruhaili MH, Alsaady I, Alhabbab R, Alfaleh M, Hashem AM, Alahmadey ZZ, Keating J. Livelihood activities, human mobility, and risk of malaria infection in elimination settings: a case-control study. Malar J 2023; 22:53. [PMID: 36782234 PMCID: PMC9926773 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livelihood activities and human movements participate in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases and influence malaria risk in elimination settings. In Saudi Arabia, where malaria transmission intensity varies geographically, it is vital to understand the components driving transmission within specific areas. In addition, shared social, behavioural, and occupational characteristics within communities may provoke the risk of malaria infection. This study aims to understand the relationship between human mobility, livelihood activities, and the risk of malaria infection in the border region of Jazan to facilitate further strategic malaria interventions. In addition, the study will complement and reinforce the existing efforts to eliminate malaria on the Saudi and Yemen border by providing a deeper understanding of human movement and livelihood activities. METHODS An unmatched case-control study was conducted. A total of 261 participants were recruited for the study, including 81 cases of confirmed malaria through rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy and 180 controls in the Baish Governorate in Jazan Provinces, Saudi Arabia. Individuals who received malaria tests were interviewed regarding their livelihood activities and recent movement (travel history). A questionnaire was administered, and the data was captured electronically. STATA software version 16 was used to analyse the data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine if engaging in agricultural activities such as farming and animal husbandry, recent travel history outside of the home village within the last 30 days and participating in spiritual gatherings were related to malaria infection status. RESULTS A logistical regression model was used to investigate components associated with malaria infection. After adjusting several confounding factors, individuals who reported travelling away from their home village in the last 30 days OR 11.5 (95% CI 4.43-29.9), and those who attended a seasonal night spiritual gathering OR 3.04 (95% CI 1.10-8.42), involved in animal husbandry OR 2.52 (95% CI 1.10-5.82), and identified as male OR 4.57 (95% CI 1.43-14.7), were more likely to test positive for malaria infection. CONCLUSION Human movement and livelihood activities, especially at nighttime, should be considered malaria risk factors in malaria elimination settings, mainly when the targeted area is limited to a confined borderland area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa A. Abdalal
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joshua Yukich
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Katherine Andrinopoulos
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H. Wakid
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A. Altwaim
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan Gattan
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadi Baakdah
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Gaddoury
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatoon A. Niyazi
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawahir A. Mokhtar
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Alruhaili
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra Alsaady
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Alhabbab
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Alfaleh
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziab Zakey Alahmadey
- grid.415696.90000 0004 0573 9824Microbiology and Serology Departments, Al-Ansar Hospital, Ministry of Health, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Keating
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA USA
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Kong X, Feng J, Xu Y, Yan G, Zhou S. Molecular surveillance of artemisinin resistance-related Pfk13 and pfcrt polymorphisms in imported Plasmodium falciparum isolates reported in eastern China from 2015 to 2019. Malar J 2022; 21:369. [PMID: 36464686 PMCID: PMC9719650 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been recommended as the first-line treatment by the World Health Organization to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, the emergence and spread of P. falciparum resistant to artemisinins and their partner drugs is a significant risk for the global effort to reduce disease burden facing the world. Currently, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ) is the most common drug used to treat P. falciparum, but little evidence about the resistance status targeting DHA (ACT drug) and its partner drug (PPQ) has been reported in Shandong Province, China. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to explore the prevalence and spatial distribution of Pfk13 and Pfcrt polymorphisms (sites of 72-76, and 93-356) among imported P. falciparum isolates between years 2015-2019 in Shandong Province in eastern China. Individual epidemiological information was collected from a web-based reporting system were reviewed and analysed. RESULTS A total of 425 P. falciparum blood samples in 2015-2019 were included and 7.3% (31/425) carried Pfk13 mutations. Out of the isolates that carried Pfk13 mutations, 54.8% (17/31) were nonsynonymous polymorphisms. The mutant alleles A578S, Q613H, C469C, and S549S in Pfk13 were the more frequently detected allele, the mutation rate was the same as 9.7% (3/31). Another allele Pfk13 C580Y, closely associated with artemisinin (ART) resistance, was found as 3.2% (2/31), which was found in Cambodia. A total of 14 mutant isolates were identified in Western Africa countries (45.2%, 14/31). For the Pfcrt gene, the mutation rate was 18.1% (77/425). T76T356 and T76 were more frequent in all 13 different haplotypes with 26.0% (20/77) and 23.4% (18/77). The CVIET and CVIKT mutant at loci 72-76 have exhibited a prevalence of 19.5% (15/77) and 3.9% (3/77), respectively. The CVIET was mainly observed in samples from Congo (26.7%, 4/15) and Mozambique (26.7%, 4/15). No mutations were found at loci 97, 101 and 145. For polymorphisms at locus 356, a total of 24 isolates were identified and mainly from Congo (29.2%, 7/24). CONCLUSION These findings indicate a low prevalence of Pfk13 in the African isolates. However, the emergence and increase in the new alleles Pfcrt I356T, reveals a potential risk of drug pressure in PPQ among migrant workers returned from Africa. Therefore, continuous molecular surveillance of Pfcrt mutations and in vitro susceptibility tests related to PPQ are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Kong
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China ,Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- grid.430328.eShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Yan
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Huang F, Zhang L, Tu H, Cui YW, Zhou SS, Xia ZG, Zhou HN. Epidemiologic Analysis of Efforts to Achieve and Sustain Malaria Elimination along the China-Myanmar Border. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2869-2873. [PMID: 34670652 PMCID: PMC8544968 DOI: 10.3201/eid2711.204428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria cases have dramatically declined in China along the Myanmar border, attributed mainly to adoption of the 1-3-7 surveillance and response approach. No indigenous cases have been reported in China since 2017. Counties in the middle and southern part of the border area have a higher risk for malaria importation and reestablishment after elimination.
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Clustering of malaria in households in the Greater Mekong Subregion: operational implications for reactive case detection. Malar J 2021; 20:351. [PMID: 34446009 PMCID: PMC8393740 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria reactive case detection is the testing and, if positive, treatment of close contacts of index cases. It is included in national malaria control programmes of countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion to accelerate malaria elimination. Yet the value of reactive case detection in the control and elimination of malaria remains controversial because of the low yield, limited evidence for impact, and high demands on resources. Methods Data from the epidemiological assessments of large mass drug administration (MDA) studies in Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos were analysed to explore malaria infection clustering in households. The proportion of malaria positive cases among contacts screened in a hypothetical reactive case detection programme was then determined. The parasite density thresholds for rapid diagnostic test (RDT) detection was assumed to be > 50/µL (50,000/mL), for dried-blood-spot (DBS) based PCR > 5/µL (5000/mL), and for ultrasensitive PCR (uPCR) with a validated limit of detection at 0.0022/µL (22/mL). Results At baseline, before MDA, 1223 Plasmodium infections were detected by uPCR in 693 households. There was clustering of Plasmodium infections. In 637 households with asymptomatic infections 44% (278/637) had more than one member with Plasmodium infections. In the 132 households with symptomatic infections, 65% (86/132) had more than one member with Plasmodium infections. At baseline 4% of households had more than one Plasmodium falciparum infection, but three months after MDA no household had more than one P. falciparum infected member. Reactive case detection using DBS PCR would have detected ten additional cases in six households, and an RDT screen would have detected five additional cases in three households among the 169 households with at least one RDT positive case. This translates to 19 and 9 additional cases identified per 1000 people screened, respectively. Overall, assuming all febrile RDT positive patients would seek treatment and provoke reactive case detection using RDTs, then 1047 of 1052 (99.5%) Plasmodium infections in these communities would have remained undetected. Conclusion Reactive case detection in the Greater Mekong subregion is predicted to have a negligible impact on the malaria burden, but it has substantial costs in terms of human and financial resources. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03879-9.
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9
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Deen J, Mukaka M, von Seidlein L. What is the yield of malaria reactive case detection in the Greater Mekong Sub-region? A review of published data and meta-analysis. Malar J 2021; 20:131. [PMID: 33663484 PMCID: PMC7934542 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive malaria case detection involves the screening of those in contact with index cases and is used in countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. The yield of reactive case detection, defined here as the percentage of positive malaria cases among potential contacts who were screened, was assessed. Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed to identify studies on reactive case detection in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Eligible published articles were reviewed and pooled estimates from the studies were calculated, by type of malaria test used. Results Eighty-five publications were retrieved, of which 8 (9.4%) eligible articles were included in the analysis. The yield from reactive case detection ranged from 0.1 to 4.2%, with higher rates from PCR testing compared with microscopy and/or rapid diagnostic test. The overall yield from microscopy and/or rapid diagnostic test was 0.56% (95% CI 0.31–0.88%), while that from PCR was 2.35% (95% CI 1.19–3.87%). The two studies comparing different target groups showed higher yield from co-workers/co-travellers, compared with household contacts. Conclusion In low malaria transmission settings, the effectiveness of reactive case detection is diminishing. In the Greater Mekong Sub-region, modifying reactive case detection from household contacts to co-workers/co-travellers and from testing to presumptive treatment of targeted contacts, could increase the impact of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Deen
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, 623 P. Gil St, 1000, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorenz von Seidlein
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Song X, Shi Q, Zhang C, Kong X, Lv Y, Wang H, Liu H, Liu L, Guo X, Kou J, Huang X, Wang H, Cheng P, Gong M. Analysis of Epidemiological Changes and Prevention Effects for Malaria in Weifang, Shandong Province, China from 1957 to 2017. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:1857-1867. [PMID: 33346239 PMCID: PMC7719643 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i10.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background We aimed to conduct a retrospective analysis of the epidemiological changes and prevention effects for malaria in Weifang, Shandong Peninsula, China from 1957 to 2017. Methods The malaria data from a web-based reporting system were analyzed to explore malaria epidemiological characteristics and prevention effects in Weifang. Results Overall, 1, 704, 890 malaria cases were reported in Weifang from 1957 to 2017, of which two major malaria epidemics occurred in 1961 (827.28/10, 000) and 1971 (366.14/10, 000). Prior to 1997, all malaria patients (1, 704, 829) were infected with Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax). After 2007, the cases of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) showed an upward trend (76.8%). The reported cases after the 21st century were mainly imported cases, and the last indigenous case was a patient that infected with P. vivax in 2006. Overall, 36 imported cases were reported from 2010 to 2017, of which 88.9% were acquired in Africa. Except for one 32-year-old woman, the rest were male (97.2%), in which laborers and farmers represented the vast majority (66.6%). From 1987 to 2017, there were 1, 224, 474 cases of fever with blood tests, and the average blood test rate was 4.9%. From 1957 to 2017, a total of 1, 704, 890 malaria patients were treated, 96 cases were treated during resting phase from 1987 to 2017. Conclusion Weifang should continue to strengthen the management of the migrant population, making blood tests for fever patients and patient treatment as important means of malaria control and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhangqiu 250200, Shandong, China
| | - Qiqi Shi
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Chongxing Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangli Kong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Yeyuan Lv
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxuan Kou
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Huaiwei Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining 272033, Shandong, China
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11
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Zhao X, Thanapongtharm W, Lawawirojwong S, Wei C, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Sun X, Cui L, Sattabongkot J, Kaewkungwal J. Malaria Risk Map Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis along Yunnan Border During the Pre-elimination Period. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:793-809. [PMID: 32602435 PMCID: PMC7410425 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In moving toward malaria elimination, finer scale malaria risk maps are required to identify hotspots for implementing surveillance–response activities, allocating resources, and preparing health facilities based on the needs and necessities at each specific area. This study aimed to demonstrate the use of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in conjunction with geographic information systems (GISs) to create a spatial model and risk maps by integrating satellite remote-sensing and malaria surveillance data from 18 counties of Yunnan Province along the China–Myanmar border. The MCDA composite and annual models and risk maps were created from the consensus among the experts who have been working and know situations in the study areas. The experts identified and provided relative factor weights for nine socioeconomic and disease ecology factors as a weighted linear combination model of the following: ([Forest coverage × 0.041] + [Cropland × 0.086] + [Water body × 0.175] + [Elevation × 0.297] + [Human population density × 0.043] + [Imported case × 0.258] + [Distance to road × 0.030] + [Distance to health facility × 0.033] + [Urbanization × 0.036]). The expert-based model had a good prediction capacity with a high area under curve. The study has demonstrated the novel integrated use of spatial MCDA which combines multiple environmental factors in estimating disease risk by using decision rules derived from existing knowledge or hypothesized understanding of the risk factors via diverse quantitative and qualitative criteria using both data-driven and qualitative indicators from the experts. The model and fine MCDA risk map developed in this study could assist in focusing the elimination efforts in the specifically identified locations with high risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhao
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China.,Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerapong Thanapongtharm
- Department of Livestock Development, Veterinary Epidemiological Center, Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siam Lawawirojwong
- Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chun Wei
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Yerong Tang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Yaowu Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics (BIOPHICS), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Feng J, Tu H, Zhang L, Xia Z, Zhou S. Imported Malaria Cases - China, 2012-2018. China CDC Wkly 2020; 2:277-283. [PMID: 34594639 PMCID: PMC8422169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shuisen Zhou,
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13
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Khine SK, Kyaw NTT, Thekkur P, Lin Z, Thi A. Malaria hot spot along the foothills of Rakhine state, Myanmar: geospatial distribution of malaria cases in townships targeted for malaria elimination. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:60. [PMID: 31889888 PMCID: PMC6921393 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myanmar has targeted elimination of malaria by 2030. In three targeted townships of Rakhine state of Myanmar, a project is being piloted to eliminate malaria by 2025. The comprehensive case investigation (CCI) and geotagging of cases by health workers is a core activity under the project. However, the CCI data is not analyzed for obtaining information on geospatial distribution of cases and timeliness of diagnosis. In this regard, we aimed to depict geospatial distribution and assess the proportion with delayed diagnosis among diagnosed malaria cases residing in three targeted townships during April 2018 to March 2019. Methods This was a cross sectional analysis of CCI data routinely collected by national malaria control programme. The geocode (latitude and longitude) of the address was analysed using Quantum Geographic Information System software to deduce spot maps and hotspots of cases. The EpiData analysis software was used to summarize the proportion with delay in diagnosis (diagnosed ≥24 hours after the fever onset). Results Of the 171 malaria cases diagnosed during study period, the CCI was conducted in 157 (92%) cases. Of them, 127 (81%) cases reported delay in diagnosis, 138 (88%) cases were indigenous who got infection within the township and 13 (8%) were imported from outside the township. Malaria hotspots were found along the foothills with increase in cases during the rainy season. The indigenous cases were concentrated over the foothills in the northern and southern borders of Toungup township. Conclusion In the targeted townships for malaria elimination, the high proportion of the cases was indigenous and clustered at the foothill areas during rainy season. The programme should strengthen case surveillance and healthcare services in the areas with aggregation of cases to eliminate the malaria in the township. As high majority of patients have delayed diagnosis, the reasons for delay has to be explored and corrective measures needs to be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Kyawt Khine
- 1Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Sports, Main Road, Sittwe, Rakhine State Myanmar
| | - Nang Thu Thu Kyaw
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung disease, Centre for Operational Research, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Pruthu Thekkur
- 3Centre for Operational Research, The Union South-East Asia Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Zaw Lin
- 4Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aung Thi
- 4Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
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14
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Liu L, Zhong Y, Ao S, Wu H. Exploring the Relevance of Green Space and Epidemic Diseases Based on Panel Data in China from 2007 to 2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2551. [PMID: 31319532 PMCID: PMC6679052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Urban green space has been proven effective in improving public health in the contemporary background of planetary urbanization. There is a growing body of literature investigating the relationship between non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and green space, whereas seldom has the correlation been explored between green space and epidemics, such as dysentery, tuberculosis, and malaria, which still threaten the worldwide situation of public health. Meanwhile, most studies explored healthy issues with the general green space, public green space, and green space coverage, respectively, among which the different relevance has been rarely explored. This study aimed to examine and compare the relevance between these three kinds of green space and incidences of the three types of epidemic diseases based on the Panel Data Model (PDM) with the time series data of 31 Chinese provinces from 2007 to 2016. The results indicated that there exists different, or even opposite, relevance between various kinds of green space and epidemic diseases, which might be associated with the process of urban sprawl in rapid urbanization in China. This paper provides a reference for re-thinking the indices of green space in building healthier and greener cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Liu
- Department of Urban Planning, School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuni Zhong
- Department of Urban Planning, School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Siya Ao
- Department of Graphics and Digital Technology, School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Graphics and Digital Technology, School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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15
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Wang T, Zhou SS, Feng J, Oo MM, Chen J, Yan CF, Zhang Y, Tie P. Monitoring and evaluation of intervals from onset of fever to diagnosis before "1-3-7" approach in malaria elimination: a retrospective study in Shanxi Province, China from 2013 to 2018. Malar J 2019; 18:235. [PMID: 31299985 PMCID: PMC6626373 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China's 1-3-7 approach was extensively implemented to monitor the timeframe of case reporting, case investigation and foci response in the malaria elimination. However, activities before diagnosis and reporting (before '1') would counteract the efficiency of 1-3-7 approach but few data have evaluated this issue. This study aims to evaluate the timelines between onset of fever and diagnosis at healthcare facilities in Shanxi Province. METHODS Routine data were extracted from IDIRMS and NMISM database from 2013 to 2018. Time intervals between onset of fever and healthcare-seeking and between healthcare-seeking and diagnosis were calculated. Each of the documented malaria cases was geo-coded and paired to the county-level layers of polygon. RESULTS A total of 90 cases were reported in 2013-2018 in Shanxi Province, and 73% of cases reported at provincial health facilities. All malaria cases were imported from Africa (90%) and Southeast Asia (10%) especially around the Chinese Spring Festival (n = 46, 51%). The median days between fever and healthcare-seeking and between healthcare-seeking and diagnosis of malaria were 3 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The current "1-3-7" approach is well executed in Shanxi Province, but delays intervals observed in case finding before 1-3-7 approach occurred in all levels of facilities in Shanxi Province, which imply that more efforts are highlighted for timely case finding. Health education should be provided for improving awareness of healthcare-seeking, and various technical training aiming at the physicians should be carried out to improve diagnosis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Myo Minn Oo
- Center for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Mandalay, 05021, Myanmar
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Chang-Fu Yan
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ping Tie
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
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16
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Feng J, Kong X, Xu D, Yan H, Zhou H, Tu H, Lin K. Investigation and Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Kelch 13 Polymorphisms Imported From Southeast Asia and Africa in Southern China. Front Public Health 2019; 7:95. [PMID: 31069209 PMCID: PMC6491575 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In this study, we aimed to analyse the genetic diversity Kelch 13 (K13) propeller allele of the Plasmodium falciparum isolates mainly imported from Southeast Asia and Africa in southern China, including the provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi. Methods: At enrolment, we collected blood samples from patients with confirmed cases of malaria infection between January 2012 and December 2017, for analysis. Individual patient information was obtained via a malaria surveillance system. The malaria infections and P. falciparum K13 mutations were diagnosed by using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: The K13 mutations were identified in 283 P. falciparum isolates from 18 counties in Yunnan and 22 counties in Guangxi. Of Forty-six isolates (46/283, 16.3%) that harbored K13 mutant alleles were detected: 26.8% in Yunnan (33/123) and 8.1% in Guangxi (13/160). A total of 18 different K13 mutations were detected. Only the F446I mutation was detected in Yunnan isolates, and F446I was more frequent (20/46, 43.5%) than other alleles. Further, the temporal distribution of the F446I mutation ratio from 2012 to 2015 exhibited no significant difference in Yunnan Province (2012, 2/13, 15.4%; 2013, 7/40, 17.5%; 2014, 7/33, 21.2%; 2015, 4/37, 10.8%, p = 0.121). A578S allele was the main K13 mutation (5/283, 1.8%) from Africa. The K13 mutants were present in 33.3% of indigenous isolates, 27.4% of isolates from Southeast Asia, and 7.9% of isolates from Africa. The analysis of 10 neutral microsatellite loci of 60 isolates showed that at the TAA109 locus, the expected heterozygosity of F446I (He = 0.112 ± 0.007) was much lower than that of wild type and other mutation types in Myanmar isolates. With respect to geographic distribution, TAA109 also exhibited a significant difference between isolates from Southeast Asia (He = 0.139 ± 0.012) and those from Africa (He = 0.603 ± 0.044). Conclusions: The present findings on the geographic diversity of K13 mutant alleles in P. falciparum may provide a basis for routine molecular surveillance and risk assessment, to monitor artemisinin resistance (ART) in China. Our results will be helpful for enriching the artemisinin resistance database in China during the elimination and post-elimination phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangli Kong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University of Applied Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - He Yan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, China
| | - Hong Tu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangming Lin
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanning, China
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17
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou ZB, Xia S, Shi WQ, Xue JB, Li YY, Wu JT. New strains of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in Shanghai, China after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:22. [PMID: 30626442 PMCID: PMC6327439 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous vector pathogen surveillance is essential for preventing outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. Several mosquito species acting as vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus, Zika virus, malaria parasites and other pathogens are primary mosquito species in Shanghai, China. However, few surveys of human pathogenic arboviruses in mosquitoes in Shanghai have been reported in the last ten years. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated mosquito activity in Shanghai, China during 2016 and tested for the presence of alphaviruses, flaviviruses, orthobunyaviruses and several parasitic pathogens. RESULTS Five pooled samples were JEV-positive [4/255 pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and 1/256 pools of Cx. pipiens (s.l.)] based on analysis of the NS5 gene. Alphaviruses, orthobunyaviruses, Plasmodium and filariasis were not found in this study. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses revealed that the JEV strains belonged to genotype I. Moreover, newly detected Shanghai JEV strains were genetically close to previously isolated Shandong strains responsible for transmission during the 2013 Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreak in Shandong Province, China but were more distantly related to other Shanghai strains detected in the early 2000s. The E proteins of the newly detected Shanghai JEV strains differed from that in the live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2-derived strain at six amino residues: E130 (Ile→Val), E222 (Ala→Ser), E327 (Ser→Thr), E366 (Arg→Ser/Pro), E393 (Asn→Ser) and E433 (Val→Ile). However, no differences were observed in key amino acid sites related to antigenicity. Minimum JEV infection rates were 1.01 and 0.65 per 1000 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens (s.l.), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Five new Shanghai JEV genotype I strains, detected after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance, were genetically close to strains involved in the 2013 Shandong JE outbreak. Because JEV is still circulating, vaccination in children should be extensively and continuously promoted. Moreover, JEV mosquito surveillance programmes should document the genotype variation, intensity and distribution of circulating viruses for use in the development and implementation of disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tong Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
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Feng J, Zhang L, Huang F, Yin JH, Tu H, Xia ZG, Zhou SS, Xiao N, Zhou XN. Ready for malaria elimination: zero indigenous case reported in the People's Republic of China. Malar J 2018; 17:315. [PMID: 30157876 PMCID: PMC6116478 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria was once one of the most serious public health problems in China. However, the disease burden has sharply declined and epidemic areas have shrunk after the implementation of an integrated malaria control and elimination strategy, especially since 2000. In this review, the lessons were distilled from the Chinese national malaria elimination programme and further efforts to mitigate the challenges of malaria resurgence are being discussed. METHODS A retrospective evaluation was performed to assess the changes in malaria epidemic patterns from 1950 to 2017 at national level. The malaria data before 2004 were collected from paper-based annual reports. After 2004, each of the different cases from the Infectious Diseases Information Reporting Management System (IDIRMS) was closely examined and scrutinized. An additional documenting system, the National Information Management System for Malaria, established in 2012 to document the interventions of three parasitic diseases, was also examined to complete the missing data from IDIRMS. RESULTS From 1950 to 2017, the occurrence of indigenous malaria has been steeply reduced, and malaria-epidemic regions have substantially shrunk, especially after the launch of the national malaria elimination programme. There were approximately 30 million malaria cases annually before 1949 with a mortality rate of 1%. A total of 5999 indigenous cases were documented from 2010 to 2016, with a drastic reduction of 99% over the 6 years (2010, n = 4262; 2016, n = 3). There were indigenous cases reported in 303 counties from 18 provinces in 2010, but only 3 indigenous cases were reported in 2 provinces nationwide in 2016. While in 2017, for the first time, zero indigenous case was reported in China, and only 7 of imported cases were in individuals who died of Plasmodium falciparum infection. CONCLUSION Malaria elimination in China is a country-led and country-owned endeavour. The country-own efforts were a clear national elimination strategy, supported by two systems, namely a case-based surveillance and response system and reference laboratory system. The country-led efforts were regional and inter-sectoral collaboration as well as sustained monitoring and evaluation. However, there are still some challenges, such as the maintenance of non-transmission status, the implementation of a qualified verification and assessment system, and the management of imported cases in border areas, through regional cooperation. The findings from this review can probably help improving malaria surveillance systems in China, but also in other elimination countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Tu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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