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Marsaux B, Moens F, Marzorati M, Van de Wiele T. The Intricate Connection between Bacterial α-Diversity and Fungal Engraftment in the Human Gut of Healthy and Impaired Individuals as Studied Using the In Vitro SHIME ® Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:877. [PMID: 37754985 PMCID: PMC10532570 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
From the estimated 2.2 to 3.8 million fungal species existing on Earth, only a minor fraction actively colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract. In fact, these fungi only represent 0.1% of the gastrointestinal biosphere. Despite their low abundance, fungi play dual roles in human health-both beneficial and detrimental. Fungal infections are often associated with bacterial dysbiosis following antibiotic use, yet our understanding of gut fungi-bacteria interactions remains limited. Here, we used the SHIME® gut model to explore the colonization of human fecal-derived fungi across gastrointestinal compartments. We accounted for the high inter-individual microbial diversity by using fecal samples from healthy adults, healthy babies, and Crohn's disease patients. Using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and targeted next-generation sequencing, we demonstrated that SHIME®-colonized mycobiomes change upon loss of transient colonizers. In addition, SHIME® reactors from Crohn's disease patients contained comparable bacterial levels as healthy adults but higher fungal concentrations, indicating unpredictable correlations between fungal levels and total bacterial counts. Our findings rather link higher bacterial α-diversity to limited fungal growth, tied to colonization resistance. Hence, while healthy individuals had fewer fungi engrafting the colonic reactors, low α-diversity in impaired (Crohn's disease patients) or immature (babies) microbiota was associated with greater fungal abundance. To validate, antibiotic-treated healthy colonic microbiomes demonstrated increased fungal colonization susceptibility, and bacterial taxa that were negatively correlated with fungal expansion were identified. In summary, fungal colonization varied individually and transiently, and bacterial resistance to fungal overgrowth was more related with specific bacterial genera than total bacterial load. This study sheds light on fungal-bacterial dynamics in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Marsaux
- ProDigest B.V., Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.d.W.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Moens
- ProDigest B.V., Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.d.W.)
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest B.V., Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.d.W.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- ProDigest B.V., Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.d.W.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Zimmet AN, Cullen GD, Mische L, Deftos M, Bogler Y, Nguyen NL, Ray M. Disseminated cryptococcosis with gastrointestinal involvement and false-negative cryptococcal antigen testing due to postzone phenomenon: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:217. [PMID: 37024821 PMCID: PMC10080792 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcosis is an increasingly common infection given the growing immunocompromised population worldwide. Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) testing demonstrates excellent sensitivity and specificity and is the mainstay of diagnosis. However, there may be rare instances in which false-negative CrAg results can delay diagnosis and early treatment, which are critical to ensure positive outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION A 31-year-old man living with HIV/AIDS who was not taking antiretroviral therapy was hospitalized with fever, diarrhea, and headaches. CD4 count on presentation was 71 cells/uL, and HIV viral load was 3,194,949 copies/mL. Serum CrAg testing was initially negative, however CSF CrAg performed several days later was positive at 1:40 and blood and CSF cultures grew Cryptococcus neoformans. Colonoscopy revealed mucosal papules throughout the sigmoid colon, and tissue biopsy showed yeast within the lamina propria consistent with GI cryptococcosis. Given the high burden of disease, the original serum CrAg specimen was serially diluted and subsequently found to be positive at 1:2,560, confirming the postzone phenomenon. CONCLUSION Cryptococcosis has a wide array of presentations including intraluminal GI disease, as seen in this patient. While serum CrAg testing displays excellent test characteristics, it is important for clinicians to be aware of the rare instances in which false-negative results may occur in the presence of excess antigen, as in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Zimmet
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Grace D Cullen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leah Mische
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Deftos
- Department of Pathology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Yael Bogler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Nang L Nguyen
- Clinical Microbiology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Manoj Ray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Redwood City, CA, USA
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Fang YF, Cao XH, Yao LY, Cao Q. Pulmonary cryptococcosis after immunomodulator treatment in patients with Crohn’s disease: Three case reports. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:758-765. [PMID: 36742174 PMCID: PMC9896616 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroids and anti-tumor necrosis factor α mAbs are widely used to treat Crohn's disease (CD). However, one disadvantage of this treatment is impairment of normal immune function, leading to an increased risk of infection. Cryptococcus infection is an opportunistic infection that occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients and poses a significant diagnostic challenge in patients with CD.
CASE SUMMARY Here, we report three cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with CD after receiving immunomodulatory treatment. The patients presented with no or mild respiratory symptoms. Chest computed tomography scans revealed pulmonary nodules in the unilateral or bilateral lobes. Diagnoses were made using pathological examination and metagenomic sequencing. The patients were treated with fluconazole 400 mg once daily for 1 to 6 mo, and symptoms were resolved. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase to retrieve previously reported cases and summarize patient characteristics.
CONCLUSION The incidence of cryptococcus infection has increased along with immunomodulator use. Clinical vigilance is required for early identification and standardized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Han Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ling-Ya Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
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Miller CQ, Saeed OAM, Collins K. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis complicating pediatric Crohn disease: A case report and review of literature. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14:648-656. [PMID: 36303809 PMCID: PMC9593511 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i10.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum) can lead to disseminated disease involving the gastrointestinal tract presenting as diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhea which may mimic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
CASE SUMMARY We report a case of 12-year-old boy with presumptive diagnosis of Crohn disease (CD) that presented with several months of abdominal pain, weight loss and bloody diarrhea. Colonoscopy showed patchy moderate inflammation characterized by erythema and numerous pseudopolyps involving the terminal ileum, cecum, and ascending colon. Histologic sections from the colon biopsy revealed diffuse cellular infiltrate within the lamina propria with scattered histiocytic aggregates, and occasional non-necrotizing granulomas. Grocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver staining confirmed the presence of numerous yeast forms suggestive of Histoplasma spp., further confirmed with positive urine Histoplasma antigen (6.58 ng/mL, range 0.2-20 ng/mL) and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to Histoplasma (35.9 EU, range 10.0-80.0 EU). Intravenous amphotericin was administered then transitioned to oral itraconazole. Follow-up computed tomography imaging showed a left lower lung nodule and mesenteric lymphadenopathy consistent with disseminated histoplasmosis infection.
CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal involvement with H. capsulatum with no accompanying respiratory symptoms is exceedingly rare and recognition is often delayed due to the overlapping clinical manifestations of IBD. This case illustrates the importance of excluding infectious etiologies in patients with “biopsy-proven” CD prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapies. Communication between clinicians and pathologists is crucial as blood cultures and antigen testing are key studies that should be performed in all suspected cases of histoplasmosis to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Quinn Miller
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Omer A M Saeed
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Katrina Collins
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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Khaba MC, Kgole MB, Nevondo LM, Van Aswegen WJ, Mabelane T, Makhado NA. Disseminated Cryptococcal Infection in HIV-Infected Patients: A Retrospective Clinicopathological Review of 4 Autopsy Cases. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2022; 15:2632010X221078234. [PMID: 35237754 PMCID: PMC8883375 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x221078234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection with high mortality if not diagnosed and treated in time. The objective of this study was to review the clinicopathological information of decendents with final autopsy diagnosis of disseminated cryptococcal infection. This study collected data from 4 decendents who presented to an academic hospital/laboratory between 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2018. Their clinical, radiological and pathological findings including treatment were reviewed. Two decendents presented with respiratory symptoms whilst the other 2 presented with meningeal symptoms. Three were confirmed HIV positive. One decendent was on ART, one had defaulted treatment and one was ART naïve. Two decendents were diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis, one with bacterial pneumonia and one with pulmonary tuberculosis. Three decendents died in emergency unit and one in the ward whilst on antifungal therapy. The autopsy findings confirmed disseminated cryptococcal infection in all cases. A high index of suspicion should be maintained in the right clinical context. Multi-organ involvement should be suspected in all patients and be actively sought out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshawa Calvin Khaba
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Dr George Mukhari Academic Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Service, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Mamokoma Becky Kgole
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Lesedi Makgwethele Nevondo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Dr George Mukhari Academic Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Service, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Willem Johannes Van Aswegen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Tshegofatso Mabelane
- Department of Family Medicine, Job Shimankana Tabane Hospital, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - Ndivhuho Agnes Makhado
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dr George Mukhari Academic Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
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Shojaei E, Walsh JC, Sangle N, Yan B, Silverman MS, Hosseini-Moghaddam SM. Gastrointestinal Histoplasmosis Mimicking Crohn's Disease. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab249. [PMID: 34262987 PMCID: PMC8274358 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated histoplasmosis is a life-threatening disease usually seen in immunocompromised patients living in endemic areas. We present an apparently immunocompetent patient with gastrointestinal histoplasmosis who was initially diagnosed with biopsy-proven Crohn's disease. Following discontinuation of anti-inflammatory drugs and institution of antifungal therapy, his gastrointestinal illness completely improved. Specific fungal staining should be routinely included in histopathologic assessment of tissue specimens diagnosed as Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Shojaei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna C Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikhil Sangle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael S Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seyed M Hosseini-Moghaddam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gastrointestinal Cryptococcosis Associated with Intestinal Lymphangiectasia. Case Rep Med 2020; 2020:7870154. [PMID: 32373179 PMCID: PMC7191395 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7870154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lymphangiectasia is a pathological dilation of enteric lymphatic vessels resulting in lymph leakage to the intestinal lumen. This chronic lymph leakage leads to a state of immunosuppression secondary to the loss of humoral and cellular components of the immune system and represents a potential risk factor for opportunistic infections. We report a case of protein-losing enteropathy in a seemingly immunocompetent patient. An intestinal histopathological study revealed the unusual association of lymphangiectasia and intestinal cryptococcosis. Although cryptococcal infection is common in immunocompromised patients, intestinal involvement is rarely reported. We found no reports on the association of intestinal cryptococcosis in patients with lymphangiectasia. This case report is the first to describe intestinal cryptococcosis associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia.
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Lin E, Lin K, Katz S. Serious and Opportunistic Infections in Elderly Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2019; 15:593-605. [PMID: 31802985 PMCID: PMC6883733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often treated with biologics and immunomodulators, which can place elderly IBD patients at risk for serious and opportunistic infections. This article provides an updated account of research on therapies in IBD that are associated with an increased infection risk. Relevant serious and opportunistic infections in the elderly population are discussed along with methods for prevention and treatment. The incidence of infection increases with age and the degree of immunosuppression. Emphasis should be placed on performing vaccinations at the time of IBD diagnosis. Additionally, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy should avoid live vaccines. Physicians should have a greater awareness of the increased risk of infection in elderly adults and the need for screening for infection prior to initiation of immunosuppressive IBD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Lin
- Dr Elissa Lin is a resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York, New York
- Mr Kevin Lin is a medical student and Dr Katz is a clinical professor of medicine at NYU School of Medicine in New York, New York
| | - Kevin Lin
- Dr Elissa Lin is a resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York, New York
- Mr Kevin Lin is a medical student and Dr Katz is a clinical professor of medicine at NYU School of Medicine in New York, New York
| | - Seymour Katz
- Dr Elissa Lin is a resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York, New York
- Mr Kevin Lin is a medical student and Dr Katz is a clinical professor of medicine at NYU School of Medicine in New York, New York
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