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Zhang S, Funahashi Y, Tanaka S, Okubo T, Thapa J, Nakamura S, Higashi H, Yamaguchi H. Chlamydia trachomatis relies on the scavenger role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor with detyrosinated tubulin for its intracellular growth, but this is impaired by excess indole. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105097. [PMID: 36608767 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although IFN-γ depletes tryptophan (Trp) as a defense against intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infected to hypoxic vagina, the presence of indole, a precursor of Trp, enables Ct to infect IFN-γ-exposed culture cells. Meanwhile, Trp-derived indole derivatives interact the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in the cellular homeostasis with tubulin dynamics. Here, the amounts of IFN-γ and indole in cervical swabs with known Ct infection status were measured, and Ct growth in the presence of indole was determined from the perspective of the AhR axis under hypoxia. A positive correlation between the amounts of IFN-γ and indole was found, and both of these amounts were lower in Ct-positive swabs than in Ct-negative ones. Indole as well as other AhR ligands inhibited Ct growth, especially under normoxia. Ct prompted the expression of detyrosinated tubulin (dTTub), but indole inhibited it. Indole did not stimulate the translocation of AhR to nucleus, and it blocked AhR activation in AhR-reporter cells. Ct growth was reduced more effectively under normoxia in AhR-knockdown cells, an effect that was enhanced by indole, which in turn diminished dTTub. Thus, Ct growth relies on the scavenger role of cytosolic AhR responsible for promoting dTTub expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saicheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yuki Funahashi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Satoho Tanaka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Torahiko Okubo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Imaging Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Division of Ultrastructural Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Smolarczyk K, Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka E, Szukiewicz D, Meczekalski B, Smolarczyk R, Pieta W. The Impact of Selected Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Pregnancy and Female Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2170. [PMID: 33671616 PMCID: PMC7926516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium are a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to tubal factor infertility (TFI). TFI is one of the most common causes of infertility, accounting for 30% of female fertility problems. STIs can also have an impact on pregnancy, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Escalating antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium represents a significant problem and can be therapeutically challenging. We present a comprehensive review of the current treatment options, as well as the molecular approach to this subject. We have given special attention to molecular epidemiology, molecular diagnostics, current and new treatments, and drug resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Chlamydia Infections/drug therapy
- Chlamydia Infections/etiology
- Chlamydia Infections/microbiology
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects
- Fallopian Tubes/microbiology
- Fallopian Tubes/pathology
- Female
- Gonorrhea/drug therapy
- Gonorrhea/etiology
- Humans
- Infertility, Female/microbiology
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
- Molecular Epidemiology/methods
- Mycoplasma Infections/drug therapy
- Mycoplasma Infections/etiology
- Mycoplasma genitalium/pathogenicity
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/etiology
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/complications
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/drug therapy
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Smolarczyk
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (B.M.-B.)
| | - Beata Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (B.M.-B.)
| | - Ewa Rudnicka
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Blazej Meczekalski
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Roman Smolarczyk
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Pieta
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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