Seroprevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types among children and adolescents in the general population in Germany

[Role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of skin cancer]

The incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer, the most common cancer in humans, continues to rise. The development of precancerous actinic keratoses and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is associated with infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) of genus beta (betaHPV). Persistent betaHPV infections in immunocompetent individuals are generally very well controlled by the immune system and largely asymptomatic. However, immunosuppression results in high levels of betaHPV in the skin and consequently increased viral oncoprotein activity, which in turn leads to a significantly increased risk for skin cancer. However, even in immunocompetent individuals, the risk of cSCC increases with age as a result of accumulated UV-induced DNA damage in the skin. In these patients, the mechanism of betaHPV-dependent carcinogenesis seems to be different from that observed in immunocompromised patients. The underlying mechanism of oncogenesis in immunocompetent patients is currently less well understood. This review summarizes the current research data, which provide compelling evidence that cutaneous papillomaviruses, particularly in interaction with UV light, promote skin carcinogenesis via a "hit-and-run" mechanism by enhancing the genotoxic effects of UV light in the initial phases of this multistep process. Furthermore, an overview of novel vaccination strategies against papillomaviruses that are currently tested in clinical trials is provided, which could significantly improve the treatment options for high-risk patients in the future.