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Bruna-Mejias A, Nova-Baeza P, Torres-Riquelme F, Delgado-Retamal MF, Orellana-Donoso M, Suazo-Santibañez A, Sepulveda-Loyola W, Valdés-Orrego I, Sanchis-Gimeno J, Valenzuela-Fuenzalida JJ. Morphological Characteristics of the Double Mental Foramen and Its Relevance in Clinical Practice: An Observational Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1277. [PMID: 38928695 PMCID: PMC11202760 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The mental foramen (MF) is an opening found bilaterally on the anterolateral aspect of the mandible; it can be round or oval and have different diameters. One of the anatomical variants of the jaw is the presence of an accessory mental foramen (AMF). These are usually smaller than the MF and can be located above, below, or to the sides of the main MF. The objective of this study was to recognize the presence of AMF in dry jaws of the Chilean population and collect information about its clinical relevance reported in the literature. In this descriptive observational study, we have collected dried jaws obtained from three higher education institutions in Santiago de Chile, from the Department of Morphology of the Andrés Bello University, the Normal Human Anatomy Unit of the University of Santiago, and the Human Anatomy pavilion from the Faculty of Medicine of the Finis Terrae University. The samples for this research were obtained by convenience, and the observation of the jaws was carried out in the human anatomy laboratories of each institution by three evaluators independently, and a fourth evaluator was included to validate that each evaluation was correct. The sample for this research came from 260 dry jaws, showing the following findings from the total jaws studied, and to classify as an accessory MF, it will be examined and measured so that it complies with what is declared in the literature as the presence of AMF, which is between 0.74 mm. and 0.89 mm. There were 17 studies included with a sample that fluctuated between 1 and 4000, with a cumulative total of 7946 and an average number of jaws analyzed from the studies of 467.4, showing statistically significant differences between the means with the sample analyzed in this study; p = 0.095. For the cumulative prevalence of the presence of AMF, this was 3.07 in this study, and in the compared studies, the average of AMF was 8.01%, which did not present a statistically significant difference; p = 0.158. Regarding the presence of variants of unilateral AMF, this occurred in five jaws, which is equivalent to 1.84% in the sample of this study, while in previous studies, it was 7.5%, being higher on the left side than on the right. The presence of AMF is a variant with high prevalence if we compare it with other variants of the jaw. Knowledge of the anatomy and position of the AMF is crucial to analyze different scenarios in the face of surgical procedures or conservative treatments of the lower anterior dental region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bruna-Mejias
- Departamento de Ciencias y Geografia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaiso 2360072, Chile;
| | - Pablo Nova-Baeza
- Unidad de Anatomía Humana Normal, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Florencia Torres-Riquelme
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.T.-R.); (M.F.D.-R.); (J.J.V.-F.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Delgado-Retamal
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.T.-R.); (M.F.D.-R.); (J.J.V.-F.)
| | - Mathias Orellana-Donoso
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile;
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Alejandra Suazo-Santibañez
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8370040, Chile; (A.S.-S.); (W.S.-L.)
| | - Walter Sepulveda-Loyola
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8370040, Chile; (A.S.-S.); (W.S.-L.)
| | - Iván Valdés-Orrego
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
| | - Juan Sanchis-Gimeno
- GIAVAL Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Juan José Valenzuela-Fuenzalida
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.T.-R.); (M.F.D.-R.); (J.J.V.-F.)
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Çelebi A, Gülsün B. Evaluation of accessory mental foramen and accessory infraorbital foramen with cone-beam computed tomography in Turkish population. AUST ENDOD J 2022; 49:13-19. [PMID: 36177731 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It was aimed to evaluate the frequency of accessory mental foramen (AMF) and accessory infraorbital foramen (AIOF) and analyse the correlation between these two foramina using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The retrospective study reviewed the CBCT images of 1020 patients. The rates of AMF and AIOF were evaluated according to sex and age distributions. Correlations between the localizations of AMF and AIOF in the right and left jaws and the correlations between the occurrences of these foramina were evaluated. In the CBCT images of the 1020 patients, AMFs were detected in 48 patients, among which 14 were in the right half jaw, and 34 were in the left half jaw. AIOFs were detected in 143 patients, among which 65 were in the right half jaw, and 78 were in the left half jaw. Recognising and detecting AMF and AIOF with CBCT is important in terms of preventing complications that may occur in surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalet Çelebi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Belgin Gülsün
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Aljarbou F, Riyahi AM, Altamimi A, Alabdulsalam A, Jabhan N, Aldosimani M, Alamri HM. Anatomy of the accessory mental foramen in a Saudi subpopulation: A multicenter CBCT study. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:1012-1017. [PMID: 34938044 PMCID: PMC8665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this is to evaluate the prevalence and location of the accessory mental foramen (AMF) in a Saudi population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methodology CBCT data were retrieved from two dental facilities at two universities located in two different cities and filtered over a period of four years. The scans were aligned when the AMF was noticed, and then the size of both the AMF and mental foramen (MF), its location, and the distance from the AMF to the MF were recorded. The AMF measurements were compared between males and females and between the two sides of the mandible. Results In total, 603 CBCT scans were investigated. The percentage of scans with an AMF was 9.95% (n = 60), and AMFs were almost equally distributed on both sides. Only four cases (0.66%) of a second AMF were detected among the scans. The MFs on both sides were significantly larger in males than in females (P > 0.05), but they showed no differences in the sizes of the AMFs. The AMFs were most commonly located inferior and posterior to the MF. The distance between the MF and AMF ranged from 2.32 to 5 mm. Conclusions The prevalence of the AMF in this Saudi population was 9.95%, and it was significantly more prevalent in males than in females. Its proximity to the MF makes it clinically important to conduct proper detailed planning prior to performing any procedure that might risk the vital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Aljarbou
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Riyahi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Mazen Aldosimani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Radiology Division, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M Alamri
- Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Evaluation of Mental Foramen with Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review of Literature. Radiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:8897275. [PMID: 33505723 PMCID: PMC7806401 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8897275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this systematic review is to assess whether the anatomy of mental foramen is precisely evaluable with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) before implantation in humans. Methods A systematic review was carried out to evaluate the anatomy of mental foramen (size, position, symmetry, anterior loop, and accessory mental foramen or multiple mental foramina). According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic search of three databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) was undertaken until June 2020 and was supplemented by manual searching. Two reviewers will independently perform the processes of study inclusion, data extraction, and quality assessment. Systematic reviews, studies about children, and case reports were excluded. Only studies using CBCT to do preoperative evaluation were selected. Results From 728 potentially eligible articles, 72 were included in the qualitative analysis and quantitative synthesis. This systematic review provided an assessment of the anatomy of the mental foramen. The mental foramen was located mostly between the two premolars (between 50.4% and 61.95%) or apically to the second premolar (from 50.3% to 57.9%). The mean diameter of the mental foramen was bigger in males than in females; the difference between them could reach 0.62 mm. The anterior loop seemed to be longer in males (between 0.87 ± 1.81 and 7.25 ± 2.02 mm) than in females (between 0.81 ± 1.18 and 6.52 ± 1.63 mm) and with the presence of teeth (from 0.91 ± 1.18 to 2.55 ± 1.28 for dentate people and from 0.25 ± 0.61 to 2.40 ± 0.88 mm for edentate population). The anterior loop and the accessory mental foramina were detected more frequently with CBCT than panoramic X-ray: only between 0.0 and 48.6% AMFs detected with CBCT were also seen with panoramic images. Clinical Significance. The mental foramen (MF) is an important landmark for local anesthesia and surgical and implantology procedures. Its location, morphology, and anatomical variations need to be considered to avoid mental nerve injury. The aim of this review is to evaluate the mental foramen using CBCT through a systematic literature review to improve knowledge of this complex area for the clinician.
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Incidence of retromolar canal in Egyptian population using CBCT: a retrospective study. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-020-00162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Many studies have been done to investigate the incidence and the course of the retromolar canal (RMC) in different populations either osseous studies using cadavers or dry mandibles, panoramic studies, or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies. The location of the RMC is in the retromolar area distal to the third mandibular molar. The retromolar area is considered an imperative site where many dental surgeries are being held.
The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of RMC in the Egyptian population using CBCT and measure the distance between the RMF and neighboring anatomical landmarks to better allocate the RMC and RMF and avoid the complications.
Two hundred and fourteen CBCT scans were examined to detect the presence of RMC. Their course was classified to 3 main types A, B, and C, and linear measurements were done from the retromolar foramen (RMF) to the 2nd and 3rd molars in anteroposterior direction and from the RMF to the mandibular foramen (MF) in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions.
Results
The RMC was present in 24 scans from the 214 with 11.2% incidence rate. The most common type was found to be type A, and type C was the rarest. The RMC has no significant difference between males and females, unilateral and bilateral distribution, and right and left sides. The linear measurements from the RMF to the 2nd and 3rd molars are 14.70 ± 5.07 mm and 4.26 ± 4.21 mm, respectively, and from the RMF to the MF in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions are 15.69 ± 3.43 mm and 2.62 ± 1.60 mm, respectively.
Conclusions
The incidence rate of RMC in Egyptian population represents 11.2%. The use of CBCT is quite important in the evaluation of the retromolar area to visualize the presence of the RMC or RMF and avoid the complications occurring due to different dental surgical procedures performed in the aforementioned site.
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Aytugar E, Özeren C, Lacin N, Veli I, Çene E. Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of accessory mental foramen in a Turkish population. Anat Sci Int 2019; 94:257-265. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hammad M. Radiographic detecting for the presence of extra chin foramen for the chosen Ramadi City Community Iraq. J Int Oral Health 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_291_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Vieira CL, Veloso SDAR, Lopes FF. Location of the course of the mandibular canal, anterior loop and accessory mental foramen through cone-beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat 2018; 40:1411-1417. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borghesi A, Pezzotti S, Nocivelli G, Maroldi R. Five mental foramina in the same mandible: CBCT findings of an unusual anatomical variant. Surg Radiol Anat 2018; 40:635-640. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-1969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Accessory mental foramens should be considered in surgical procedures performed in mandibular body and symphysis. Location and content of these foramina has significant impact on the result of surgery.Lip numbness is the catastrophic result if these foramina are violated while their content is nerves that carry sensory inputs from lower lip. Examples of interferences with dental implant, orthognathic, and periapical surgeries are presented and it is discussed in which conditions they complicate oral surgical procedures.
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