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Kirschen GW, Blakemore K, Al-Kouatly HB, Fridkis G, Baschat A, Gearhart J, Jelin AC. The genetic etiologies of bilateral renal agenesis. Prenat Diagn 2024; 44:205-221. [PMID: 38180355 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to review and analyze the medical literature for cases of prenatal and/or postnatally diagnosed bilateral renal agenesis (BRA) and create a comprehensive summary of the genetic etiologies known to be associated with this condition. METHODS A literature search was conducted as a scoping review employing Online Mendeliain Inheritance in Man, PubMed, and Cochrane to identify cases of BRA with known underlying genetic (chromosomal vs. single gene) etiologies and those described in syndromes without any known genetic etiology. The cases were further categorized as isolated versus non-isolated, describing additional findings reported prenatally, postnatally, and postmortem. Inheritance pattern was also documented when appropriate in addition to the reported timing of diagnosis and sex. RESULTS We identified six cytogenetic abnormalities and 21 genes responsible for 20 single gene disorders associated with BRA. Five genes have been reported to associate with BRA without other renal anomalies; sixteen others associate with both BRA as well as unilateral renal agenesis. Six clinically recognized syndromes/associations were identified with an unknown underlying genetic etiology. Genetic etiologies of BRA are often phenotypically expressed as other urogenital anomalies as well as complex multi-system syndromes. CONCLUSION Multiple genetic etiologies of BRA have been described, including cytogenetic abnormalities and monogenic syndromes. The current era of the utilization of exome and genome-wide sequencing is likely to significantly expand our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of BRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Blakemore
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huda B Al-Kouatly
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, New York, USA
| | - Gila Fridkis
- Physician Affiliate Group of New York, P.C. (PAGNY), Department of Pediatrics, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ahmet Baschat
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Gearhart
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angie C Jelin
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kim Y, Miller WT. Contrasting Effects of Cancer-Associated Mutations in EphA3 and EphB2 Kinases. Biochemistry 2024:10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00674. [PMID: 38252844 PMCID: PMC11265570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (Eph) receptors are a family of tyrosine kinases that can act as tumor promoters or tumor suppressors, depending on the receptor and cancer cell type. Cancer-associated somatic mutations have been identified in all Eph receptors, but in most cases, the functional effects of the mutations are unknown. In this study, we expressed and purified the kinase domains of wild-type (WT) EphA3 and EphB2 along with 16 cancer-associated mutants. We identified mutations that decrease EphA3 activity and both activating and inhibitory mutations in EphB2. To shed light on the mechanisms by which the mutations altered kinase activity, we measured the thermal stabilities of the enzymes and performed steady-state kinetic experiments. We also expressed the full-length receptors in HEK293T cells to determine the cellular effects. WT EphB2 promoted downstream ERK signaling, while a kinase-inactive mutant (S706F) was similar to the control cells. In contrast, WT EphA3 (but not loss-of-function mutants) inhibited ERK signaling. The reciprocal effects of EphB2 and EphA3 on ERK phosphorylation in HEK293T cells were also evident in Ras-GTP loading. Thus, consistent with the dual roles of Eph receptors as tumor promoters and tumor suppressors, somatic mutations have the potential to increase or decrease Eph function, resulting in changes in the downstream signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - W Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768, United States
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Hu J, Yang H, Wang X, Ding J, Liao P, Zhu G, Qi C. A novel pathogenic variant c.262delA in PBX1 causing oligomeganephronia identified using whole-exome sequencing and a literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:2850-2855. [PMID: 37571997 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeganephronia (OMN) is a rare congenital renal hypoplasia reported more often in children than in adults. The diagnosis of OMN relies on renal biopsy and exhibits a significant reduction in the number of glomeruli and pronounced glomerular hypertrophy. Here, we report the case of an 8-year-old boy with recurrent proteinuria and abnormal external ears. A renal biopsy revealed large and rare glomeruli. The histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of OMN. Whole-exome sequencing of the patient revealed a new pathogenic variant in PBX1 (hg19, NM_002585, c.262delA, p.Thr88Glnfs*3). The PBX1 gene encodes a transcription factor whose pathogenic variants can result in congenital renal and urinary system anomalies, with or without hearing loss, abnormal ears, and developmental retardation (CAKUTED). This is the first report to detect PBX1 pathogenic variants in children with OMN, a novel phenotype of human PBX1 pathogenic variants. We performed functional prediction analyses of deletions in the corresponding structural domains. We summarized 27 cases of PBX1 single pathogenic variants reported between 2003 and 2023 in terms of truncating and missense pathogenic variants, which can deepen our understanding of the PBX1 structural domain and expand our knowledge of the PBX1 genotype and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Panli Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohong Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Qi
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ren YL, Li Y, Gao J, Zhou XJ, Yang L, Wang SX. Pathological and clinical characteristics of late-onset oligomeganephronia based on a histomorphometric study. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:54. [PMID: 36922764 PMCID: PMC10018837 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-onset oligomeganephronia (OMN) is a rare chronic kidney disease and has no quantitative criteria for diagnosis yet. The current study aimed to explore its clinicopathological features by histomorphometric analysis. METHODS We retrospectively re-reviewed all patients with enlarged and sparse glomeruli by light microscopy at Peking University First Hospital from 2012 to 2021, excluding those with any factor known to contribute to similar changes. Age- and sex-matched patients with thin basement membrane nephropathy were selected as control to establish the cut-off values for glomerulomegaly and rarity. Late-onset OMN cases were then confirmed and the clinicopathological characteristics were summarized. RESULTS Mean diameter and density of cortical glomeruli in control was 156.53 ± 27.50 μm and 4.07 ± 0.63 /mm2, giving a lower limit of 211.53 μm for glomerulomegaly and an upper of 2.81 /mm2 for rarity. Seven adults of three females and four males were finally diagnosed as late-onset OMN with a mean age of 26.57 years. They showed mild to moderate proteinuria and/or renal dysfunction at biopsy with the mean proteinuria, serum creatinine (Scr) level, and estimated glomerular filtration rate of 0.50 g/d (0.10-0.95 g/d), 140.9 µmol/L (95.1-227.1 µmol/L), and 58.7 mL/min/1.73m2 (21.3-98.0 mL/min/1.73m2), respectively. Four patients (57.1%) had normal Scr at diagnosis. Six patients with available data showed renal tubular injury with increased urinary microalbumin in all, elevated N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in two, and elevated α1 microglobulin in five. Kidney size was normal or slightly reduced. The mean density and glomerular diameter of the seven cases was 0.86 mm2 (0.55-1.41 /mm2) and 229.73 μm (211.88-260.66 μm). Segmental glomerular sclerosis was observed in six (85.7%) with four (66.7%) of perihilar type. Proximal tubule dilation was observed in all, focal to diffuse, lining with enlarged epithelial cells. The mean foot process width was 634.02 nm, wider than 472.54 nm of the control (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION Late-onset OMN should be considered a special entity with relatively slow clinical progress characterized by hypertrophy of the sparsely distributed nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Ren
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Pathological Center, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Ministry of Health of China, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Ministry of Health of China, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Ministry of Health of China, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Pathological Center, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.
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Sunardi M, Ito K, Sato Y, Uesaka T, Iwasaki M, Enomoto H. A Single RET Mutation in Hirschsprung Disease Induces Intestinal Aganglionosis Via a Dominant-Negative Mechanism. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:1505-1524. [PMID: 36521661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder characterized by the absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS). HSCR potentially involves multiple gene aberrations and displays complex patterns of inheritance. Mutations of the RET gene, encoding the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, play a central role in the pathogenesis of HSCR. Although a wide variety of coding RET mutations have been identified, their pathogenetic significance in vivo has remained largely unclear. METHODS We introduced a HSCR-associated RET missense mutation, RET(S811F), into the corresponding region (S812) of the mouse Ret gene. Pathogenetic impact of Ret(S812F) was assessed by histologic and functional analyses of the ENS and by biochemical analyses. Interactions of the Ret(S812F) allele with HSCR susceptibility genes, the RET9 allele and the Ednrb gene, were examined by genetic crossing in mice. RESULTS RetS812F/+ mice displayed intestinal aganglionosis (incidence, 50%) or hypoganglionosis (50%), impaired differentiation of enteric neurons, defecation deficits, and increased lethality. Biochemical analyses revealed that Ret(S811F) protein was not only kinase-deficient but also abrogated function of wild-type RET in trans. Moreover, the Ret(S812F) allele interacted with other HSCR susceptibility genes and caused intestinal aganglionosis with full penetrance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a single RET missense mutation alone induces intestinal aganglionosis via a dominant-negative mechanism. The RetS812F/+ mice model HSCR displays dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and serves as a valuable platform for better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism of HSCR caused by coding RET mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Sunardi
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuya Sato
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Uesaka
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iwasaki
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Enomoto
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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Zhang F, Wang Z, Meng Q, Song J, Yang S, Tang X, Zhao Y, Men S, Wang L. Disparate phenotypes in two unfavorable pregnancies due to maternal mosaicism of a novel RET gene mutation. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:84-90. [PMID: 35341763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RET have been found in multiple diseases including isolated and associated congenital anomalies. Here, we report a case presented with disparate phenotypes in each pregnancy but caused by the same novel mutation. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband/abortion product-parental trio and a novel missense variant in RET (chr10:43615610C>G; c.2689C>G; p.Arg897Gly) was identified. The mother was a low-level somatic carrier of this new mutation, with 17.3% in blood, 19.1% in oralmucous membrane, and 15.7% in urine by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (dd PCR). Our finding not only broadens the mutation spectrum of RET but also gives supportive genetic counseling and timely guidance on fertility choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Meng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiedong Song
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Tang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Men
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China.
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Pini Prato A, Arnoldi R, Falconi I, Dusio MP, Ceccherini I, Tentori A, Felici E, Nozza P. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract in a cohort of 280 consecutive patients with Hirschsprung disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:3151-3158. [PMID: 33834290 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) have been underestimated in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). This paper aims at reporting results of patients with HSCR who underwent kidney and urinary tract assessment. METHODS Patients seen between December 2005 and November 2020 underwent a complete kidney and urinary tract diagnostic workup. Data regarding CAKUT, gender, length of aganglionosis, familial history, HSCR-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), RET genotype, and outcome were collected. RESULTS Out of 472 patients, 280 completed the workup and represented the focus. Male to female ratio was 3.24:1. Familial cases accounted for 9.8% of patients. RET mutations were detected in 19.8%. We encountered a total of 61 patients with 70 nephrological issues (21.8%), including 28 hypoplasia/dysplasia, 12 hydronephrosis, 11 vesicoureteric reflux, 7 duplex collecting system, 2 kidney agenesis, 2 horseshoe kidney, and 8 miscellanea, involving 91 kidneys without side preponderance (50 right, 41 left). Of these 61 patients, 20 (7.1% of the whole series) required medical or surgical treatment. When comparing patients with and without CAKUT, familial history proved to occur with a significantly lower frequency in the former as did better patient perspectives of outcome. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that all diagnostic workups in HSCR should include a complete kidney and urinary tract diagnostic workup. Our study suggests that genes other than RET could play a role in determining CAKUT. Given worse patient perspectives of outcome, CAKUT seems to significantly interfere with quality of life thus confirming the need for early diagnosis and tailored prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Pini Prato
- Pediatric Surgery, Umberto Bosio Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, EU, Italy.
| | - Rossella Arnoldi
- Pediatric Surgery, Umberto Bosio Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, EU, Italy
| | - Ilaria Falconi
- Pediatric Surgery, Umberto Bosio Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, EU, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Dusio
- Pediatric Surgery, Umberto Bosio Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, EU, Italy
| | | | - Augusta Tentori
- Pediatric Surgery, Umberto Bosio Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, EU, Italy
| | - Enrico Felici
- Pediatric Surgery, Umberto Bosio Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, EU, Italy
| | - Paolo Nozza
- Pediatric Surgery, Umberto Bosio Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, EU, Italy
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Li L, Chu C, Li S, Lu D, Zheng P, Sheng J, Luo LJ, Wu X, Zhang YD, Yin C, Duan AH. Renal agenesis-related genes are associated with Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:1360-1369. [PMID: 34311961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the genetic causes of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) using whole-exome sequencing. DESIGN Retrospective genetic study. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Twelve patients with HWWS. INTERVENTION(S) Whole-exome sequencing was performed for each patient. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the potential causative genetic variants. In silico analysis and American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines were used to classify the pathogenicity of each variant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Rare sequence variants associated with müllerian duct development and renal agenesis were identified and included in subsequent analyses. RESULT(S) A total of 11 variants were identified in 10 of 12 patients (83.3%) and were considered to constitute a molecular genetic diagnosis of HWWS. These 11 variants were related to 9 genes: CHD1L, TRIM32, TGFBR3, WNT4, RET, FRAS1, FAT1, FOXF1, and PCSK5. All variants were heterozygous and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The changes included one frameshift variant, one splice-site variant, and eight missense variants. All of the identified variants were absent or rare in Genome Aggregation Database East Asian populations. One of the 11 variants (9.1%) was classified as a pathogenic variant according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, and 8 of the 11 variants (72.7%) were classified as variants of uncertain significance. CONCLUSION(S) To our knowledge, this is the first report of the genetic causes of HWWS. Renal agenesis-related genes, such as CHD1L, TRIM32, RET, and WNT4, may be associated with HWWS. Identification of these variants can not only help us understand the etiology of HWWS and the relationship between reproductive tract development and urinary system development, but additionally improve the level of genetic counseling for HWWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Chu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Li
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jing Luo
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Di Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Hong Duan
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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