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Tan RZ, Jia J, Li T, Wang L, Kantawong F. A systematic review of epigenetic interplay in kidney diseases: Crosstalk between long noncoding RNAs and methylation, acetylation of chromatin and histone. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116922. [PMID: 38870627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate crosstalk between long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and epigenetic modifications such as chromatin/histone methylation and acetylation offer new perspectives on the pathogenesis and treatment of kidney diseases. lncRNAs, a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with no protein-coding potential, are now recognized as key regulatory molecules influencing gene expression through diverse mechanisms. They modulate the epigenetic modifications by recruiting or blocking enzymes responsible for adding or removing methyl or acetyl groups, such as DNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and histone methylation and acetylation, subsequently altering chromatin structure and accessibility. In kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetic nephropathy (DN), glomerulonephritis (GN), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), aberrant patterns of DNA/RNA/histone methylation and acetylation have been associated with disease onset and progression, revealing a complex interplay with lncRNA dynamics. Recent studies have highlighted how lncRNAs can impact renal pathology by affecting the expression and function of key genes involved in cell cycle control, fibrosis, and inflammatory responses. This review will separately address the roles of lncRNAs and epigenetic modifications in renal diseases, with a particular emphasis on elucidating the bidirectional regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in conjunction with DNA/RNA/histone methylation and acetylation, in addition to the potential exacerbating or renoprotective effects in renal pathologies. Understanding the reciprocal relationships between lncRNAs and epigenetic modifications will not only shed light on the molecular underpinnings of renal pathologies but also present new avenues for therapeutic interventions and biomarker development, advancing precision medicine in nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhi Tan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jian Jia
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Tong Li
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Fahsai Kantawong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Wang F, Bai J, Zhang X, Wang D, Zhang X, Xue J, Chen H, Wang S, Chi B, Li J, Ma X. METTL3/YTHDF2 m6A axis mediates the progression of diabetic nephropathy through epigenetically suppressing PINK1 and mitophagy. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:288-299. [PMID: 38013600 PMCID: PMC10906015 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This research aimed to investigate the specific mechanism of methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) in the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of diabetic kidney disease was established with HK-2 cells and mice in vitro and in vivo. The N6 methyladenosine (m6A) contents in the cells and tissues were detected with a commercial kit and the m6A levels of PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK2) were detected with a MeRIP kit. The mRNA and protein levels were determined with RT-qPCR and western blot. The ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were assessed with ELISA. The cell proliferative ability was measured by a CCK-8 assay and cell apoptosis was determined with TUNEL staining. The HE and Masson staining was performed to observe the renal morphology. The RIP assay was conducted to detect the interaction between METTL3/YTHDF2 and PINK1. RESULTS The m6A content and METTL3 levels were prominently elevated in diabetic kidney disease. METTL3 silencing promoted the cell growth and the expression of LC3 II, PINK1, and Parkin, while inhibiting the cell apoptosis and the expression of LC3 I and p62 in the high glucose (HG) stimulated HK-2 cells. METTL3 silencing also decreased the ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in diabetic kidney disease. PINK1 silencing neutralized the function of sh-METTL3 in the HG stimulated HK-2 cells. The HE and Masson staining showed that METTL3 silencing alleviated the kidney injury induced by DKD. METTL3 silencing decreased the m6A levels of PINK1, while increased the mRNA levels of PINK1 which depended on YTHDF2. CONCLUSIONS METTL3 silencing could inhibit the progression of diabetic nephropathy in vivo and in vitro by regulating the m6A modification of PINK1, which depends on YTHDF2. Our research lays the theoretical foundation for the precise treatment of diabetic kidney disease and the development of targeted drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
- Key Laboratory of Microecology‐Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases School of Basic MedicineJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain ScienceThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Dali Wang
- Department of OphthalmologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Jingwen Xue
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Haoyang Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Baojin Chi
- Department of UrologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Xiaoru Ma
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
- Key Laboratory of Microecology‐Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases School of Basic MedicineJiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
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Liu Q, Chen J, Zeng A, Song L. Pharmacological functions of salidroside in renal diseases: facts and perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1309598. [PMID: 38259279 PMCID: PMC10800390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1309598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea is a valuable functional medicinal plant widely utilized in China and other Asian countries for its anti-fatigue, anti-aging, and altitude sickness prevention properties. Salidroside, a most active constituent derived from Rhodiola rosea, exhibits potent antioxidative, hypoxia-resistant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-aging effects that have garnered significant attention. The appreciation of the pharmacological role of salidroside has burgeoned over the last decade, making it a beneficial option for the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease, and more. With its anti-aging and renoprotective effects, in parallel with the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation, salidroside holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for kidney damage. This article provides an overview of the microinflammatory state in kidney disease and discuss the current therapeutic strategies, with a particular focus on highlighting the recent advancements in utilizing salidroside for renal disease. The potential mechanisms of action of salidroside are primarily associated with the regulation of gene and protein expression in glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes, renal tubule cells, renal mesangial cells and renal cell carcinoma cell, including TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-6, MCP-1, Bcl-2, VEGF, ECM protein, caspase-3, HIF-1α, BIM, as well as the modulation of AMPK/SIRT1, Nrf2/HO-1, Sirt1/PGC-1α, ROS/Src/Cav-1, Akt/GSK-3β, TXNIP-NLRP3, ERK1/2, TGF-β1/Smad2/3, PI3K/Akt, Wnt1/Wnt3a β-catenin, TLR4/NF-κB, MAPK, JAK2/STAT3, SIRT1/Nrf2 pathways. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to comprehensively cover the protective effects of salidroside on diverse renal diseases, and suggests that salidroside has great potential to be developed as a drug for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and renal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anqi Zeng
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Cristol JP, Thierry AR, Bargnoux AS, Morena-Carrere M, Canaud B. What is the role of the neutrophil extracellular traps in the cardiovascular disease burden associated with hemodialysis bioincompatibility? Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1268748. [PMID: 38034546 PMCID: PMC10684960 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1268748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in dialysis modalities, intermittent renal replacement therapy remains an "unphysiological" treatment that imperfectly corrects uremic disorders and may lead to low-grade chronic inflammation, neutrophil activation, and oxidative stress due to repetitive blood/membrane interactions contributing to the "remaining uremic syndrome" and cardiovascular disease burden of hemodialysis patients. Understanding dialysis bioincompatibility pathways still remains a clinical and biochemical challenge. Indeed, surrogate biomarkers of inflammation including C-reactive protein could not discriminate between all components involved in these complex pathways. A few examples may serve to illustrate the case. Cytokine release during dialysis sessions may be underestimated due to their removal using high-flux dialysis or hemodiafiltration modalities. Complement activation is recognized as a key event of bioincompatibility. However, it appears as an early and transient event with anaphylatoxin level normalization at the end of the dialysis session. Complement activation is generally assumed to trigger leukocyte stimulation leading to proinflammatory mediators' secretion and oxidative burst. In addition to being part of the innate immune response involved in eliminating physically and enzymatically microbes, the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), known as NETosis, has been recently identified as a major harmful component in a wide range of pathologies associated with inflammatory processes. NETs result from the neutrophil degranulation induced by reactive oxygen species overproduction via NADPH oxidase and consist of modified chromatin decorated with serine proteases, elastase, bactericidal proteins, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) that produces hypochlorite anion. Currently, NETosis remains poorly investigated as a sensitive and integrated marker of bioincompatibility in dialysis. Only scarce data could be found in the literature. Oxidative burst and NADPH oxidase activation are well-known events in the bioincompatibility phenomenon. NET byproducts such as elastase, MPO, and circulating DNA have been reported to be increased in dialysis patients more specifically during dialysis sessions, and were identified as predictors of poor outcomes. As NETs and MPO could be taken up by endothelium, NETs could be considered as a vascular memory of intermittent bioincompatibility phenomenon. In this working hypothesis article, we summarized the puzzle pieces showing the involvement of NET formation during hemodialysis and postulated that NETosis may act as a disease modifier and may contribute to the comorbid burden associated with dialysis bioincompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Cristol
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Charles Mion Foundation, AIDER-Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain R. Thierry
- Research Institute of Cancerology of Montpellier, INSERM, IRCM, ICM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bargnoux
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Morena-Carrere
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Canaud
- School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- MTX Consulting Int., Montpellier, France
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Stepanova N, Driianska V, Korol L, Snisar L, Savchenko S. Pre-existing serum indoxyl sulfate and COVID-19 outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A retrospective cohort study. UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF NEPHROLOGY AND DIALYSIS 2023:61-68. [DOI: 10.31450/ukrjnd.2(78).2023.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk of severe complications from COVID-19 due to compromised immune function and comorbidities. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the association between pre-existing serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentrations and COVID-19 outcomes in HD patients.
Methods. Data on pre-existing IS and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were extracted from an existing patient database. The patients were followed up for 1.5 years and compared according to median serum IS concentration: low-IS (< 22.2 μg/mL) and high-IS (≥22.2 μg/mL) groups. The primary outcomes focused on assessing the risk and severity of COVID-19 infection.
Results. A total of 56 patients aged 62 (56-67) years with a dialysis vintage of 37.5 (30-168) months were included in the analysis. Serum levels of IS were significantly correlated with Kt/V values (p = 0.043), arterial hypertension (p = 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.023), MCP-1 (p = 0.023), and TNF-α (p = 0.033) concentrations. Elevated serum IS levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection (p < 0.0001) and a higher likelihood of hospitalization (p = 0.03). Patients with higher IS levels exhibited more severe lung involvement (p < 0.0001) and a greater need for respiratory support (p = 0.004). A serum IS concentration of 21.5 μg/mL was the optimal threshold for predicting COVID-19 infection in HD patients (sensitivity of 83.4% and specificity of 92.3%, p < 0.0001).
Conclusion: Our study highlights the detrimental impact of serum IS on COVID-19 infection and its clinical outcomes in patients undergoing HD. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting IS in this population.
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Lano G, Sallée M, Pelletier M, Bataille S, Fraisse M, McKay N, Brunet P, Dou L, Burtey S. Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio correlates with the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate and predicts the risk of death in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:2528-2537. [PMID: 35146525 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health issue associated with increased cardiovascular, infectious and all-cause mortality. The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a predictive marker of the risk of death and cardiovascular events. Uremic toxins, notably indoxyl sulfate (IS), are involved in immune deficiency and cardiovascular complications associated with CKD. The aim of this study was to assess whether the NLR was related to uremic toxins and could predict clinical outcome in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 183 patients on chronic HD. The main objective was to study the correlation between the NLR and uremic toxin serum levels. The secondary objective was to test if the NLR can predict the incidence of mortality, cardiovascular events and infectious events. RESULTS Patients were separated into two groups according to the NLR median value (3.49). The NLR at inclusion was correlated with the NLR at the 6-month (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001) and 12-month (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001) follow-up. Among uremic toxins, IS levels were higher in the group with high NLR (104 µmol/L versus 81 µmol/L; P = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, the NLR remained correlated with IS (P = 0.03). The incidence of death, cardiovascular events and severe infectious events was higher in the group with high NLR [respectively, 38% versus 18% (P = 0.004), 45% versus 26% (P = 0.01) and 33% versus 21% (P = 0.02)] than in the low NLR group. Multivariate analysis showed an independent association of the NLR with mortality (P = 0.02) and cardiovascular events (P = 0.03) but not with severe infectious events. CONCLUSIONS In HD patients, the NLR predicted mortality and cardiovascular events but not severe infections and correlated positively with the level of the uremic toxin IS. The NLR could be an interesting marker for monitoring the risk of clinical events in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lano
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Centre de néphrologie et transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la conception AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Sallée
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Centre de néphrologie et transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la conception AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Pelletier
- Centre de néphrologie et transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la conception AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Stanislas Bataille
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Elsan, Phocean Institute of Nephrology, Clinique Bouchard, Marseille, France
| | - Megan Fraisse
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie McKay
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Brunet
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Centre de néphrologie et transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la conception AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Dou
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Burtey
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Centre de néphrologie et transplantation rénale, Hôpital de la conception AP-HM, Marseille, France
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Effects of High Flux Hemodialysis Combined with L-Carnitine on Microinflammation and Arteriovenous Fistula in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6964127. [PMID: 35836826 PMCID: PMC9276479 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6964127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of high-flux hemodialysis combined with L-carnitine on microinflammation and arteriovenous fistulas in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods A total of 65 patients admitted to our hospital from May 2017 to May 2019 were selected and divided into a control group of 30 cases and an experimental group of 35 cases according to the selected treatment plan. Combined with L-carnitine, the cardiac function of the two groups of patients before and after the treatment was evaluated, the microinflammatory indexes of the two groups were compared, and the clinical efficacy of the combined treatment on MHD patients was analyzed. Results The two groups were not significantly different in general information such as age, gender, course of disease, and past medical history (P > 0.05). The experimental group generated a notably higher total effective rate of treatment in relation to the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, lower heart function levels of LVST and LEVDD were observed in the experimental group as compared to the control group, but LVEF was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The GQOLI-74 score of the experimental group was better than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of venous fistula complications in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The microinflammatory index hs-CRP in the experimental group was lower (P < 0.05) and the microinflammatory index TNF-α was significantly lower (P < 0.05). The HAD score after treatment of the experimental group was better than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion High-flux hemodialysis combined with L-carnitine therapy has achieved satisfactory results in patients with MHD in terms of alleviating the level of inflammatory factors, improving heart function, enhancing patients' living standards, reducing complications of intravenous fistula, and boosting the prognosis. It is worthy of promotion.
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Diaz-Ricart M, Torramade-Moix S, Pascual G, Palomo M, Moreno-Castaño AB, Martinez-Sanchez J, Vera M, Cases A, Escolar G. Endothelial Damage, Inflammation and Immunity in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060361. [PMID: 32492843 PMCID: PMC7354562 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an accelerated atherosclerosis, increased risk of thrombotic-ischemic complications, and excessive mortality rates when compared with the general population. There is also evidence of an endothelial damage in which the proinflammatory state, the enhanced oxidative stress, or the accumulation of toxins due to their reduced renal clearance in uremia play a role. Further, there is evidence that uremic endothelial cells are both involved in and victims of the activation of the innate immunity. Uremic endothelial cells produce danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPS), which by binding to specific pattern recognition receptors expressed in multiple cells, including endothelial cells, induce the expression of adhesion molecules, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells, which constitute a link between immunity and inflammation. The connection between endothelial damage, inflammation and defective immunity in uremia will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Diaz-Ricart
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergi Torramade-Moix
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Palomo
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Hospital Clinic/University of Barcelona Campus, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Moreno-Castaño
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Martinez-Sanchez
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Hospital Clinic/University of Barcelona Campus, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Vera
- Nephrology Department. Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleix Cases
- Nephrology Department. Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Gines Escolar
- Hematopathology, Pathology Department, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (M.P.); (A.B.M.-C.); (J.M.-S.); (G.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Endothelium Team, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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