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Albishi W, Alshehri R, Almuhanna A, Baaj JM, Alaqeel M, Algarni N. Bilateral Femoral Neck Fractures in a 50-Year-Old Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2024; 25:e942491. [PMID: 39024196 PMCID: PMC11304675 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.942491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal osteodystrophy is a serious complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). It predisposes the patient to fragility fracture and an increased risk of mortality. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 50-year-old male patient with stage 4 CKD and consequent renal osteodystrophy, who presented with a history of a recent provoked seizure, a severe electrolyte imbalance, and excruciating pain in the hip region. He had no history of a fall or trauma. A radiographic evaluation confirmed the rare finding of a bilateral femoral neck fracture. Upon stabilizing the patient, he was surgically managed with a bilateral hemiarthroplasty. A postoperative radiograph revealed a well-fixed prosthesis with no post-surgical complications. The patient had a full recovery. At the last follow-up visit, the patient was fully functional and had resumed normal activities. CONCLUSIONS This is a rare report with unusual mechanism of injury, involving a case of bilateral femoral neck fragility fractures, secondary to renal osteodystrophy in a stage 4 CKD patient. It draws the attention of medical care providers to the high risk of femoral fragility fractures that are secondary to renal osteodystrophy. Hemiarthroplasty is a safe and highly efficacious surgical option for managing such cases. This case also reiterates the dire need for greater public awareness and knowledge of CKD. Early diagnosis and treatment can substantially mitigate the associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Albishi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahmah Alshehri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Almuhanna
- Medical Intern, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumana M.Z. Baaj
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Motaz Alaqeel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar Algarni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bravo-Vázquez LA, Paul S, Colín-Jurado MG, Márquez-Gallardo LD, Castañón-Cortés LG, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Exploring the Therapeutic Significance of microRNAs and lncRNAs in Kidney Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:123. [PMID: 38275604 PMCID: PMC10815231 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two crucial classes of transcripts that belong to the major group of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These RNA molecules have significant influence over diverse molecular processes due to their crucial role as regulators of gene expression. However, the dysregulated expression of these ncRNAs constitutes a fundamental factor in the etiology and progression of a wide variety of multifaceted human diseases, including kidney diseases. In this context, over the past years, compelling evidence has shown that miRNAs and lncRNAs could be prospective targets for the development of next-generation drugs against kidney diseases as they participate in a number of disease-associated processes, such as podocyte and nephron death, renal fibrosis, inflammation, transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease, renal vascular changes, sepsis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis. Hence, in this current review, we critically analyze the recent findings concerning the therapeutic inferences of miRNAs and lncRNAs in the pathophysiological context of kidney diseases. Additionally, with the aim of driving advances in the formulation of ncRNA-based drugs tailored for the management of kidney diseases, we discuss some of the key challenges and future prospects that should be addressed in forthcoming investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Bravo-Vázquez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro 76130, Mexico (S.P.)
| | - Sujay Paul
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro 76130, Mexico (S.P.)
| | - Miriam Guadalupe Colín-Jurado
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro 76130, Mexico (S.P.)
| | - Luis David Márquez-Gallardo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro 76130, Mexico (S.P.)
| | - Luis Germán Castañón-Cortés
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro 76130, Mexico (S.P.)
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Mahmoud MA, Ibrahim A, Fadil HA, Alalawi AM, Alnezary FS, Alahmadi Y, Alolayan SO, Althaqfan SS, Omer S, Goresh HK, Shoroq E, Alghamdi R. Assessment of Public Knowledge about Chronic Kidney Disease and Factors Influencing Knowledge Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2072. [PMID: 38138176 PMCID: PMC10744764 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular diseases, and premature death. The study aims to assess CKD knowledge and predictive variables among the general public. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general public in Al Medina Al-Munawara, Saudi Arabia, utilizing a 21-item questionnaire-based approach over a 4-month period from January 2023 to April 2023. The developed questionnaire was validated for readability by experts and refined in light of the feedback received from the experts and the final version was prepared. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.71, which shows an acceptable level of internal consistency. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 25). Results: A total of 777 complete surveys were received after applying the exclusion criteria. The study results revealed that the majority of the respondents had poor knowledge 505 (65%), 203 (26.1) had moderate knowledge, and 69 (8.9%) had good knowledge. Gender (p = 0.004), age (<0.001), education level (p = 0.039), marital status (p = 0.003), and occupation (p = 0.002) play significant roles in shaping participants' knowledge levels regarding CKD. Lower odds of good knowledge were associated with females with an OR (95% CI) of 0.448 (0.263-0.764) and intermediate or higher secondary school level of education displayed an OR (95% CI) of 0.39 (0.18-0.89). Higher odds of good knowledge levels were associated with the age group of 18-27 with an OR (95% CI) of 5.077 (1.21-21.38) and being employed with an OR of 3.555 (1.04-12.21). Conclusions: A significant proportion of respondents had poor knowledge about CKD. Several demographic factors were associated with CKD knowledge. Further research is needed to explore these knowledge disparities and develop targeted interventions to improve CKD knowledge among the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A. Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.F.); (F.S.A.); (Y.A.); (S.O.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Alnada Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Haifa Abdulrahman Fadil
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.F.); (F.S.A.); (Y.A.); (S.O.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Ali Mohammed Alalawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faris S. Alnezary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.F.); (F.S.A.); (Y.A.); (S.O.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Yaser Alahmadi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.F.); (F.S.A.); (Y.A.); (S.O.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Sultan Othman Alolayan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.F.); (F.S.A.); (Y.A.); (S.O.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Sultan S. Althaqfan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.F.); (F.S.A.); (Y.A.); (S.O.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Safaa Omer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hind Khalid Goresh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eman Shoroq
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rawan Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
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Dabbous M, Sakr F, Safwan J, Akel M, Malaeb D, Rahal M, Kawtharani A. Instructional educational games in pharmacy experiential education: a quasi-experimental assessment of learning outcomes, students' engagement and motivation. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:753. [PMID: 37821895 PMCID: PMC10568905 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the impact of implementing instructional educational games on attaining the intended learning outcomes mapped with the competencies of a pharmacy practice experience course, and to assess students' attitudes towards motivation and engagement in this active learning activity. METHODS This was a quasi-experimental study that utilized a pretest-posttest for the research groups. Students were divided into teams and challenged to answer different questions related to the case scenarios. Different gaming platforms as Gamilab, Wisc-Online, and Quizizz were accordingly used to create different questions that help students memorize medications' brand names, and acquire the advanced community knowledge and skills. The attainment of the intended learning outcomes was assessed and compared between the experimental and control groups through the course total average of grades, and the subsequent averages of domains relating to the course competencies. Attitudes towards motivation and engagement in educational games activities were also assessed among the experimental group. RESULTS A total of 233 students were enrolled in the study. The experimental group had significantly higher total posttest average compared to the control group (Beta = 7.695, 95% CI = 4.964-10.425, P < 0.001). The experimental group had also significantly higher averages of competency domains related to foundational knowledge (Beta = 1.471, 95% CI = 0.723-2.219, P < 0.001), pharmaceutical care (Beta = 1.650, 95% CI = 0.673-2.627, P < 0.001), essentials to practice and care (Beta = 1.838, 95% CI = 0.626-3.050, P < 0.003), and approach to practice and care (Beta = 2.736, 95% CI = 1.384-4.088, P < 0.001) averages. The experimental group reflected positive attitudes toward gamification engagement and motivation, with greater than 60% of the students recommend engage educational games to be part of the course. CONCLUSION Incorporation of educational games into pharmacy practice experiences resulted in better learning outcomes. This kind of active learning appears to be acceptable and motivational for students, and is recommended for further research in didactic courses in the pharmacy curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Dabbous
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- School of Education, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Fouad Sakr
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- UMR U955 INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- École Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jihan Safwan
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Education, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Mohamad Rahal
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anwar Kawtharani
- School of Education, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Ghozali MT, Satibi S, Forthwengel G. The impact of mobile health applications on the outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Life 2023; 16:1299-1309. [PMID: 38107714 PMCID: PMC10719786 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. It affects more than 800 million patients globally, accounting for approximately 10% of the general population. The significant burden of the disease prompts healthcare systems to implement adequate preventive and therapeutic measures. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a concise summary of the findings published in the existing body of research about the influence that mobile health technology has on the outcomes of patients with the disease. A comprehensive systematic literature review was conducted from inception until March 1st, 2023. This systematic review and meta-analysis included all clinical trials that compared the efficacy of mobile app-based educational programs to that of more conventional educational treatment for the patients. Eleven papers were included in the current analysis, representing 759 CKD patients. 381 patients were randomly assigned to use the mobile apps, while 378 individuals were assigned to the control group. The mean systolic blood pressure was considerably lower in the mobile app group (MD -4.86; 95%-9.60, -0.13; p=0.04). Meanwhile, the mean level of satisfaction among patients who used the mobile app was considerably greater (MD 0.75; 95% CI 0.03, 1.46; p=0.04). Additionally, the mean self-management scores in the mobile app groups were significantly higher (SMD 0.534; 95% CI 0.201, 0.867; p=0.002). Mobile health applications are potentially valuable interventions for patients. This technology improved the self-management of the disease, reducing the mean levels of systolic blood pressure with a high degree of patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Thesa Ghozali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Satibi Satibi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gerhard Forthwengel
- Fakultat III, Hochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
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Akel M, Sakr F, Haddad C, Hajj A, Sacre H, Zeenny RM, Safwan J, Salameh P. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of the General Population toward the Old-New Outbreak of Cholera in a Developing Country. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040236. [PMID: 37104361 PMCID: PMC10144007 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In October 2022, the first case of cholera since 1993 was recorded in Lebanon. This study aimed to develop and validate a tool to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward cholera infection and its prevention among the general population in Lebanon and identify the associated factors related to the KAP assessment to guide prevention and awareness strategies. The nation's already precarious healthcare system might become overwhelmed by the response to the cholera outbreak. Therefore, evaluating the level of cholera-related KAP among the Lebanese population is crucial since it directly affects the disease's treatment, control, and prevention. Methods: This online cross-sectional study was carried out between October and November 2022 during the cholera outbreak in Lebanon. Snowball sampling was used to recruit 448 adults living in Lebanon. Results: The suggested KAP scales had adequate structural and convergent validity and were internally consistent. The disease knowledge was inversely associated with the reluctance to receive educational information (β = -1.58) and cigarette smoking (β = -1.31) but positively associated with the female gender (β = 1.74) and awareness of vaccine availability and efficacy (β = 1.34). For attitude, healthcare professionals were less frightened than others (β = 2.69). Better practices were related to better knowledge (β = 0.43), while inadequate practices were associated with getting information from social media (β = -2.47). Conclusions: This study could identify notable gaps in the knowledge, attitudes, and practices, which varied according to participant characteristics. Cholera incidence can be reduced by improved community education and training, increased access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene amenities, and changes in behavior. These findings warrant additional actions by public health stakeholders and governmental authorities to promote better practices and curb disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
- School of Education, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Sakr
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
- UMR U955 INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France
- École Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Chadia Haddad
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jall Eddib P.O. Box 60096, Lebanon
| | - Aline Hajj
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Université Laval Research Center, Québec G1S 4L8, Canada
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicament, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut P.O. Box 1107-2180, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut P.O. Box 11-2807, Lebanon
| | - Rony M Zeenny
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacy, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Jihan Safwan
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 12109, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573-14, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
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Sakr F, Dabbous M, Rahal M, Salameh P, Akel M. Challenges and opportunities to provide immunization services: Analysis of data from a cross-sectional study on a sample of pharmacists in a developing country. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1206. [PMID: 37064320 PMCID: PMC10098443 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Vaccine-preventable illnesses continue to be a global health concern as immunization coverage remains below its targets. National plans emphasize on the essential role of multidisciplinary efforts and approaches to vaccination programs. Pharmacists are globally getting involved in immunization services as important members of the healthcare team. This study aimed to determine barriers, and assess challenges and possible opportunities to provide immunization in the Lebanese pharmacy practice. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that included pharmacists from all over Lebanon, as part of a national research to assess the role of pharmacists as immunizers. All registered pharmacists in Lebanon practicing in community, hospital, or other clinical settings were considered eligible for participation. A web-based self-administered validated questionnaire, which is initially developed by the American Pharmacists Association, was adapted with permission. Results A total of 315 pharmacists responded to the survey. Only 23.1% declared completing an immunization training program. Over half of pharmacists (58.4%) administer vaccines to patients. A significant association between lack of support from physicians to pharmacists (adjusted odds ratio [ORa] = 2.099, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.290-3.414, p = 0.003) and vaccine administration was found, while cost associated with professional development and additional training (ORa = 0.533, 95% CI = 0.287-0.989, p = 0.046) was inversely associated to it. Logistic, financial, and legislative requirements as essential necessities were determined to successfully expand pharmacist-led immunization services. Conclusions The major barriers and challenges to vaccine administration by pharmacists comprised a lack of physicians' support and expenses associated with professional development and additional training. Pharmacists administer more vaccination despite lack of support from physicians; whereas they administer less vaccination due to cost associated with professional development and further training. The scope of pharmacy practice in Lebanon is not well recognized by other healthcare providers and stakeholders to include immunization services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Sakr
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
- École Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Université Paris‐Est CréteilCréteilFrance
- UMR U955 INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris‐Est CréteilCréteilFrance
- INSPECT‐LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie‐Liban)BeirutLebanon
| | - Mariam Dabbous
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Mohamad Rahal
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT‐LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie‐Liban)BeirutLebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American UniversityByblosLebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese UniversityBeirutLebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population HealthUniversity of Nicosia Medical SchoolNicosiaCyprus
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
- INSPECT‐LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie‐Liban)BeirutLebanon
- School of Education, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
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