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Chen S, Du J, Jiang H, Zhao W, Wang N, Ying A, Li J, Chen S, Shen B, Zhou Y. Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 caused by a novel homozygous mutation in SETX gene, and literature review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1019974. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesAutosomal recessive inherited ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2), caused by SETX gene mutations, is characterized by early-onset, progressive cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, oculomotor apraxia and elevated serum α-fetoprotein (AFP). This study aimed to expand and summarize the clinical and genetic characteristics of SETX variants related to AOA2.MethodsThe biochemical parameters, electromyogram and radiological findings of the patient were evaluated. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the patient using next-generation sequencing (NGS), the variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and the pathogenicity of the variants was classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) guidelines. We reviewed 57 studies of AOA2 patients with SETX mutations and collected clinical and genetic information.ResultsThe patient was a 40-year-old Chinese woman who primarily presented with numbness and weakness of the lower limbs in her teenage years. She had elevated AFP, increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and decreased anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. We identified a novel homozygous missense mutation of the SETX gene, c.7118 C>T (p. Thr2373Ile), in the patient via Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing. The variant was located in the DNA/RNA helicase domain and is highly conserved. The protein prediction analysis verified the SETX variant as a damaging alteration and ACMG/AMP guidelines classified it as likely pathogenic. Through a literature review, we identified 229 AOA2 cases with SETX variants, and among the variants, 156 SETX variants were exonic. We found that 107 (46.7%) patients were European, 50 (21.8%) were African and 48 (21.0%) were Asian. Among the Asian patients, five from two families were Mainland Chinese. The main clinical features were cerebellar ataxia (100%), peripheral neuropathy (94.6%), cerebellar atrophy (95.3%) and elevated AFP concentration (92.0%). Most reported SETX mutations in AOA2 patients were missense, frameshift and nonsense mutations.ConclusionWe discovered a novel homozygous variant of the SETX gene as a cause of AOA2 in the current patient and expanded the genotypic spectrum of AOA2. Moreover, the clinical features of AOA2 and genetic findings in SETX were assessed in reported cohorts and are summarized in the present study.
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A Novel SETX Mutation in a Taiwanese Patient with Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia Detected by Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing, and a Literature Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020173. [PMID: 35203940 PMCID: PMC8869917 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2), also known as autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy-2 (SCAN2) (OMIM #606002), is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early-onset progressive cerebellar ataxia, polyneuropathy, and elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein. It is caused by mutations in the SETX (OMIM #608465) gene. The prevalence of this disease is widely varied, from non-existent up to 1/150,000, depending on the region. Until now, no cases of AOA2/SCAN2 have been reported in Taiwan. Methods: Next-generation sequencing was used to detect disease-causing mutations of SETX in a Taiwanese patient presenting with autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia, polyneuropathy, and elevated alpha-fetoprotein. The candidate mutations were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Results: A compound heterozygous mutation of SETX c.6859C > T (p.R2287X) and c.7034-7036del was identified. The c.6859C > T (p.R2287X) has been previously found in a Saudi Arabia family, whereas c.7034-7036del is a novel mutation. Both mutations were predicted by bioinformatics programs to be likely pathogenic (having a damaging effect). We also reviewed the literature to address the reported clinical features of AOA2 from different populations. Conclusions: To our knowledge, we are the first to report a Taiwanese patient with AOA2/SCAN2, a result obtained by utilizing next-generation sequencing. The literature review shows that ataxia, polyneuropathy, and elevated AFP are common features and ocular motor apraxia (OMA) is a variable sign of AOA2 from different populations. OMA is rare and saccadic ocular pursuit and nystagmus are common in East Asian AOA2.
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Cheng HL, Shao YR, Dong Y, Dong HL, Yang L, Ma Y, Shen Y, Wu ZY. Genetic spectrum and clinical features in a cohort of Chinese patients with autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:40. [PMID: 34663476 PMCID: PMC8522248 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many causative genes have been uncovered in recent years, genetic diagnosis is still missing for approximately 50% of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA) patients. Few studies have been performed to determine the genetic spectrum and clinical profile of ARCA patients in the Chinese population. Methods Fifty-four Chinese index patients with unexplained autosomal recessive or sporadic ataxia were investigated by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation (CNV) calling with ExomeDepth. Likely causal CNV predictions were validated by CNVseq. Results Thirty-eight mutations including 29 novel ones were identified in 25 out of the 54 patients, providing a 46.3% positive molecular diagnostic rate. Ten different genes were involved, of which four most common genes were SACS, SYNE1, ADCK3 and SETX, which accounted for 76.0% (19/25) of the positive cases. The de novo microdeletion in SACS was reported for the first time in China and the uniparental disomy of ADCK3 was reported for the first time worldwide. Clinical features of the patients carrying SACS, SYNE1 and ADCK3 mutations were summarized. Conclusions Our results expand the genetic spectrum and clinical profiles of ARCA patients, demonstrate the high efficiency and reliability of WES combined with CNV analysis in the diagnosis of suspected ARCA, and emphasize the importance of complete bioinformatics analysis of WES data for accurate diagnosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00264-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ling Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ya-Ru Shao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yin Ma
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Jiao B, Zhou Z, Hu Z, Du J, Liao X, Luo Y, Wang J, Yan X, Jiang H, Tang B, Shen L. Homozygosity mapping and next generation sequencing for the genetic diagnosis of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia in consanguineous families. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80:65-72. [PMID: 32961396 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic inheritance plays key roles in patients with ataxia and/or spastic paraplegia in consanguineous families. This study aims to clarify the genetic spectrum of patients with autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegias (AR-HA/HSPs) in consanguineous families. METHODS A total of 36 AR-HA/HSPs consanguineous pedigrees from China were recruited into this study. Next generation sequencing (NGS), guided by homozygosity mapping (HM), was applied to identify the pathogenic variants in known genes or novel candidate genes. RESULTS We totally made molecular diagnosis in 47.2% (17/36) of AR-HA/HSPs families. Among them, 13 AR-HAs carried pathogenic variants in SETX (n = 4), SACS (n = 2), STUB1, HSD17B4, NEU1, ADCK3, TPP1, PLA2G6 and MTCL1, while four AR-HSPs carried pathogenic variants in SPG11, ZFYVE26, ATP13A2 and ABCD1. One homozygous nonsense mutation in MRPS27 was identified in an AR-HA family, which was potentially a novel candidate gene of AR-HA. CONCLUSION HM and NGS can serve as an efficient molecular diagnostic tool for AR-HA/HSPs in consanguineous families. Our findings provide a better understanding of genetic architecture of AR-HA/HSPs in consanguinity and broaden the clinical-genetic spectrum of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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Chen C, Dong H, Wei Q, Li L, Yu H, Li J, Liu G, Li H, Bai G, Ma H, Wu Z. Genetic spectrum and clinical profiles in a southeast Chinese cohort of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease. Clin Genet 2019; 96:439-448. [PMID: 31372974 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong‐Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyFirst Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Hai‐Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Qiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Li‐Xi Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Jia‐Qi Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Gong‐Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Hong‐Fu Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Ge Bai
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Huan Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Zhi‐Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
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Wei Q, Dong HL, Pan LY, Chen CX, Yan YT, Wang RM, Li HF, Liu ZJ, Tao QQ, Wu ZY. Clinical features and genetic spectrum in Chinese patients with recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:19. [PMID: 31289639 PMCID: PMC6593507 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many causative genes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) have been uncovered in recent years, there are still approximately 50% of HSP patients without genetically diagnosis, especially in autosomal recessive (AR) HSP patients. Rare studies have been performed to determine the genetic spectrum and clinical profiles of recessive HSP patients in the Chinese population. METHODS In this study, we investigated 24 Chinese index AR/sporadic patients by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Further functional studies were performed to identify pathogenicity of those uncertain significance variants. RESULTS We identified 11 mutations in HSP related genes including 7 novel mutations, including two (p.V1979_L1980delinsX, p.F2343 fs) in SPG11, two (p.T55 M, p.S308 T) in AP5Z1, one (p.S242 N) in ALDH18A1, one (p.D597fs) in GBA2, and one (p.Q486X) in ATP13A2 in 8 index patients and their family members. Mutations in ALDH18A1, AP5Z1, CAPN1 and ATP13A2 genes were firstly reported in the Chinese population. Furthermore, the clinical phenotypes of the patients carrying mutations were described in detail. The mutation (p.S242 N) in ALDH18A1 decreased enzyme activity of P5CS and mutations (p.T55 M, p.S308 T) in AP5Z1 induced lysosomal dysfunction. CONCLUSION Our results expanded the genetic spectrum and clinical profiles of AR-HSP patients and further demonstrated the efficiency and reliability of targeted NGS diagnosing suspected HSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Li-Ying Pan
- Longyan First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Cong-Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Yang-Tian Yan
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Rou-Min Wang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Hong-Fu Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Zhi-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 China
- Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lu C, Li LX, Dong HL, Wei Q, Liu ZJ, Ni W, Gitler AD, Wu ZY. Targeted next-generation sequencing improves diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia in Chinese patients. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:701-712. [PMID: 29934652 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs. To clarify the genetic spectrum and improve the diagnosis of HSP patients, targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to detect the culprit genes in 55 Chinese HSP pedigrees. The classification of novel variants was based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standards and guidelines. Patients remaining negative following targeted NGS were further screened for gross deletions/duplications by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We made a genetic diagnosis in 61.8% (34/55) of families and identified 33 mutations, including 14 known mutations and 19 novel mutations. Of them, one was de novo mutation (NIPA1: c.316G>A). SPAST mutations (22/39, 56.4%) are the most common in Chinese AD-HSP followed by ATL1 (4/39, 10.3%). Moreover, we identified the third BSCL2 mutation (c.1309G>C) related to HSP by further functional studies and first reported the KIF1A mutation (c.304G>A) in China. Our findings broaden the genetic spectrum of HSP and improve the diagnosis of HSP patients. These results demonstrate the efficiency of targeted NGS to make a more rapid and precise diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected HSP. KEY MESSAGES We made a genetic diagnosis in 61.8% of families and identified 33 mutations. SPAST mutations are the most common in Chinese AD-HSP followed by ATL1. Our findings broaden the genetic spectrum and improve the diagnosis of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Xi Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine Between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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